Universal Secant Bundles and Syzygies of Canonical Curves
Michael Kemeny
备注：
Final version, to appear in Inventiones Math. The statements concerning positive characteristic have been removed and will be published separately. This submission supersedes arXiv:1910.06200 and arXiv:1907.07553
We introduce a relativization of the secant sheaves used by Ein, Green and Lazarsfeld and apply this construction to the study of syzygies of canonical curves. As a first application, we give a simpler proof of Voisin's Theorem for general canonical curves. This completely determines the terms of the minimal free resolution of the coordinate ring of such curves. Secondly, in the case of curves of even genus, we enhance Voisin's Theorem by providing a structure theorem for the last syzygy space, resolving the Geometric Syzygy Conjecture in even genus.
We show that the secant variety of a linearly normal smooth curve of degree at least 2g+3 is arithmetically Cohen-Macaulay, and we use this information to study the graded Betti numbers of the secant variety.
We prove that the minimal free resolution of the secant variety of a curve is asymptotically pure. As a corollary, we show that the Betti numbers of converge to a normal distribution.
We show that if C is a linearly normal smooth curve embedded by a line bundle of degree at least 2g+3+p then the secant variety to the curve satisfies N_{3,p}.
Under certain effective positivity conditions, we show that the secant variety to a smooth variety satisfies $N_{3,p}$. For smooth curves, we provide the best possible effective bound on the degree $d$ of the embedding, $d\geq 2g+3+p$.
We show that the linear syzygy spaces of elliptic normal curves, their secant varieties and of bielliptic canonical curves are spanned by geometric syzygies.
We study curves consisting of unions of projective lines whose intersections are given by graphs. Under suitable hypotheses on the graph, these so-called \emph{graph curves} can be embedded in projective space as line arrangements. We discuss property $N_p$ for these embeddings and are able to produce products of linear forms that generate the ideal in certain cases. We also briefly discuss questions regarding the higher-dimensional subspace arrangements obtained by taking the secant varieties of graph curves.
In recent years, the equations defining secant varieties and their syzygies have attracted considerable attention. The purpose of the present paper is to conduct a thorough study on secant varieties of curves by settling several conjectures and revealing interaction between singularities and syzygies. The main results assert that if the degree of the embedding line bundle of a nonsingular curve of genus $g$ is greater than $2g+2k+p$ for nonnegative integers $k$ and $p$, then the $k$-th secant variety of the curve has normal Du Bois singularities, is arithmetically Cohen--Macaulay, and satisfie…
We study the syzygies of secant ideals of Veronese subrings of a fixed commutative graded algebra over a field of characteristic 0. One corollary is that the degrees of the minimal generators of the ith syzygy module of the coordinate ring of the rth secant variety of any Veronese embedding of a projective scheme X can be bounded by a constant that only depends on i, r, and X, and not on the choice of the Veronese embedding.
We give simple geometric proofs of Aprodu-Farkas-Papadima-Raicu-Weyman's theorem on syzygies of tangent developable surfaces of rational normal curves and Raicu-Sam's result on syzygies of K3 carpets. As a consequence, we obtain a quick proof of Green's conjecture for general curves of genus $g$ over an algebraically closed field $\mathbf{k}$ with $\operatorname{char}(\mathbf{k}) = 0$ or $\operatorname{char}(\mathbf{k}) \geq \lfloor (g-1)/2 \rfloor$. We also show the arithmetic normality of tangent developable surfaces of arbitrary smooth projective curves of large degree.
On a special line bundle $L$ on a projective curve $C$ we introduce a geometric condition called $(Δ_q)$. When $L=K_C$ this condition implies gon$(C) \ge q+2$. For an arbitrary special $L$ we show that $(Δ_3)$ implies that $L$ has the well-known property $(M_3)$, generalizing a similar result proved by Voisin in the case $L=K_C$.
Over a field of characteristic $0$, we prove that for each $r \geq 0$ there exists a constant $C(r)$ so that the prime ideal of the $r$th secant variety of any Plücker-embedded Grassmannian ${\bf Gr}(d,n)$ is generated by polynomials of degree at most $C(r)$, where $C(r)$ is independent of $d$ and $n$. This bounded generation ultimately reduces to proving a poset is noetherian, we develop a new method to do this. We then translate the structure we develop to the language of functor categories to prove the $i$th syzygy module of the coordinate ring of the $r$th secant variety of any Plücker-emb…
In the 1980's, work of Green and Lazarsfeld helped to uncover the beautiful interplay between the geometry of the embedding of a curve and the syzygies of its defining equations. Similar results hold for the first secant variety of a curve, and there is a natural conjectural picture extending to higher secant varieties as well. We present an introduction to the algebra and geometry used in previous work of the authors to study syzygies of secant varieties of curves with an emphasis on examples of explicit computations and elementary cases that illustrate the geometric principles at work.
