In this paper, we define posets of types B, C, and D. These posets encode the matrix forms of certain Lie algebras which lie between the algebras of upper-triangular and diagonal matrices. Interestingly, such type-B, C, and D Lie poset algebras can be related to Reiner's notion of a parset. Our primary concern is the index and spectral theories of type-B, C, and D Lie poset algebras. For an important restricted class, we develop combinatorial index formulas and, in particular, characterize posets corresponding to Frobenius Lie algebras. In this latter case we show that the spectrum is binary; that is, consists of an equal number of 0's and 1's.
We provide general closed-form formulas for the index of type-A Lie poset algebras corresponding to posets of restricted height. Furthermore, we provide a combinatorial recipe for constructing all posets corresponding to type-A Frobenius Lie poset algebras of heights zero, one, and two. A finite Morse theory argument establishes that the simplicial realization of such posets is contractible. It then follows, from a recent theorem of Coll and Gerstenhaber, that the second Lie cohomology group of the corresponding Lie poset algebra with coefficients in itself is zero. Consequently, the Lie poset…
The cd-index is an invariant of Eulerian posets expressed as a polynomial in noncommuting variables c and d. It determines another invariant, the h-polynomial. In this paper, we study the relative setting, that of subdivisions of posets. We introduce the mixed cd-index, an invariant of strong formal subdivisions of posets, which determines the mixed h-polynomial introduced by the second author with Stapledon. The mixed cd-index is a polynomial in noncommuting variables c',d',c,d, and e and is defined in terms of the local cd-index of Karu. Here, use is made of the decomposition theorem for the…
We introduce the Major MacMahon map and show how this map interacts with the pyramid and bipyramid operators. When the Major MacMahon map is applied to the ab-index of a simplicial poset, it yields the q-analogue of n! times the h-polynomial of the poset. Applying the map to the Boolean algebra gives the distribution of the major index on the symmetric group, a seminal result due to MacMahon. Similarly, when applied to the cross-polytope we obtain the distribution of one of the major indexes on signed permutations due to Reiner.
This thesis aims to give the reader an introduction and overview of the cd-index of a poset, as well as establish some new results. We give a combinatorial proof of Ehrenborg and Karu's cd-index subdivision decomposition for Gorenstein* complexes and extend it to a wider class of subdivisions. In doing so, we define a local cd-index that behaves analogously to the well studied local h-vector. We examine known cd-index and h-vector bounds, and then use the local cd-index to bound a particular class of polytopes with the cd-index of a stacked polytope. We conclude by investigating the h-vector a…
In this paper, we first recall the construction of a twisted pre-Lie algebra structure on the species of finite connected topological spaces. Then we construct the corresponding nonassociative permutative coproduct, and we prove that the vector space generated by isomorphism classes of finite posets is a free pre-Lie algebra and is a co-free non-associative permutative coalgebra. In the end, we give an explicit duality between the non-associative permutative product and the proposed non-associative permutative coproduct. Finally, we prove that the results in this paper remain true for the fini…
This is a survey of the $cd$-index of Eulerian partially ordered sets. The $cd$-index is an encoding of the numbers of chains, specified by ranks, in the poset. It is the most efficient such encoding, incorporating all the affine relations on the flag numbers of Eulerian posets. Eulerian posets include the face posets of regular CW spheres (in particular, of convex polytopes), intervals in the Bruhat order on Coxeter groups, and the lattices of regions of oriented matroids. The paper discusses inequalities on the $cd$-index, connections with other combinatorial parameters, computation, and alg…
We prove a decomposition theorem for the cd-index of a Gorenstein* poset analogous to the decomposition theorem for the intersection cohomology of a toric variety. From this we settle a conjecture of Stanley that the cd-index of Gorenstein* lattices is minimized on Boolean algebras.
The `Weyl symmetric functions' studied here naturally generalize classical symmetric (polynomial) functions, and `Weyl bialternants,' sometimes also called Weyl characters, analogize the Schur functions. For this generalization, the underlying symmetry group is a finite Weyl group. A `splitting poset' for a Weyl bialternant is an edge-colored ranked poset possessing a certain structural property and a natural weighting of its elements so that the weighted sum of poset elements is the given Weyl bialternant. Connected such posets are of combinatorial interest in part because they are rank symme…
It is known that there exists an order isomorphism between the Weyl group orbit through a minuscule weight of a simply-laced finite-dimensional simple Lie algebra and the set of all order filters in a self-dual connected d-complete poset. In this paper, we try to extend this fact to the case of multiply-laced finite-dimensional simple Lie algebras by using the "folding" technique with respect to a Dynkin diagram automorphism.
