Dimitri Lajou
In this paper, we generalize the concept of complete coloring and achromatic number to 2-edge-colored graphs and signed graphs. We give some useful relationships between different possible definitions of such achromatic numbers and prove that computing any of them is NP-complete.
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The chromatic number, which refers to the minimum number of colours required to colour the vertices of graphs properly, is one of the most central notions of the graph chromatic theory. Several of its aspects of interest have been investigated in the literature, including variants for modifications of proper colourings. These variants include, notably, the achromatic number of graphs, which is the maximum number of colours required to colour the vertices of graphs properly so that each possible combination of distinct colours is assigned along some edge. The behaviours of this parameter have l…
In this paper, we determine the achromatic and diachromatic numbers of some circulant graphs and digraphs each one with two lengths and give bounds for other circulant graphs and digraphs with two lengths. In particular, for the achromatic number we state that $α(C_{16q^2+20q+7}(1,2))=8q+5$, and for the diachromatic number we state that $dac(\overrightarrow{C}_{32q^2+24q+5}(1,2))=8q+3$. In general, we give the lower bounds $α(C_{4q^2+aq+1}(1,a))\geq 4q+1$ and $dac(\overrightarrow{C}_{8q^2+2(a+4)q+a+3}(1,a))\geq 4q+3$ when $a$ is a non quadratic residue of $\mathbb{Z}_{4q+1}$ for graphs and $\m…
In this paper we study the {\it {achromatic arboricity}} of the complete graph. This parameter arises from the arboricity of a graph as the achromatic index arises from the chromatic index. The achromatic arboricity of a graph $G$, denoted by $A_α(G)$, is the maximum number of colors that can be used to color the edges of $G$ such that every color class induces a forest but any two color classes contain a cycle. In particular, if $G$ is a complete graph we prove that \[\frac{1}{4}n^{\frac{3}{2}}-Θ(n) \leq A_α(G)\leq \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}n^{\frac{3}{2}}-Θ(n).\]
Complete colorings have the property that any two color classes has at least an edge between them. Parameters such as the Grundy, achromatic and pseudoachromatic numbers comes from complete colorings, with some additional requirement. In this paper, we estimate these numbers in the Kneser graph $K(n,k)$ for some values of $n$ and $k$. We give the exact value of the achromatic number of $K(n,2)$.
The pseudoachromatic index of a graph is the maximum number of colors that can be assigned to its edges, such that each pair of different colors is incident to a common vertex. If for each vertex its incident edges have different color, then this maximum is known as achromatic index. Both indices have been widely studied. A geometric graph is a graph drawn in the plane such that its vertices are points in general position, and its edges are straight-line segments. In this paper we extend the notion of pseudoachromatic and achromatic indices for geometric graphs, and present results for complet…
Achromatic colorings of polarity graphs
本文确定了来自广义多边形的双仿射平面极性图的无色数，并利用酉极性图染色解决了$C_4$-自由图完全划分问题，同时构造出最优完全且度数无界的图序列。
A vertex colouring $f:V(G)\to C$ of a graph $G$ is complete if for any $c_1,c_2\in C$ with $c_1\ne c_2$ there are in $G$ adjacent vertices $v_1,v_2$ such that $f(v_1)=c_1$ and $f(v_2)=c_2$. The achromatic number of $G$ is the maximum number $\mathrm{achr}(G)$ of colours in a proper complete vertex colouring of $G$. Let $G_1\square G_2$ denote the Cartesian product of graphs $G_1$ and $G_2$. In the paper $\mathrm{achr}(K_{r^2+r+1}\square K_q)$ is determined for an infinite number of $q$s provided that $r$ is a finite projective plane order.
