The femto-access-point (FAP), a low power small cellular base station provides better signal quality for the indoor users. The mobile users in the vehicular environment suffer for the low quality signal from the outside wireless networks. The deployment of femtocells in the vehicular environment can solve the low level signal-to-noise plus interference problem. In this paper, we propose new application of the femtocell technology. The femtocells are deployed in the vehicular environment. Short distance between the user and the FAP provides better signal quality. The inside FAPs are connected to the core network through the outside macrocellular networks or the satellite networks. One stronger transceiver is installed at outside the vehicle. This transceiver is connected to FAPs using wired connection and to macrocellular or the satellite access networks through wireless link. The capacity and the outage probability are analyzed. The simulation results show that the proposed mobile femtocell deployment significantly enhances the service quality of mobile users in the vehicular environment.
The mobile femtocell is the new paradigm for the femtocellular network deployment. It can enhance the service quality for the users inside the vehicles. The deployment of mobile femtocells generates lot of handover calls. Also, number of group handover scenarios are found in mobile femtocellular network deployment. In this paper, we focus on the resource management for the group handover in mobile femtocellular network deployment. We discuss a number of group handover scenarios. We propose a resource management scheme that contains bandwidth adaptation policy and dynamic bandwidth reservation …
The deployment of mobile femtocellular networks can enhance the service quality for the users inside the vehicles. The deployment of mobile femtocells generates a lot of handover calls. Also, numbers of group handover scenarios are found in mobile femtocellular network deployment. The ability to seamlessly switch between the femtocells and the macrocell networks is a key concern for femtocell network deployment. However, until now there is no effective and complete handover scheme for the mobile femtocell network deployment. Also handover between the backhaul networks is a major concern for th…
In this paper we investigate the performance of mobile user connectivity in femtocell/macrocell networks. The femto user equipment (FUE) can connect to femto access point (FAP) with low communication range rather than higher communication range to macro base station (MBS). Furthermore, in such emerging networks, the spatial reuse of resources is permissible and the transmission range can be decreased, then the probability of connectivity is high. Thereby in this study, we propose a tractable analytical model for the connectivity probability based on communication range and the mobility of mobi…
Satisfaction level of femtocell users' depends on the availability of requested bandwidth. But the xDSL line that can be used for the backhauling of femtocell traffic cannot always provide sufficient bandwidth due to the inequality between the xDSL capacity and demanded bandwidth of home applications like, IPTV, PC, WiFi, and others. A Service Level Agreement (SLA) between xDSL and femtocell operator (mobile operator) to reserve some bandwidth for the upcoming femtocell calls can increase the satisfaction level for femtocell users. In this paper we propose a SLA negotiation procedure for femto…
Femtocell base station (BS) is a low-power, low-price BS based on cellular communication technology. It is expected to become a cost-effective solution for improving the communication performance of indoor users, whose traffic demands are large in general. There are mainly three access strategies for femtocell, i.e., closed access, open access and hybrid access strategies. While it has been generally known that open/hybrid access femtocells contribute more to enhancing the system-wide performance than closed access femtocells, the operating parameters of both macro and femtocells should be car…
This paper proposes a power allocation scheme with co-channel allocation for a femto base station (BS) that maximizes the sum-rate of its own femto mobile stations (MSs) with a constraint that limits the degradation of quality of service (QoS) of macro MSs. We have found a closed-form solution for the upper limit on the transmission power of each sub-channel that satisfies the constraint in a probabilistic sense. The proposed scheme is practical since it uses only the information easily obtained by the femto BS. Moreover, our scheme meets the constraint with minimal degradation compared to the…
LTE femtocells have been widely deployed to increase network capacity and to offload mobile data traffic from macrocells. While cellular users' mobility behaviors are taken into consideration, a dilemma is formed: Should a User Equipment (UE) either handover into a femtocell or keep the current connection with a macrocell? Indeed, various user mobility behaviors may incur significant signaling overhead and degrade femtocell offloading capability due to frequent handover in/out femtocells. To address this dilemma, in this paper we propose an Optimal Threshold Offloading (OTO) algorithm consider…
