Robert Scheidweiler, Sebastian Wiederrecht
In this work we investigate the chordality of squares and line graph squares of graphs. We prove a sufficient condition for the chordality of squares of graphs not containing induced cycles of length at least five. Moreover, we characterize the chordality of graph squares by forbidden subgraphs. Transferring that result to line graphs allows us to characterize the chordality of line graph squares.
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A proper vertex coloring of a graph is a mapping of its vertices on a set of colors, such that two adjacent vertices are not mapped to the same color. This constraint may be interpreted in terms of the distance between to vertices and so a more general coloring concept can be defined: The strong coloring of a graph. So a k-strong coloring is a coloring where two vertices may not have the same color if their distance to each other is at most k. The 2-strong coloring of the line graph is known as the strong edge coloring. Coloring the kth power G^k of a graph G is the same as finding a k-strong …
There are no nontrivial chordal square-complementary graphs
本文研究平方补图，证明其任意两顶点闭邻域不可比较，从而得出非平凡平方补图无单纯顶点、非弦图且非距离遗传图，解决两个开放问题。
We describe all the trees with the property that the corresponding edge ideal of the square of the tree has a linear resolution. As a consequence, we give a complete characterization of those trees $T$ for which the square is co-chordal, that is the complement of the square, $(T^2)^c$, is a chordal graph. For particular classes of trees such as paths and double brooms we determine the Krull dimension and the projective dimension.
The scattering number of a graph $G$ was defined by Jung in 1978 as $sc(G) = max \{ω(G - S) - |S|, S \subseteq V, ω(G - S) \neq1\}$ where $ω(G - S) $ is the number of connected components of the graph $G-S$. It is a measure of vulnerability of a graph and it has a direct relationship with the toughness of a graph. Strictly chordal graphs, also known as block duplicate graphs, are a subclass of chordal graphs that includes block and 3-leaf power graphs. In this paper we present a linear time solution for the determination of the scattering number and scattering set of strictly chordal graphs. W…
We define strongly chordal digraphs, which generalize strongly chordal graphs and chordal bipartite graphs, and are included in the class of chordal digraphs. They correspond to square 0,1 matrices that admit a simultaneous row and column permutation avoiding the Γ matrix. In general, it is not clear if these digraphs can be recognized in polynomial time, and we focus on symmetric digraphs (i.e., graphs with possible loops), tournaments with possible loops, and balanced digraphs. In each of these cases we give a polynomial-time recognition algorithm and a forbidden induced subgraph characteriz…
Hadwiger's conjecture asserts that any graph contains a clique minor with order no less than the chromatic number of the graph. We prove that this well-known conjecture is true for all graphs if and only if it is true for squares of split graphs. This observation implies that Hadwiger's conjecture for squares of chordal graphs is as difficult as the general case, since chordal graphs are a superclass of split graphs. Then we consider 2-trees which are a subclass of each of planar graphs, 2-degenerate graphs and chordal graphs. We prove that Hadwiger's conjecture is true for squares of $2$-tree…
A special case of a combinatorial theorem of De Bruijn and Erdos asserts that every noncollinear set of n points in the plane determines at least n distinct lines. Chen and Chvatal suggested a possible generalization of this assertion in metric spaces with appropriately defined lines. We prove this generalization in all metric spaces induced by connected chordal graphs.
Strong chordality in tournaments and multipartite tournaments with possible loops
本文研究可能带环的多部锦标赛的强弦性，给出多项式时间识别算法与禁用导出子图刻画，并证明强弦有向图中全控制集最小规模等于不相交入邻域最大数目且可在线性时间内计算。
We show that there exist linear-time algorithms that compute the strong chromatic index and a maximum induced matching of tree-cographs when the decomposition tree is a part of the input. We also show that there exist efficient algorithms for the strong chromatic index of (bipartite) permutation graphs and of chordal bipartite graphs.
In this paper, we characterize the degree sequences excluding the degree sequence of a square in terms of forcibly chordal graphs, and we prove several related results.