Dvořák \emph{et al.} introduced a variant of the Randić index of a graph $G$, denoted by $R'(G)$, where $R'(G)=\sum_{uv\in E(G)}\frac 1 {\max\{d(u), d(v)\}}$, and $d(u)$ denotes the degree of a vertex $u$ in $G$. The coloring number $col(G)$ of a graph $G$ is the smallest number $k$ for which there exists a linear ordering of the vertices of $G$ such that each vertex is preceded by fewer than $k$ of its neighbors. It is well-known that $χ(G)\leq col(G)$ for any graph $G$, where $χ(G)$ denotes the chromatic number of $G$. In this note, we show that for any graph $G$ without isolated vertices, $…
Offensive Alliances in Signed Graphs
该研究结合带符号图与进攻性联盟两个方向，在带符号图中定义进攻性联盟，推导相关组合结果，分析最小联盟求解的参数化复杂度，提出新参数并证明其可得到FPT结果。
Chromatic and achromatic numbers of unitary addition Cayley graphs
本文研究了环的酉加法Cayley图，确定了奇数阶有限交换环下该图的团数和色数公式，并探讨了 $n$ 为两素数乘积时 $\mathcal{U}(\mathbb{Z}_n)$ 的消色数及其下界。
On the achromatic index of Johnson graphs $J(n,2)$
本研究针对约翰逊图$J(n,2)$的消色指数问题，通过构造显式的正常完备边着色方案，给出该参数的新上下界，并确定多类参数取值下的精确结果。
Let $G$ be a graph and $C$ a finite set of colours. A vertex colouring $f:V(G)\to C$ is complete provided that for any two distinct colours $c_1,c_2\in C$ there is $v_1v_2\in E(G)$ such that $f(v_i)=c_i$, $i=1,2$. The achromatic number of $G$ is the maximum number $\mathrm{achr}(G)$ of colours in a proper complete vertex colouring of $G$. In the paper it is proved that if $q\ge41$ is an odd integer, then the achromatic number of the Cartesian product of $K_6$ and $K_q$ is $2q+3$.
A vertex colouring $f:V(G)\to C$ of a graph $G$ is complete if for any two distinct colours $c_1,c_2\in C$ there is an edge $\{v_1,v_2\}\in E(G)$ such that $f(v_i)=c_i$, $i=1,2$. The achromatic number of $G$ is the maximum number $\mathrm{achr}(G)$ of colours in a proper complete vertex colouring of $G$. In the paper it is proved that $\mathrm{achr}(K_6\square K_7)=18$. This result finalises the determination of $\mathrm{achr}(K_6\square K_q)$.
Difference of facial achromatic numbers between two triangular embeddings of a graph
本文研究曲面三角剖分的面3-无彩色数在不同三角嵌入下的差异，并证明该差异以曲面亏格为参数的上界。
Let $G$ be a graph and $C$ a finite set of colours. A vertex colouring $f:V(G)\to C$ is complete if for any pair of distinct colours $c_1,c_2\in C$ one can find an edge $\{v_1,v_2\}\in E(G)$ such that $f(v_i)=c_i$, $i=1,2$. The achromatic number of $G$ is defined to be the maximum number $\mathrm{achr}(G)$ of colours in a proper complete vertex colouring of $G$. In the paper $\mathrm{achr}(K_6\square K_q)$ is determined for any integer $q$ such that either $8\le q\le40$ or $q\ge42$ is even.
A signed graph is a graph whose edges are signed. In a vertex-signed graph the vertices are signed. The latter is called consistent if the product of signs in every circle is positive. The line graph of a signed graph is naturally vertex-signed. Based on a characterization by Acharya, Acharya, and Sinha in 2009, we give constructions for the signed simple graphs whose naturally vertex-signed line graph is consistent.
A signed graph is a graph whose edges are labeled either positive or negative. Corresponding to the two signed distance matrices defined for signed graphs, we define two signed distance laplacian matrices. We characterize balance in signed graphs using these matrices and find signed distance laplacian spectra of some classes of unbalanced signed graphs.