A fundamental choice in femtocell deployments is the set of users which are allowed to access each femtocell. Closed access restricts the set to specifically registered users, while open access allows any mobile subscriber to use any femtocell. Which one is preferable depends strongly on the distance between the macrocell base station (MBS) and femtocell. The main results of the paper are lemmas which provide expressions for the SINR distribution for various zones within a cell as a function of this MBS-femto distance. The average sum throughput (or any other SINR-based metric) of home users a…
This paper proposes a coverage-oriented femtocell network deployment scheme, in which the femtocell base stations (BSs) can decide whether to be active or inactive depending on their distances from the macrocell BSs. Specifically, as the areas close to the macrocell BSs already have satisfactory cellular coverage, the femtocell BSs located inside such areas are kept to be inactive. Thus, all the active femtocells are located in the poor macrocell coverage areas. Based on a stochastic geometric framework, the coverage probability can be analyzed with tractable results. Surprisingly, the results…
Performance of routing protocols in mobile ad-hoc networks is greatly affected by the dynamic nature of nodes, route failures, wireless channels with variable bandwidth and scalability issues. A mobility model imitates the real world movement of mobile nodes and is central component to simulation based studies. In this paper we consider mobility nodes which mimic the vehicular motion of nodes like Manhattan mobility model and City Section mobility model. We also propose a new Group Vehicular mobility model that takes the best features of group mobility models like Reference Point Group mobilit…
We present comparative analysis of MANET (Mobile Ad-Hoc Network) and VANET (Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network) routing protocols, in this paper. The analysis is based on various design factors. The traditional routing protocols of AODV (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector), DSR (Dynamic Source Routing), and DSDV (Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector) of MANET are utilizing node centric routing which leads to frequent breaking of routes, causing instability in routing. Usage of these protocols in high mobility environment like VANET may eventually cause many packets to drop. Route repairs and failures not…
This paper investigates the resource scheduling for heterogeneous vehicular networks, where some moving vehicles are selected and scheduled as helping relays to assist information transmission between the roadside infrastructure and other moving vehicles. For such a system, we propose a mobile-service based max-min fairness resource scheduling scheme, where service amount which is more suitable for high mobility scenarios is adopted to characterize the information transmission capacity of the links and the max-min criteria is adopted to meet the fairness requirement of the moving vehicles. Sim…
With the emerging of the fifth generation (5G) mobile communication systems and software defined networks, not only the performance of vehicular networks could be improved but also new applications of vehicular networks are required by future vehicles, e.g., pilotless vehicles. To meet requirements from intelligent transportation systems, a new vehicular network architecture integrated with 5G mobile communication technologies and software defined network is proposed in this paper. Moreover, fog cells have been proposed to flexibly cover vehicles and avoid frequently handover between vehicles …
The exponential growth of the number of multihomed mobile devices is changing the way how we can connect to the Internet. Our mobile devices are demanding for more network resources, in terms of traffic volume and QoS requirements. Unfortunately, it is very hard to a multihomed device to be simultaneously connected to the network through multiple links. The current work enhances the network access of multihomed devices agnostically to the deployed access technologies. This enhancement is achieved by using simultaneously all of the mobile devices interfaces, and by routing each individual data …
Mobile Advertisement is a location-aware dissemination solution built on top of a vehicular ad-hoc network. We envision a network of WiFi access points that dynamically disseminate data to clients running on the car's smart device. The approach can be considered an alternative to the static advertisement billboards and can be useful to business companies wanting to dynamically advertise their products and offers to people driving their car. The clients can subscribe to information based on specific topics. We present design solutions that use access points as emitters for transmitting messages…
Vehicular traffic is a foremost problem in modern cities. Huge amount of time and resources are wasted while traveling due to traffic congestion. With the introduction of sophisticated traffic management systems, such as those incorporating dynamic traffic assignments, more stringent demands are being placed upon the available real time traffic data. In this paper we have proposed mobile agent as a mechanism to handle the traffic problem on road. Mobile software agents can be used to provide the better QoS (Quality of Service) in vehicular ad hoc network to improve the safety application and d…