The Green-Lazarsfeld secant conjecture predicts that the syzygies of a curve of sufficiently high degree are controlled by its special secants. We prove this conjecture for all curves of Clifford index at least two and not bielliptic and for all line bundles of a certain degree. Our proof is based on a classic result of Martens and Mumford on Brill-Noether varieties and on a simple vanishing criterion that comes from the interpretation of syzygies through symmetric products of curves.
These lectures discuss recent advances on syzygies on algebraic curves, especially concerning the Green, the Prym-Green and the Green-Lazarsfeld Secant Conjectures. The methods used are largely geometric and variational, with a special emphasis on examples and explicit calculations. The notes are based on series of lectures given in Daejeon (March 2013), Rome (November-December 2015) and Guanajuato (February 2016).
Generalizing the well-known Green Conjecture on syzygies of canonical curves, Green and Lazarsfeld formulated in 1986 the Secant Conjecture predicting that a line bundle L of sufficiently high degree on a curve has a non-linear p-syzygy if and only if L fails to be (p+1)-very ample. Via lattice theory for special K3 surfaces, Voisin's solution of the classical Green Conjecture and calculations on moduli stacks of pointed curves, we prove: (1) The Green-Lazarsfeld Secant Conjecture in various degree of generality, including its strongest possible form in the divisorial case in the universal Jac…
Let X be a smooth projective variety and let K be the canonical divisor of X. In this paper, we study embeddings of X given by adjoint line bundles of the form K+L, where L is an ample line bundle. When X is a regular surface (i.e. H^1(X, O_X) = 0), we obtain a numerical criterion for K+L to have property Np. When X is a regular variety of arbitrary dimension, under a mild condition, we give an explicit calculation for the regularity of the ideal sheaves of such embeddings.
This paper studies syzygies of curves that have been embedded in projective space by line bundles of large degree. The proofs take advantage of the relationship between syzygies and spaces of section of vector bundles associated to the given line bundles.
We identify Feigin-Odesskii brackets $q_{n,1}(C)$, associated with a normal elliptic curve of degree $n$, $C\subset {\mathbb P}^{n-1}$, with the skew-symmetric $n\times n$ matrix of quadratic forms introduced by Fisher in arXiv:1510.04327 in connection with some minimal free resolutions related to the secant varieties of $C$. On the other hand, we show that for odd $n$, the generators of the ideal of the secant variety of $C$ of codimension $3$ give a Cremona transformation of ${\mathbb P}^{n-1}$, generalizing the quadro-cubic Cremona transformation of ${\mathbb P}^4$. We identify this transfo…
Our goal is to study the syzygies of the projective embeddings defined by ample line bundles on a fake projective plane S. The syzygies are studied in terms of the property $N_p$. For various kinds of ample line bundles, we give explicit lower bounds for their powers above which the property $N_p$ is satisfied.
The purpose of this paper is to prove Ein--Lazarsfeld's conjecture on asymptotic vanishing of syzygies of algebraic varieties. This result, together with Ein--Lazarsfeld's asymptotic nonvanishing theorem, describes the overall picture of asymptotic behaviors of the minimal free resolutions of the graded section rings of line bundles on a projective variety as the positivity of the line bundles grows. Previously, Raicu reduced the problem to the case of products of three projective spaces, and we resolve this case here.
Using multigraded Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity, we study the equations defining a projective embedding of a variety X. Given globally generated line bundles B_1, ..., B_k on X and integers m_1, ..., m_k, consider the line bundle L := B_1^m_1 \otimes ... \otimes B_k^m_k. We give conditions on the m_i which guarantee that the ideal of X in P(H^0(X,L)) is generated by quadrics and the first p syzygies are linear. This yields new results on the syzygies of toric varieties and the normality of polytopes.
We characterize property $(N_p)$ on a polarized surface $(X,L)$ with trivial canonical bundle in terms of the (non)existence of certain forbidden subvarieties of $X$.
The rational homology groups of the packing complexes are important in algebraic geometry since they control the syzygies of line bundles on projective embeddings of products of projective spaces (Segre--Veronese varieties). These complexes are a common generalization of the multidimensional chessboard complexes and of the matching complexes of complete uniform hypergraphs, whose study has been a topic of interest in combinatorial topology. We prove that the multivariate version of representation stability, a notion recently introduced and studied by Church and Farb, holds for the homology gro…
We show that a small variant of the methods used by Voisin in her study of canonical curves leads to a surprisingly quick proof of the gonality conjecture of Green and the second author, asserting that one can read off the gonality of a curve C from its resolution in the embedding defined by any one line bundle of sufficiently large degree. More generally, we establish a necessary and sufficient condition for the asymptotic vanishing of the weight one syzygies of the module associated to an arbitrary line bundle on C.