The set D of distinct signed degrees of the vertices in a signed graph G is called its signed degree set. In this paper, we prove that every non-empty set of positive (negative) integers is the signed degree set of some connected signed graph and determine the smallest possible order for such a signed graph. We also prove that every non-empty set of integers is the signed degree set of some connected signed graph.
Signed graphs have their edges labeled either as positive or negative. Here we introduce two types of signed distance matrix for signed graphs. We characterize balance in signed graphs using these matrices and we obtain explicit formulae for the distance spectrum of some unbalanced signed graphs. We also introduce the notion of distance-compatible signed graphs and partially characterize it.
In 2015, Matthias Beck and his team developed a computer program in SAGE which efficiently determines the number of signed proper $k$-colorings for a given signed graph. In this article, we determine the number of different signatures on Book graph up to switching isomorphisms. We also find a recursive formula of the signed chromatic polynomials of signed Book graphs.
A signed circuit cover of a signed graph is a natural analog of a circuit cover of a graph, and is equivalent to a covering of its corresponding signed-graphic matroid with circuits. It was conjectured that a signed graph whose signed-graphic matroid has no coloops has a 6-cover. In this paper, we prove that the conjecture holds for signed Eulerian graphs.
A signed graph is a graph in which each edge has a positive or negative sign. In this article, first we characterize the distance compatibility in the case of a connected signed graph and discussed the distance compatibility criterion for the cartesian product, lexicographic product and tensor product of signed graphs. We also deal with the distance matrix of the cartesian product, lexicographic product and tensor product of signed graphs in terms of the distance matrix of the factor graphs.
We construct infinitely many signed graphs having symmetric spectrum, by using the NEPS and rooted product of signed graphs. We also present a method for constructing large cospectral signed graphs. Although the obtained family contains only a minority of signed graphs, it strengthen the belief that the signed graphs with symmetric spectrum are deeper than bipartite graphs, i.e the unsigned graphs with symmetric spectrum.
A signed graph is an ordered pair $Σ=(G,σ),$ where $G=(V,E)$ is the underlying graph of $Σ$ with a signature function $σ:E\rightarrow \{1,-1\}$. In this article, we define $n^{th}$ power of a signed graph and discuss some properties of these powers of signed graphs. As we can define two types of signed graphs as the power of a signed graph, necessary and sufficient conditions are given for an $n^{th}$ power of a signed graph to be unique. Also, we characterize balanced power signed graphs.
Let $Γ=(G,σ)$ be a signed graph, where $σ$ is the sign function on the edges of $G$. In this paper, we use the operation of partial transpose to obtain non-isomorphic Laplacian cospectral signed graphs. We will introduce two new operations on signed graphs. These operations will establish a relationship between the adjacency spectrum of one signed graph with the Laplacian spectrum of another signed graph. As an application, these new operations will be utilized to construct several pairs of cospectral non-isomorphic signed graphs. Finally, we construct integral signed graphs.
A signed bipartite graph G(U, V) is a bipartite graph in which each edge is assigned a positive or a negative sign. The signed degree of a vertex x in G(U, V) is the number of positive edges incident with x less the number of negative edges incident with x. The set S of distinct signed degrees of the vertices of G(U, V) is called its signed degree set. In this paper, we prove that every set of integers is the signed degree set of some connected signed bipartite graph. \medskip \medskip
Chordal signed graphs and signed bigraphs
本文研究了弦符号图和弦符号双图的特征化性质，揭示了其与严格弦有向图的关系，并给出了禁止子图的特征化方法。
We describe parity labelings of signed graphs; equivalently, cuts of the underlying graph that have nearly equal sides. We characterize the balanced signed graphs which are parity signed graphs. We give structural characterizations of all parity signed stars, bistars, cycles, paths and complete bipartite graphs. The rna number of a graph is the smallest cut size that has nearly equal sides; we find it for a few classes of parity signed graphs.