The set of weights of a finite-dimensional representation of a reductive Lie algebra has a natural poset structure ("weight poset"). Studying certain combinatorial problems related to antichains in weight posets, we realised that the best setting is provided by the representations associated with $\mathbb Z$-gradings of simple Lie algebras (arXiv: math.CO 1411.7683). If $\mathfrak g$ is a simple Lie algebra, then a $\mathbb Z$-grading of $\mathfrak g$ induces a $\mathbb Z$-grading of the corresponding root system $Δ$. In this article, we elaborate on a general theory of lower ideals (or antich…
For a reductive Lie algebra $\mathfrak h$ and a simple finite-dimensional $\mathfrak h$-module $V$, the set of weights of $V$, $P(V)$, has a natural poset structure. We consider antichains in the weight poset $P(V)$ and a certain operator $\mathfrak X$ acting on antichains. Eventually, we impose stronger constraints on $(\mathfrak h,V)$ and stick to the case in which $\mathfrak h$ and $V$ are associated with a $Z$-grading of a simple Lie algebra $\mathfrak g$. Then $V$ is a weight multiplicity free $\mathfrak h$-module and $P(V)$ can be regarded as a subposet of $Δ^+$, where $Δ$ is the root sy…
The number of flags in a complete fan, or more generally in an Eulerian poset, is encoded in the cd-index. We prove non-negativity of the cd-index for complete fans, regular CW-spheres and Gorenstein* posets.
In this paper, we introduce a new algebraic concept, which we call squarefree P-modules. This concept is inspired from Karu's proof of the non-negativity of the cd-indices of Gorenstein* posets, and supplies a way to study cd-indices from the viewpoint of commutative algebra. Indeed, by using the theory of squarefree P-modules, we give several new algebraic and combinatorial results on CW-posets. First, we define an analogue of the cd-index for any CW-poset and prove its non-negativity when a CW-poset is Cohen-Macaulay. This result proves that the h-vector of the barycentric subdivision of a C…
Via duality of Hopf algebras, there is a direct association between peak quasisymmetric functions and enumeration of chains in Eulerian posets. We study this association explicitly, showing that the notion of $\cd$-index, long studied in the context of convex polytopes and Eulerian posets, arises as the dual basis to a natural basis of peak quasisymmetric functions introduced by Stembridge. Thus Eulerian posets having a nonnegative $\cd$-index (for example, face lattices of convex polytopes) correspond to peak quasisymmetric functions having a nonnegative representation in terms of this basis.…
Let $X$ be a finite connected poset and $K$ a field. We study the question, when all Lie automorphisms of the incidence algebra $I(X,K)$ are proper. Without any restriction on the length of $X$ we find only a sufficient condition involving certain equivalence relation on the set of maximal chains of $X$. For some classes of posets of length one, such as finite connected crownless posets (i.e., without weak crown subposets), crowns and ordinal sums of two antichains we give a complete answer.
Many combinatorial proofs rely on induction. When these proofs are formulated in traditional language, they can be bulky and unmanageable. Coalgebras provide a language which can reduce reduce many inductive proofs in graded poset theory to comprehensible size. As a bonus, the visual form of the resulting recursive proofs suggests combinatorial interpretations for constants appearing in the longer arguments. We use the techniques of coalgebras to compute invariants of toric and affine arrangements as well as of poset products. In additional chapters we prove structure theorems for acyclic orie…
We generalize chain enumeration in graded partially ordered sets by relaxing the graded, poset and Eulerian requirements. The resulting balanced digraphs, which include the classical Eulerian posets having an $R$-labeling, imply the existence of the (non-homogeneous) ${\bf cd}$-index, a key invariant for studying inequalities for the flag vector of polytopes. Mirroring Alexander duality for Eulerian posets, we show an analogue of Alexander duality for balanced digraphs. For Bruhat graphs of Coxeter groups, an important family of balanced graphs, our theory gives elementary proofs of the existe…
We study weight posets of weight multiplicity free (=wmf) representations $R$ of reductive Lie algebras. Specifically, we are interested in relations between $\dim R$ and the number of edges in the Hasse diagram of the corresponding weight poset, $# E(R)$. We compute the number of edges and upper covering polynomials for the weight posets of all wmf-representations. We also point out non-trivial isomorphisms between weight posets of different irreducible wmf-representations. Our main results concern wmf-representations associated with periodic gradings or Z-gradings of simple Lie algebras. For…