We consider a scheme for offloading the delivery of contents to mobile devices in a vehicular networking scenario. Each content can be delivered to the requesting device either by a neighboring device or, at the expiration of a maximum delay, by the network infrastructure nodes. We compute the analytical expression of the probability that the content delivery is offloaded through a Device-to-Device (D2D) communication as a function of the maximum transmission range allowed for D2D communications, the content popularity, and the vehicles speed. We show that, using the model, it is possible to i…
With rapid development of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology, application of the UAVs for task offloading has received increasing interest in the academia. However, real-time interaction between one UAV and the mobile edge computing (MEC) node is required for processing the tasks of mobile end users, which significantly increases the system overhead and is unable to meet the demands of large-scale artificial intelligence (AI) based applications. To tackle this problem, in this article, we propose a new architecture for UAV clustering to enable efficient multi-modal multi-task task offloa…
Multi-Mobile Network Operator (MNO) networking is a promising method to exploit the joint force of multiple available cellular data connections within vehicular networks. By applying anticipatory communication principles, data transmissions can dynamically utilize the mobile network with the highest estimated network performance in order to achieve improvements in data rate, resource efficiency, and reliability. In this paper, we present the results of a comprehensive real-world measurement campaign in public cellular networks in different scenarios and analyze the performance of online data r…
Edge caching is being explored as a promising technology to alleviate the network burden of cellular networks by separating the computing functionalities away from cellular base stations. However, the service capability of existing caching scheme is limited by fixed edge infrastructure when facing the uncertainties of users' requests and locations. The vehicular caching, which uses the moving vehicles as cache carriers, is regard as an efficient method to solve the problem above. This paper studies the effectiveness of vehicular caching scheme in content centric networks by developing optimiza…
In vehicular communications, in-vehicle devices' mobile and multihoming characteristics bring new requirements for devicevsecurity authentication. On the one hand, the existing network layer authentication methods rely on the PKI system; on the other hand, key negotiation needs interaction. These two points determine that the traditional security authentication method requires bandwidth consumption and additional delay. It is unsuitable for heterogeneous wireless scenarios with a high packet loss rate and limited bandwidth resources. In addition, the establishment of a security association sta…
In the last few years, the emerging network architecture paradigm of Software-Defined Networking (SDN), has become one of the most important technology to manage large scale networks such as Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs). Recently, several works have shown interest in the use of SDN paradigm in VANETs. SDN brings flexibility, scalability and management facility to current VANETs. However, almost all of proposed Software-Defined VANET (SDVN) architectures are infrastructure-based. This paper will focus on how to enable SDN in infrastructure-less vehicular environments. For this aim, we pro…
VANETs (Vehicular Ad hoc Networks) are highly mobile wireless ad hoc networks and will play an important role in public safety communications and commercial applications. Routing of data in VANETs is a challenging task due to rapidly changing topology and high speed mobility of vehicles. Conventional routing protocols in MANETs (Mobile Ad hoc Networks) are unable to fully address the unique characteristics in vehicular networks. In this paper, we propose EBGR (Edge Node Based Greedy Routing), a reliable greedy position based routing approach to forward packets to the node present in the edge o…
The emergence of in-vehicle entertainment systems and self-driving vehicles, and the latter's need for high-resolution, up-to-date maps, will bring a further increase in the amount of data vehicles consume. Considering how difficult WiFi offloading in vehicular environments is, the bulk of this additional load will be served by cellular networks. Cellular networks, in turn, will resort to caching at the network edge in order to reduce the strain on their core network, an approach also known as mobile edge computing, or fog computing. In this work, we exploit a real-world, large-scale trace com…
With increasing popularity of media enabled hand-helds and their integration with the in-vehicle entertainment systems, the need for high data-rate services for mobile users on the go is evident. This ever-increasing demand of data is constantly surpassing what cellular networks can economically support. Large-scale Wireless LANs (WLANs) can provide such a service, but they are expensive to deploy and maintain. Open WLAN access-points, on the other hand, need no new deployments, but can offer only opportunistic services, lacking any performance guarantees. In contrast, a carefully planned spar…
Machine learning-based data rate prediction is one of the key drivers for anticipatory mobile networking with applications such as dynamic Radio Access Technology (RAT) selection, opportunistic data transfer, and predictive caching. User Equipment (UE)-based prediction approaches that rely on passive measurements of network quality indicators have successfully been applied to forecast the throughput of vehicular data transmissions. However, the achievable prediction accuracy is limited as the UE is unaware of the current network load. To overcome this issue, we propose a cooperative data rate …