We extend the work of Hanlon on the chromatic polynomial of an unlabeled graph to define the unlabeled chromatic polynomial of an unlabeled signed graph. Explicit formulas are presented for labeled and unlabeled signed chromatic polynomials as summations over distinguished order-ideals of the signed partition lattice. We also define the quotient of a signed graph by a signed permutation, and show that its signed graphic arrangement is closely related to an induced arrangement on a distinguished subspace. Lastly, a formula for the number of unlabeled acyclic orientations of a signed graph is pr…
Critically 3-frustrated signed graphs
本文研究临界挫败符号图，猜想不可分解且非细分得到的临界k-挫败符号图有限，并证明临界3情形下的两类有限分类结果及构造方法。
In this paper, we study the Cartesian product of signed graphs as defined by Germina, Hameed and Zaslavsky (2011). Here we focus on its algebraic properties and look at the chromatic number of some Cartesian products. One of our main results is the unicity of the prime factor decomposition of signed graphs. This leads us to present an algorithm to compute this decomposition in linear time based on a decomposition algorithm for oriented graphs by Imrich and Peterin (2018). We also study the chromatic number of a signed graph, that is the minimum order of a signed graph to which the input signed…
Spectral integral variation of signed graphs
本文研究了带符号图在添加新边后带符号拉普拉斯矩阵的谱变差为整数的条件，并完全刻画了可递归添加新边并保持谱积分变差以生成给定带符号完全图的带符号图类。
A signed graph is said to be sign-symmetric if it is switching isomorphic to its negation. Bipartite signed graphs are trivially sign-symmetric. We give new constructions of non-bipartite sign-symmetric signed graphs. Sign-symmetric signed graphs have a symmetric spectrum but not the other way around. We present constructions of signed graphs with symmetric spectra which are not sign-symmetric. This, in particular answers a problem posed by Belardo, Cioabă, Koolen, and Wang (2018).
This paper studies the choosability of signed planar graphs. We prove that every signed planar graph is 5-choosable and that there is a signed planar graph which is not 4-choosable while the unsigned graph is 4-choosable. For each $k \in \{3,4,5,6\}$, every signed planar graph without circuits of length $k$ is 4-choosable. Furthermore, every signed planar graph without circuits of length 3 and of length 4 is 3-choosable. We construct a signed planar graph with girth 4 which is not 3-choosable but the unsigned graph is 3-choosable.
On token signed graphs
本文提出 k-token 符号图，证明切换同构保持性及平衡图 Laplacian 谱包含关系，并引入不平衡度参数，分析其与挫折指数的关系。
A signed circuit is a minimal signed graph (with respect to inclusion) that admits a nowhere-zero flow. We show that each flow-admissible signed graph on $m$ edges can be covered by signed circuits of total length at most $(3+2/3)\cdot m$, improving a recent result of Cheng et al. [manuscript, 2015]. To obtain this improvement we prove several results on signed circuit covers of trees of Eulerian graphs, which are connected signed graphs such that removing all bridges results in a collection of Eulerian graphs.
In 1983, Bouchet proposed a conjecture that every flow-admissible signed graph admits a nowhere-zero $6$-flow. Bouchet himself proved that such signed graphs admit nowhere-zero $216$-flows and Zyka further proved that such signed graphs admit nowhere-zero $30$-flows. In this paper we show that every flow-admissible signed graph admits a nowhere-zero 11-flow.
The nullity of a graph is the multiplicity of the eigenvalues zero in its spectrum. A signed graph is a graph with a sign attached to each of its edges. In this paper, we obtain the coefficient theorem of the characteristic polynomial of a signed graph, give two formulae on the nullity of signed graphs with cut-points. As applications of the above results, we investigate the nullity of the bicyclic signed graph $Γ(\infty(p,q,l))$, obtain the nullity set of unbalanced bicyclic signed graphs, and thus determine the nullity set of bicyclic signed graphs.