We show that vanishing of asymptotic p-th syzygies implies p-very ampleness for line bundles on arbitrary projective schemes. For smooth surfaces we prove that the converse holds when p is small, by studying the Bridgeland-King-Reid-Haiman correspondence for tautological bundles on the Hilbert scheme of points. This extends previous results of Ein-Lazarsfeld, Ein-Lazarsfeld-Yang and gives a partial answer to some of their questions. As an application of our results, we show how to use syzygies to bound the irrationality of a variety.
A key result for syzygies of curves is Voisin's proof of Green's conjecture for the canonical embedding of a general curve of any genus. Her primary tools were the Lazarsfeld Mukai bundle on a K3 surface and a representation of Koszul cohomology on the Hilbert scheme of points on the surface. In this note we construct representations of the Koszul complex on Grassmann varieties; Voisin's setup arises as the inverse image of one of the maps. Using a different map, we give a substantially shorter proof of Voisin's result for K3 surfaces of even sectional genus.
Given a rank $r$ stable bundle over a smooth irreducible projective curve $C,$ there is an associated rank $2r$ bundle over $S^2(C),$ the second symmetric power of $C.$ In this article we study the stability of this bundle. As a consequence we get an immersion from the moduli space of stable bundles over $C$ to the associated moduli space of stable bundles over $S^2(C).$
We formulate, and in some cases prove, three statements concerning the purity or, more generally the naturality of the resolution of various rings one can attach to a generic curve of genus g and a torsion point of order l in its Jacobian. These statements can be viewed an analogues of Green's Conjecture and we verify them computationally for bounded genus. We then compute the cohomology class of the corresponding non-vanishing locus in the moduli space R_{g,l} of twisted level l curves of genus g and use this to derive results about the birational geometry of R_{g, l}. For instance, we prove …
We give a quick new approach to the main cases of the nonvanishing theorems of first and third authors concerning the asymptotic behavior of the syzygies of a projective variety as the positivity of the embedding line bundle grows. Specifically, we present a surprisingly elementary and concrete proof of the asymptotic nonvanishing of Veronese syzygies, and we obtain effective results for arithmetically Cohen-Macaulay varieties. The idea is that one can reduce the statements to some simple computations with monomials.
For a vector bundle V over a curve X of rank n and for each integer r in the range 1 \le r \le n-1, the Segre invariant s_r is defined by generalizing the minimal self-intersection number of the sections on a ruled surface. In this paper we generalize Lange and Narasimhan's results on rank 2 bundles which related the invariant s_1 to the secant varieties of the curve inside certain extension spaces. For any n and r, we find a way to get information on the invariant s_r from the secant varieties of certain subvariety of a scroll over X. Using this geometric picture, we obtain a new proof of the…
Let $X={\bf P}^2\times{\bf P}^{n-1}$ embedded with $Ø(1,2)$. We prove that its $(n+1)$-secant variety $σ_{n+1}(X)$ is a hypersurface, while it is expected that it fills the ambient space. The equation of $σ_{n+1}(X)$ is the symmetric analog of the Strassen equation. When $n=4$ the determinantal map takes $σ_5(X)$ to the hypersurface of Lüroth quartics, which is the image of the Barth map studied by LePotier and Tikhomirov. This hint allows to obtain some results on the jumping lines and the Brill-Noether loci of symplectic bundles on ${\bf P}^2$ by using the higher secant varieties of $X$.
We first show that the union of a projective curve with one of its extremal secant lines satisfies the linear general position principle for hyperplane sections. We use this to give an improved approximation of the Betti numbers of curves ${\mathcal C} \subset \mathbb P^r_K$ of maximal regularity with $°{\mathcal C} \leq 2r -3.$ In particular we specify the number and degrees of generators of the vanishing ideal of such curves. We apply these results to study surfaces $X \subset \mathbb P^r_K$ whose generic hyperplane section is a curve of maximal regularity. We first give a criterion for "an …
Inspired by the methods of Voisin, the first two authors recently proved that one could read off the gonality of a curve C from the syzygies of its ideal in any one embedding of sufficiently large degree. This was deduced from from a vanishing theorem for the asymptotic syzygies associated to an arbitrary line bundle B on C. The present paper extends this vanishing theorem to a smooth projective variety X of arbitrary dimension. Specifically, given a line bundle B on X, we prove that if B is p-jet very ample (i.e. the sections of B separate jets of total weight p+1) then the weight one Koszul …
For a smooth curve of genus $g$ embedded by a line bundle of degree at least $2g+3$ we show that the ideal sheaf of the secant variety is 5-regular. This bound is sharp with respect to both the degree of the embedding and the bound on the regularity. Further, we show that the secant variety is projectively normal for the generic embedding of degree at least $2g+3$. We also give a conjectural description of the resolutions of the ideals of higher secant varieties.