Upcoming Intelligent Traffic Control Systems (ITSCs) will base their optimization processes on crowdsensing data obtained for cars that are used as mobile sensor nodes. In conclusion, public cellular networks will be confronted with massive increases in Machine-Type Communication (MTC) and will require efficient communication schemes to minimize the interference of Internet of Things (IoT) data traffic with human communication. In this demonstration, we present an Open Source framework for context-aware transmission of vehicular sensor data that exploits knowledge about the characteristics of …
Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANET) is one of the most challenging research area in the field of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. In this research we proposed a dynamic power adjustment protocol that will be used for sending the periodical safety message. (Beacon)based on the analysis of the channel status depending on the channel congestion and the power used for transmission. The Beacon Power Control (BPC) protocol first sensed and examined the percentage of the channel congestion, the result obtained was used to adjust the transmission power for the safety message to reach the optimal power. This will…
Now a days Many car manufacturers are planning to install wireless connectivity equipment in their vehicles to enable communications with "roadside base station" and also between vehicles, for the purposes of safety, driving assistance, and entertainment. One distinct feature is that vehicles are highly mobile, with speed up to 30 m/s, though their mobility patterns are more predictable than those of nodes in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET) due to the constraints imposed by road, speed limits, and commuting habits. Therefore, these networks require specific solutions and identify a novel resear…
Cache-equipped Base-Stations (CBSs) is an attractive alternative to offload the rapidly growing backhaul traffic in a mobile network. New 5G technology and dense femtocell enable one user to connect to multiple base-stations simultaneously. Practical implementation requires the caches in BSs to be regarded as a cache server, but few of the existing works considered how to offload traffic, or how to schedule HTTP requests to CBSs. In this work, we propose a DNS-based HTTP traffic allocation framework. It schedules user traffic among multiple CBSs by DNS resolution, with the consideration of loa…
The rapid increase of vehicular traffic and congestion on the highways began hampering the safe and efficient movement of traffic. Consequently, year by year, we see the ascending rate of car accidents and casualties in most of the countries. Therefore, exploiting the new technologies, e.g. wireless sensor networks, is required as a solution of reduction of these saddening and reprehensible statistics. This has motivated us to propose a novel and comprehensive system to utilize Wireless Sensor Networks for vehicular networks. We coin the vehicular network employing wireless Sensor networks as …
A Vehicular Ad hoc Network consists of vehicles which communicate with each other and exchange data via wireless communication links available between the vehicles which are in communication ranges of vehicles to improve the road safety in city.The communication between vehicles is used to provide road safety, comfort and entertainment.The performance of communication depends on how better routing takes place in the network.Routing data between the source and destination vehicle depends on the routing protocols being used in vehicular adhoc network.In this simulation based study we investigate…
Video streaming currently accounts for the majority of Internet traffic. One factor that enables video streaming is HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS), that allows the users to stream video using a bit rate that closely matches the available bandwidth from the server to the client. MPEG Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) is a widely used standard, that allows the clients to select the resolution to download based on their own estimations. The algorithm for determining the next segment in a DASH stream is not partof the standard, but it is an important factor in the resulting playback quali…
With the emerging of the fifth generation (5G) mobile communication systems, millimeter wave transmissions are believed to be a promising solution for vehicular networks, especially in vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communications. In millimeter wave V2V communications, different vehicular networking services have different quality requirements for V2V multi-hop links. To evaluate the quality of different V2V wireless links, a new link quality indicator is proposed in this paper considering requirements of the real-time and the reliability in V2V multi-hop links. Moreover, different weight factors a…
Vehicles provide an ideal platform for urban sensing applications, as they can be equipped with all kinds of sensing devices that can continuously monitor the environment around the travelling vehicle. In this work we are particularly concerned with the use of vehicles as building blocks of a multimedia mobile sensor system able to capture camera snapshots of the streets to support traffic monitoring and urban surveillance tasks. However, cameras are high data-rate sensors while wireless infrastructures used for vehicular communications may face performance constraints. Thus, data redundancy m…