Two signed graphs are called switching isomorphic if one of them is isomorphic to a switching equivalent of the other. To determine the number of switching non-isomorphic signed graphs on a specific graph, we will establish a method based on the action of its automorphism group. As an application and computational results, we classify all the switching non-isomorphic signed graphs arising from the complete graph K5 and the generalized Petersen graph GP(7; 2). Moreover, some results on the automorphism groups of the target signed graphs are obtained.
The paper designs five graph operations, and proves that every signed graph with chromatic number $q$ can be obtained from all-positive complete graphs $(K_q,+)$ by repeatedly applying these operations. This result gives a signed version of the Hajós theorem, emphasizing the role of all-positive complete graphs played in the class of signed graphs, as played in the class of unsigned graphs.
Mycielskian of Signed Graphs
本文定义符号图的Mycielskian，研究其平衡性、切换性质、色数关系及相关矩阵结构，并给出构造平衡Mycielskian的条件。
The line graph of a graph with signed edges carries vertex signs. A vertex-signed graph is consistent if every circle (cycle, circuit) has positive vertex-sign product. Acharya, Acharya, and Sinha recently characterized line-consistent signed graphs, i.e., edge-signed graphs whose line graphs, with the naturally induced vertex signature, are consistent. Their proof applies Hoede's relatively difficult characterization of consistent vertex-signed graphs. We give a simple proof that does not depend on Hoede's theorem as well as a structural description of line-consistent signed graphs.
Stanley introduced the chromatic symmetric function of a simple graph, which is a generalization of a chromatic polynomial. This is expressed in terms of the integer points of the complements of the corresponding graphic arrangement. Stanley proved a combinatorial reciprocity theorem for chromatic functions. This is considered as an Ehrhart-type reciprocity theorem for the graphic arrangement. We introduce the chromatic signed-symmetric function of a signed graph, an analogue of the chromatic symmetric function, by the integer points of the complements of the corresponding signed-graphic arran…
We consider signed graphs, i.e, graphs with positive or negative signs on their edges. We determine the admissible parameters for the $\{5,6,\ldots,10\}$-regular signed graphs which have only two distinct eigenvalues. For each obtained parameter we provide some examples of signed graphs having two distinct eigenvalues. It turns out to construction of infinitely many signed graphs of each mentioned valency with only two distinct eigenvalues. We prove that for any $k\geq 5$ there are infinitely many connected signed $k$-regular graphs having maximum eigenvalue $\sqrt{k}$. Moreover for each $m\ge…
In this paper we introduce the nullity of signed graphs, and give some results on the nullity of signed graphs with pendant trees. We characterize the unicyclic signed graphs of order n with nullity n-2; n-3; n-4; n-5 respectively.
In a signed graph each edge has a sign, $+1$ or $-1$. We introduce in the present paper a new definition of connection in a signed graph by the existence of both positive and negative chains between vertices. We prove some results and properties of this definition, such as sign components, sign articulation vertices, and sign isthmi, and we compare them to corresponding graph and signed-graphic matroid properties. We apply our results to signed graphs without positive cycles. For signed graphs in which every edge is negative our properties become parity properties.
Signed circuit $6$-covers of signed $K_4$-minor-free graphs
本文针对符号图的符号回路覆盖问题，证明了Fan猜想对无K₄子式的符号图成立，即每个可覆盖的无K₄子式符号图都具有符号回路6-覆盖，并说明6-覆盖是最优可能的。
In this paper, an upper bound on the nullity of signed graphs in terms of the cyclomatic number and the number of pendant vertices is proved, and the corresponding extremal signed graphs are completely characterized.
