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arXiv 1706.07447astro-ph.EP
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短周期彗星的起源和演化

Origin and Evolution of Short-Period Comets

D. Nesvorny, D. Vokrouhlicky, L. Dones, H. F. Levison, N. Kaib, A. Morbidelli

摘要:

彗星是从外海王星区域(柯伊伯带及更远)进入内太阳系的冰冷物体,在那里它们被太阳辐射加热,并由于水冰的升华而变得活跃。在这里,我们进行端到端的模拟,其中彗星水库形成于早期的太阳系和演变超过4.5 Gyr。行星9(P9)的引力效应,假设在一个很宽的轨道上围绕太阳,包括在我们的一些模拟中。不同的模型被认为是彗星是活跃的,包括一个简单的假设,彗星保持活跃的Np(q)近日点通道与近日点距离q<2.5 au。在我们的模型中产生的活跃彗星的轨道分布和数量进行了比较的意见。黄道彗星(EC)的轨道分布在Np(2.5)=500和没有P9的模型中得到了很好的再现。在P9中,模型EC的倾斜分布比观测到的更宽。我们发现,已知的哈雷型彗星(HTCs)有一个几乎各向同性的倾角分布(只有轻微的偏好,轨道)。在我们的模型中,HTC似乎是返回奥尔特云彗星(OCC)的轨道周期较短的人口的延伸。随着Np的增加,模型HTC的倾角分布变得更宽,但现有的观测数据不足以从轨道拟合中约束Np。需要Np(2.5)>1000以获得与观测一致的大活性HTC的稳态布居。相反,为了拟合回归到新OCC的比率,我们的模型意味着Np(2.5)<10,这可能是因为检测到的长周期彗星比观测到的HTC更小,更容易破坏。

英文摘要:

Comets are icy objects that orbitally evolve from the trans-Neptunian region (the Kuiper belt and beyond) into the inner Solar System, where they are heated by solar radiation and become active due to sublimation of water ice. Here we perform end-to-end simulations in which cometary reservoirs are formed in the early Solar System and evolved over 4.5 Gyr. The gravitational effects of Planet 9 (P9), hypothesized to circle the Sun on a wide orbit, are included in some of our simulations. Different models are considered for comets to be active, including a simple assumption that comets remain active for Np(q) perihelion passages with perihelion distance q<2.5 au. The orbital distribution and number of active comets produced in our model is compared to observations. The orbital distribution of ecliptic comets (ECs) is well reproduced in models with Np(2.5)=500 and without P9. With P9, the inclination distribution of model ECs is wider than the observed one. We find that the known Halley-type comets (HTCs) have a nearly isotropic inclination distribution (with only a slight preference for prograde orbits). In our model, the HTCs appear to be an extension of the population of returning Oort-cloud comets (OCCs) to shorter orbital periods. The inclination distribution of model HTCs becomes broader with increasing Np, but the existing observational data are not good enough to constrain Np from orbital fits. Np(2.5)>1000 is required to obtain a steady-state population of large active HTCs that is consistent with observations. To fit the ratio of the returning-to-new OCCs, by contrast, our model implies that Np(2.5)<10, possibly because the detected long-period comets are smaller and much easier to disrupt than observed HTCs.

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