There is a strong devotion in the automotive industry to be part of a wider progression towards the Fifth Generation (5G) era. In-vehicle integration costs between cellular and vehicle-to-vehicle networks using Dedicated Short Range Communication could be avoided by adopting Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) technology with the possibility to re-use the existing mobile network infrastructure. More and more, with the emergence of Software Defined Networks, the flexibility and the programmability of the network have not only impacted the design of new vehicular network architectures but als…
New paradigm shifts and 6G technological revolution in vehicular services have emerged toward unmanned driving, automated transportation, and self-driving vehicles. As the technology for autonomous vehicles becomes mature, real challenges come from reliable, safe, real-time connected transportation operations to achieve ubiquitous and prompt information exchanges with massive connected and autonomous vehicles. This article aims at introducing novel wireless distributed architectures that embed the edge computing capability inside software-defined vehicular networking infrastructure. Such edge …
Vehicular users are expected to consume large amounts of data, for both entertainment and navigation purposes. This will put a strain on cellular networks, which will be able to cope with such a load only if proper caching is in place, this in turn begs the question of which caching architecture is the best-suited to deal with vehicular content consumption. In this paper, we leverage a large-scale, crowd-collected trace to (i) characterize the vehicular traffic demand, in terms of overall magnitude and content breakup, (ii) assess how different caching approaches perform against such a real-wo…
Now-a-days vehicles are one of the most important parts of our life. We need them to cross distances in our everyday life. In this paper we discuss Vehicular AdHoc Network (VANET) technology that can ensure the maintenance of traffic rules and regulation. By applying this technology we can save life, save time, corruption, vehicle security, avoid collision and so on. Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is a part of Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET). Every node or vehicle can move freely and they will communicate each other by wireless technology in coverage. The main goal of this research is to study…
In cellular wireless networks, user association refers to the problem of assigning mobile users to base station cells -- a critical, but challenging, problem in many emerging small cell and heterogeneous networks. This paper considers a general class of utility maximization problems for joint optimization of mobile user associations and bandwidth and power allocations. The formulation can incorporate a large class of network topologies, interference models, SNR-to-rate mappings and network constraints. In addition, the model can applied in carrier aggregation scenarios where mobiles can be ser…
Urban Traffic Management (UTM) topics have been tackled since long time, mainly by civil engineers and by city planners. The introduction of new communication technologies - such as cellular systems, satellite positioning systems and inter-vehicle communications - has significantly changed the way researchers deal with UTM issues. In this survey, we provide a review and a classification of how UTM has been addressed in the literature. We start from the recent achievements of "classical" approaches to urban traffic estimation and optimization, including methods based on the analysis of data col…
The application of LTE technology has evolved from infrastructure-based deployments in licensed bands to new use cases covering ad hoc, device-to-device communications and unlicensed band operation. Vehicular communication is an emerging field of particular interest for LTE, covering in our understanding both automotive (cars) as well as unmanned aerial vehicles. Existing commercial equipment is designed for infrastructure making it unsuitable for vehicular applications requiring low weight and unlicensed band support (e.g. 5.9 GHz ITS-band). In this work, we present tinyLTE, a system design w…
In this paper, we address the problem of distributing a large amount of bulk data to a sparse vehicular network from roadside infostations, using efficient vehicle-to-vehicle collaboration. Due to the highly dynamic nature of the underlying vehicular network topology, we depart from architectures requiring centralized coordination, reliable MAC scheduling, or global network state knowledge, and instead adopt a distributed paradigm with simple protocols. In other words, we investigate the problem of reliable dissemination from multiple sources when each node in the network shares a limited amou…
The technology related to networking moves wired connection to wireless connection.The basic problem concern in the wireless domain, random packet loss for the end to end connection. In this paper we show the performance and the impact of the packet loss and delay, by the bit error rate throughput etc with respect to the real world scenario vehicular ad hoc network in 3-dimension space (VANET in 3D). Over the years software development has responded to the increasing growth of wireless connectivity in developing network enabled software. In this paper we consider the real world physical proble…