It is a classical result that the multilinear component of the free Lie algebra is isomorphic (as a representation of the symmetric group) to the top (co)homology of the proper part of the poset of partitions $Π_n$ tensored with the sign representation. We generalize this result in order to study the multilinear component of the free Lie algebra with multiple compatible Lie brackets. We introduce a new poset of weighted partitions $Π_n^k$ that allows us to generalize the result. The new poset is a generalization of $Π_n$ and of the poset of weighted partitions $Π_n^w$ introduced by Dotsenko an…
We investigate the (co)homological properties of two classes of Lie algebras that are constructed from any finite poset: the solvable class $\frak{gl}^\preceq$ and the nilpotent class $\frak{gl}^\prec$. We confirm the conjecture of Jollenbeck that says: every prime power $p^r\!\leq\!n\!-\!2$ appears as torsion in $H_\ast(\frak{nil}_n;\mathbb{Z})$, and every prime power $p^r\!\leq\!n\!-\!1$ appears as torsion in $H_\ast(\frak{sol}_n;\mathbb{Z})$. If $\preceq$ is a bounded poset, then the (co)homology of $\frak{gl}^\preceq$ is \emph{torsion-convex}, i.e. if it contains $p$-torsion, then it also …
The flag vector contains all the face incidence data of a polytope, and in the poset setting, the chain enumerative data. It is a classical result due to Bayer and Klapper that for face lattices of polytopes, and more generally, Eulerian graded posets, the flag vector can be written as a cd-index, a non-commutative polynomial which removes all the linear redundancies among the flag vector entries. This result holds for regular CW complexes. We relax the regularity condition to show the cd-index exists for Whitney stratified manifolds by extending the notion of a graded poset to that of a quasi…
We introduce two new partial orders on the standard Young tableaux of a given partition shape, in analogy with the strong and weak Bruhat orders on permutations. Both posets are ranked by the major index statistic offset by a fixed shift. The existence of such ranked poset structures allows us to classify the realizable major index statistics on standard tableaux of arbitrary straight shape and certain skew shapes. By a theorem of Lusztig--Stanley, this classification can be interpreted as determining which irreducible representations of the symmetric group exist in which homogeneous component…
Gessel's fundamental and Stembridge's peak functions are the generating functions for (enriched) $P$-partitions on labelled chains. They are also the bases of two significant subalgebras of formal power series, respectively the ring of quasisymmetric functions (QSym) and the algebra of peaks. Hsiao introduced the monomial peak functions, a basis of the algebra of peaks indexed by odd integer compositions whose relation to peak functions mimics the one between the monomial and fundamental bases of QSym. We show that the extension of monomial peaks to any composition is a new basis of QSym and g…
For a rank two root system and a pair of nonnegative integers, using only elementary combinatorics we construct two posets. The constructions are uniform across the root systems A1+A1, A2, C2, and G2. Examples appear in Figures 3.2 and 3.3. We then form the distributive lattices of order ideals of these posets. Corollary 5.4 gives elegant quotient-of-products expressions for the rank generating functions of these lattices (thereby providing answers to a 1979 question of Stanley). Also, Theorem 5.3 describes how these lattices provide a new combinatorial setting for the Weyl characters of repre…
The incidence category $\C_{\F}$ of a family $\F$ of colored posets closed under disjoint unions and the operation of taking convex sub-posets was introduced by the author in \cite{Sz}, where the Ringel-Hall algebra $\H_{\F}$ of $\C_{\F}$ was also defined. We show that if the Hasse diagrams underlying $\F$ are rooted trees, then the subspace $\n_{\F}$ of primitive elements of $\H_{\F}$ carries a pre-Lie structure, defined over $\mathbb{Z}$, and with positive structure constants. We give several examples of $\n_{\F}$, including the nilpotent subalgebras of $\mathfrak{sl}_n$, $L \mathfrak{gl}_n$…
We study some properties of the {\bf cd}-index of the Boolean lattice. They are extremely similar to the properties of the {\ab}-index, or equivalently, the flag $h$-vector of the Boolean lattice and hence may be viewed as their {\bf cd}-analogues. We define a different algebra structure on the polynomial algebra $k < \cv, \dv>$ and give a derivation on this algebra. It is of significance for the Boolean lattice and forms our main tool. Using similar methods, we also prove some results for the {\bf cd}-index of the cubical lattice. We show that the Dehn-Sommerville relations for the flag $f$-v…
For each minuscule flag variety $X$, there is a corresponding minuscule poset, describing its Schubert decomposition. We study an action on plane partitions over such posets, introduced by P. Cameron and D. Fon-der-Flaass (1995). For plane partitions of height at most $2$, D. Rush and X. Shi (2013) proved an instance of the cyclic sieving phenomenon, completely describing the orbit structure of this action. They noted their result does not extend to greater heights in general; however, when $X$ is one of the two minuscule flag varieties of exceptional Lie type $E$, they conjectured explicit in…