We obtain a complete description of the effective cone of $C_{g-2}$ when $C$ is a general curve of genus $g \geq 6,$ as well as a new bound in the case where $C$ is a smooth plane quintic. In addition, we obtain a new virtual bound for the effective cone of $C_{g-2m}$ which is a genuine bound when $m=2,$ and we also characterize certain natural divisors on $C_{g-2}$ as subordinate loci associated to adjunctions of kernel bundles.
We introduce vector bundle techniques for finding equations of secant varieties. A test is established that determines when a secant variety is an irreducible component of the zero set of the equations found. We also prove an induction theorem for varieties that are not weakly defective, that allows one to conclude that the zero set of the equations found for s_{r-1}(X) have s_{r-1}(X) as an irreducible component when s_r(X) is an irreducible component of the equations found for it. The techniques are illustrated with examples of homogeneous varieties. We give an algorithm to decompose a gener…
We prove new results on projective normality, normal presentation and higher syzygies for a surface of general type $X$ embedded by adjoint line bundles $L_r = K + rB$, where $B$ is a base point free, ample line bundle. Our main results determine the $r$ for which $L_r$ has $N_p$ property. In corollaries, we will relate the bounds on $r$ to the regularity of $B$. Examples in the last section show that several results are optimal.
Let $C$ be a trigonal curve of genus $g\ge 5$ and let $T$ be the unique trigonal line bundle inducing a map $π: C \stackrel{3:1}{\longrightarrow} \mathbb{P}^1$. This note provides a short and easy proof of the normal generation for the residual line bundle $K_C\otimes T^{-1}$ for curves of genus $g\ge 7$. Moreover, we compute the minimal free resolution of the embedded curve $C\subset \mathbb{P}(H^0(C,K_C\otimes T^{-n})^*)$ for the residual line bundle $K_C\otimes T^{-n}$ for $n\ge 1$ and $g \ge 3n+4$.
Let $k$ be an algebraically closed field. Consider a reductive group $G$ over $k$. Let $X$ be a projective variety over $k$ with a $G$-action and let $L$ be a very ample $G$-linearized line bundle on $X$. Suppose that $L$ descends to the GIT quotient of $X$ by $G$. If $L$ satisfies the property $N_p$ one can ask if its descent also has $N_p$ property. In this article, we show this is the case under certain conditions. We then apply our results to some cases of interest. As a consequence of our results, we show that if $G$ is a finite group and $L$ satisfies $N_p$ property and its descent satis…
Let $C$ be a curve and $L$ a very ample line bundle. The Green-Lazarsfeld Secant conjecture predicts that if the degree of $L$ is at least $2g+p+1-2h^1(C,L)-Cliff(C)$ and if, in addition, $L$ is $p+1$ very ample, then the Koszul group $K_{p,2}(C,L)$ vanishes. In this article, we establish the conjecture in the extremal case, i.e.\ the case where the degree is exactly $2g+p+1-2h^1(C,L)-Cliff(C)$, subject to explicit genericity assumptions on $C$ and $L$. In particular, the gonality of $C$ is allowed to be arbitrary (in our cases $gon(C)=Cliff(C)+2$).
In this article we provide another method for obtaining explicit formulas yielding counts of secant planes to a projective curve. We formulate the problem in terms of Segre classes of suitable bundles over the symmetric product of the curve and take advantage of the result of Ellingsrud, Göttsche, and Lehn concerning the structure of integrals of polynomials in Chern classes of tautological bundles over Hilbert schemes of points. We use this to set up a recursion starting from the easy to compute case of the projective line.
A line bundle L on a smooth curve X is nonspecial if and only if L admits a presentation L=K_X -D +E for some effective divisors D and E>0 on X with gcd (D, E)=0 and h^0 (X, O_X (D))=1. In this work, we define a minimal presentation of L which is minimal with respect to the degree of E among the presentations. If L=K_X -D +E with degE>2 is a minimal, then L is very ample and any q-points of X with q <degE are embedded in general position but the points of E are not. We investigate sufficient conditions on divisors D and E for L=K_X -D +E to be minimal. Through this, for a number n in some rang…