VANETs (Vehicular Ad hoc Networks) are highly mobile wireless ad hoc networks and will play an important role in public safety communications and commercial applications. Routing of data in VANETs is a challenging task due to rapidly changing topology and high speed mobility of vehicles. Position based routing protocols are becoming popular due to advancement and availability of GPS devices. One of the critical issues of VANETs are frequent path disruptions caused by high speed mobility of vehicle that leads to broken links which results in low throughput and high overhead . This paper argues …
In the performance evaluation of a protocol for a vehicular ad hoc network, the protocol should be tested under a realistic conditions including, representative data traffic models, and realistic movements of the mobile nodes which are the vehicles (i.e., a mobility model). This work is a comparative study between two mobility models that are used in the simulations of vehicular networks, i.e., MOVE (MObility model generator for VEhicular networks) and CityMob, a mobility pattern generator for VANET. We describe several mobility models for VANET simulations. In this paper we aim to show that t…
The analysis of the end-to-end behavior of novel mobile communication methods in concrete evaluation scenarios frequently results in a methodological dilemma: Real world measurement campaigns are highly time-consuming and lack of a controllable environment, the derivation of analytical models is often not possible due to the immense system complexity, system-level network simulations imply simplifications that result in significant derivations to the real world observations. In this paper, we present a hybrid simulation approach which brings together model-based mobility simulation, multi-dime…
This paper investigates moving networks of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), such as drones, as one of the innovative opportunities brought by the 5G. With a main purpose to extend connectivity and guarantee data rates, the drones require hovering locations due to limitations such as flight time and coverage surface. We provide analytic bounds on the requirements in terms of connectivity extension for vehicular networks served by fixed Enhanced Mobile BroadBand (eMBB) infrastructure, where both vehicular networks and infrastructures are modeled using stochastic and fractal geometry as a model f…
With the emergence of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and wireless embedded sensing devices into modern vehicles, Intelligent Transport System (ITS) becomes a reality and an indispensable component of smart cities. The purpose of ITS is to improve road safety and traffic efficiency as well as offering infotainments services. In fact, warning drivers in the right time about dangerous situations on the road and providing them with prior information about traffic will undoubtedly leads to enhance driver's safety and reduce traffic congestion. Technically speaking, ITS is based on…
The next generations of vehicles will require data transmission rates in the order of terabytes per driving hour, to support advanced automotive services. This unprecedented amount of data to be exchanged goes beyond the capabilities of existing communication technologies for vehicular communication and calls for new solutions. A possible answer to this growing demand for ultra-high transmission speeds can be found in the millimeter-wave (mmWave) bands which, however, are subject to high signal attenuation and challenging propagation characteristics. In particular, mmWave links are typically d…
Among civilian communication systems, vehicular networks emerge as one of the most is convincing and yet most challenging instantiations of the mobile ad hoc networking technology. Towards the deployment of vehicular communication systems, security and privacy are critical factors and significant challenges to be met. This Vehicular communication (VC) system has the potential to improve road safety and driving comfort. Nevertheless, securing the operation is a prerequisite for deployment so in this paper we are focusing on real time experimental design of infrastructure to vehicle communicatio…
The real world scenario has changed from the wired connection to wireless connection.Over the years software, development has responded to the increasing growth of wireless connectivity in developing network enabled software.The problem arises in the wireless domain due to random packet loss in transport layer and as well as in data link layer for the end to end connection. The basic problem has been considered in this work is to convert the real world scenario of Vehicular ad hoc network into a lab oriented problem by used the APS-system and study the result to achieve better performance in t…
One of the emerging applications that belong to ambient systems is to transparently and directly interconnect vehicles on roads, making an ad hoc network that enables a variety of applications through distributed software without the need of any fixed and dedicated infrastructure. The network as well as the embedded computers and sensors in the vehicle will be invisible to the driver, who will get the required services during his journey. New type of ad hoc network is the Vehicular Ad hoc Network, in which vehicles constitute the mobile nodes in the network. Due to the prohibitive cost of depl…