Bouchet conjectured in 1983 that every flow-admissible signed graph admits a nowhere-zero 6-flow which is equivalent to the restriction to cubic signed graphs. In this paper, we proved that every flow-admissible $3$-edge-colorable cubic signed graph admits a nowhere-zero $10$-flow. This together with the 4-color theorem implies that every flow-admissible bridgeless planar signed graph admits a nowhere-zero $10$-flow. As a byproduct, we also show that every flow-admissible hamiltonian signed graph admits a nowhere-zero $8$-flow.
r-orientation of a signed graph and its application on coronae of signed graphs
本文引入反向定向（r-orientation）概念定义了符号图的冠图变体，利用符号coronal获得了正则符号图在r-定向下多种矩阵的特征多项式，并借此构造了无限多对共谱符号图族。
A signed graph product and its Application
该研究定义了一种新的带符号图乘积，推导了其及对应无符号图乘积的各类谱特性，确定了其为整谱图的条件，并构造出同谱与非同谱等能的带符号图序列。
We introduce the concept of deficiency in signed graphs. The deficiency of a coloration is the number of unused colors. We classify the deficiency of 2-chromatic graphs. There are four decision problems about the minimum and maximum deficiency of a 3-chromatic signed graph. We answer two of them with a polynomial-time algorithm for deciding the maximum deficiency of a 3-chromatic signed graph.
The chromatic number of signed graphs is defined recently. The coloring and clique problem of interval graphs has been studied and polynomial time algorithms are established. Here we consider these problems for signed interval graphs and prove that the coloring problem of signed interval graphs is NP-complete whereas their ordinary clique problem is in P. We also study the complexity of further related problems.
Nowhere-zero flows on signed supereulerian graphs
本文验证了Bouchet关于带符号图无处为零6-流的猜想在具有生成偶欧拉子图的图类上成立，并通过构造保号双射证明其紧性，且推广至阿贝尔凯莱图。
There are several ways to generalize graph coloring to signed graphs. Máčajová, Raspaud and Škoviera introduced one of them and conjectured that in this setting, for signed planar graphs four colors are always enough, generalising thereby The Four Color Theorem. We disprove the conjecture.
Orthogonal signed graphs of degree 5
本文完成了最大度为5的正交符号图的分类，并构造了6正则和8正则正交符号图的新的无限族，推进了该领域的研究。
We survey known results related to nowhere-zero flows and related topics, such as circuit covers and the structure of circuits of signed graphs. We include an overview of several different definitions of signed graph colouring.
Let $S=(G, σ)$ be a signed graph where $G=(V, E)$ is a graph called the underlying graph of $S$ and $σ:E(G) \rightarrow \{+,~-\}$. Let $f:V(G) \rightarrow \{1,2,\dots,|V(G)|\}$ such that $σ(uv)=+$ if and only if $f(u)$ and $f(v)$ are of same parity and $σ(uv)=-$ if and only if $f(u)$ and $f(v)$ are of opposite parity. Under $f$ we get a signed graph $G_f$ denoted as $S$, which is a parity signed graph. In this paper, we initiate the study of parity labeling in signed graphs and we define and find `rna' number denoted as $σ^-(S)$ for some classes of signed graphs. We also characterize some sign…
A signed graph is a graph whose edges are labeled positive or negative. The sign of a cycle is the product of the signs of its edges. Zaslavsky proved in 2012 that, up to switching isomorphism, there are six different signed Petersen graphs. It is also known that, up to switching isomorphism, there are two signed $K_3$'s, three signed $K_4$'s, and seven signed $K_5$'s. In this paper, we prove that there are sixteen signed $K_6$'s upto switching ismomorphism.
We generalize three classical characterizations of line graphs to line graphs of signed and gain graphs: the Krausz's characterization, the van Rooij and Wilf's characterization and the Beineke's characterization. In particular, we present a list of forbidden gain subgraphs characterizing the class of gain-line graphs. In the case of a signed graph whose underlying graph is a line graph, this list consists of exactly four signed graphs. Under the same hypothesis, we prove that a signed graph is the line graph of a signed graph if and only if its eigenvalues are either greater than $-2$, or les…
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