We give an in-depth study of the Tchebyshev transforms of the first and second kind of a poset, recently discovered by Hetyei. The Tchebyshev transform (of the first kind) preserves desirable combinatorial properties, including Eulerianess (due to Hetyei) and EL-shellability. It is also a linear transformation on flag vectors. When restricted to Eulerian posets, it corresponds to the Billera, Ehrenborg and Readdy omega map of oriented matroids. One consequence is that nonnegativity of the cd-index is maintained. The Tchebyshev transform of the second kind is a Hopf algebra endomorphism on the …
A well-known conjecture of McMullen, proved by Billera, Lee and Stanley, describes the face numbers of simple polytopes. The necessary and sufficient condition is that the toric g-vector of the polytope is an M-vector, that is, the vector of dimensions of graded pieces of a standard graded algebra A. Recent work by Murai, Nevo and Yanagawa suggests a similar condition for the coefficients of the cd-index of a poset P. The coefficients of the cd-index are conjectured to be the dimensions of graded pieces in a standard multigraded algebra A. We prove the conjecture for simplicial spheres and we …
Flag varieties are well-known algebraic varieties with many important geometric, combinatorial, and representation theoretic properties. A Hessenberg variety is a subvariety of a flag variety identified by two parameters: an element $X$ of the Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$ and a Hessenberg subspace $H\subseteq \mathfrak{g}$. This paper considers when two Hessenberg spaces define the same Hessenberg variety when paired with $X$. To answer this question we present the containment poset $\mathcal{P}_X$ of type $A$ Hessenberg varieties with a fixed first parameter $X$ and prove directly that if $X$ i…
R.M. Green described structural properties that ``doubly infinite'' colored posets should possess so that they can be used to construct representations of most affine Kac--Moody algebras. These representations are analogs of the minuscule representations of the semisimple Lie algebras, and his posets (``full heaps'') are analogs of the finite minuscule posets. Here only simply laced Kac--Moody algebras are considered. Working with their derived subalgebras, we provide a converse to Green's theorem. Smaller collections of colored structural properties are also shown to be necessary and sufficie…
The commutative and homological algebra of modules over posets is developed, as closely parallel as possible to the algebra of finitely generated modules over noetherian commutative rings, in the direction of finite presentations, primary decompositions, and resolutions. Interpreting this finiteness in the language of derived categories of subanalytically constructible sheaves proves two conjectures due to Kashiwara and Schapira concerning sheaves with microsupport in a given cone. The motivating case is persistent homology of arbitrary filtered topological spaces, especially the case of multi…
Let g be a complex finite-dimensional simple Lie algebra. Given a positive integer k and a dominant weight λ, we define a preorder on the set $P(λ, k)$ of k-tuples of dominant weights which add up to λ. Let $P(λ, k)/\sim$ be the corresponding poset of equivalence classes defined by the preorder. We show that if λis a multiple of a fundamental weight (and k is general) or if k=2 (and λis general), then $P(λ, k)/\sim$ coincides with the set of S_k-orbits in $P(λ,k)$, where S_k acts on $P(λ, k)$ as the permutations of components. If g is of type A_n and k=2, we show that the S_2-orbit of the row …
Homological algebra of modules over posets is developed, as closely parallel as possible to that of finitely generated modules over noetherian commutative rings, in the direction of finite presentations and resolutions. Centrally at issue is how to define finiteness to replace the noetherian hypothesis which fails. The tameness condition introduced for this purpose captures finiteness for variation in families of vector spaces indexed by posets in a way that is characterized equivalently by distinct topological, algebraic, combinatorial, and homological manifestations. Tameness serves both the…
Analogous to the types A, B, and C cases, we address the computation of the index of seaweed subalgebras in the type-D case. Formulas for the algebra's index can be computed by counting the connected components of its associated meander. We focus on a set of distinguished vertices of the meander, called the tail of the meander, and using the tail, we provide comprehensive combinatorial formulas for the index of a seaweed in all the classical types. Using these formulas, we provide all general closed-form index formulas where the index is given by a polynomial greatest common divisor formula in…