Let $B=(X,Y,E)$ be a bipartite graph. A half-square of $B$ has one color class of $B$ as vertex set, say $X$; two vertices are adjacent whenever they have a common neighbor in $Y$. Every planar graph is a half-square of a planar bipartite graph, namely of its subdivision. Until recently, only half-squares of planar bipartite graphs, also known as map graphs (Chen, Grigni and Papadimitriou [STOC 1998, J. ACM 2002]), have been investigated, and the most discussed problem is whether it is possible to recognize these graphs faster and simpler than Thorup's $O(n^{120})$-time algorithm (Thorup [FOCS…
In this paper we introduce a class of hypergraphs that we call chordal. We also extend the definition of triangulated hypergraphs, given in \cite{VT}, so that a triangulated hypergraph, according to our definition, is a natural generalization of a chordal (rigid circuit) graph. In \cite{F1}, Fröberg shows that the chordal graphs corresponds to graph algebras, $R/I(\mc{G})$, with linear resolutions. We extend Fröberg's method and show that the hypergraph algebras of generalized chordal hypergraphs, a class of hypergraphs that includes the chordal hypergraphs, have linear resolutions. The defini…
Chordality, syzygies, and shellability for hypergraphic analogues of interval graphs
本文证明共区间超图与下闭复形在补集意义下等价，并证明下闭团簇是Woodroofe弦性的，从而回答Dochtermann和Engström的问题，表明其Alexander对偶复形是顶点可分解的，且具有由下闭顶点序诱导的壳化。
In a graph $G=(V,E)$ with no isolated vertex, a dominating set $D \subseteq V$, is called a semitotal dominating set if for every vertex $u \in D$ there is another vertex $v \in D$, such that distance between $u$ and $v$ is at most two in $G$. Given a graph $G=(V,E)$ without isolated vertices, the Minimum Semitotal Domination problem is to find a minimum cardinality semitotal dominating set of $G$. The semitotal domination number, denoted by $γ_{t2}(G)$, is the minimum cardinality of a semitotal dominating set of $G$. The decision version of the problem remains NP-complete even when restricted…
A graph $G$ is said to be chordal if it has no induced cycles of length four or more. In a recent preprint Culbertson, Guralnik, and Stiller give a new characterization of chordal graphs in terms of sequences of what they call `edge-erasures'. We show that these moves are in fact equivalent to a linear quotient ordering on $I_{\overline{G}}$, the edge ideal of the complement graph. Known results imply that $I_{\overline G}$ has linear quotients if and only if $G$ is chordal, and hence this recovers an algebraic proof of their characterization. We investigate higher-dimensional analogues of thi…
Chordal clutters in the sense of [14] and [3] are defined via simplicial orders. Their circuit ideal has a linear resolution, independent of the characteristic of the base field. We show that any Betti sequence of an ideal with linear resolution appears as the Betti sequence of the circuit ideal of such a chordal clutter. Associated with any simplicial order is a sequence of integers which we call the $λ$-sequence of the chordal clutter. All possible $λ$-sequences are characterized. They are intimately related to the Hilbert function of a suitable standard graded $K$-algebra attached to the ch…
We study vertex colorings of the square $G^2$ of an outerplanar graph $G$. We find the optimal bound of the inductiveness, chromatic number and the clique number of $G^2$ as a function of the maximum degree $Δ$ of $G$ for all $Δ\in \nats$. As a bonus, we obtain the optimal bound of the choosability (or the list-chromatic number) of $G^2$ when $Δ\geq 7$. In the case of chordal outerplanar graphs, we classify exactly which graphs have parameters exceeding the absolute minimum.
We investigate which chordal graphs have a representation as intersection graphs of pseudosegments. For positive we have a construction which shows that all chordal graphs that can be represented as intersection graph of subpaths on a tree are pseudosegment intersection graphs. We then study the limits of representability. We describe a family of intersection graphs of substars of a star which is not representable as intersection graph of pseudosegments. The degree of the substars in this example, however, has to get large. A more intricate analysis involving a Ramsey argument shows that even …
The independence complex of a chordal graph is known to be shellable due to a result of Van Tuyl and Villarreal. This is equivalent to the fact that cover ideal of a chordal graph has linear quotients. We use this result to obtain recursive formulas for the Betti numbers of cover ideals of chordal graphs. Also, we give a new proof of their result which yields different shellings of the independence complex.
To any graph and smooth algebraic curve $C$ one may associate a "hypercurve" arrangement and one can study the rational homotopy theory of the complement $X$. In the rational case ($C=\mathbb{C}$), there is considerable literature on the rational homotopy theory of $X$, and the trigonometric case ($C = \mathbb{C}^\times$) is similar in flavor. The case of when $C$ is a smooth projective curve of positive genus is more complicated due to the lack of formality of the complement. When the graph is chordal, we use quadratic-linear duality to compute the Malcev Lie algebra and the minimal model of …
In [M. M. Kanté, V. Limouzy, A. Mary, and L. Nourine. On the enumeration of minimal dominating sets and related notions. SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics, 28(4):1916-1929, 2014] the authors give an $O(n+m)$ delay algorithm based on neighborhood inclusions for the enumeration of minimal dominating sets in split and $P_6$-free chordal graphs. In this paper, we investigate generalizations of this technique to $P_k$-free chordal graphs for larger integers $k$. In particular, we give $O(n+m)$ and $O(n^3\cdot m)$ delays algorithms in the classes of $P_7$-free and $P_8$-free chordal graphs. As fo…
Let G be a finite abelian group. This paper is concerned with nonnegative functions on G that are sparse with respect to the Fourier basis. We establish combinatorial conditions on subsets S and T of Fourier basis elements under which nonnegative functions with Fourier support S are sums of squares of functions with Fourier support T. Our combinatorial condition involves constructing a chordal cover of a graph related to G and S (the Cayley graph Cay($\hat{G}$,S)) with maximal cliques related to T. Our result relies on two main ingredients: the decomposition of sparse positive semidefinite mat…
In this paper, we consider the generalization of chordal graphs to clutters proposed by Bigdeli, et al in J. Combin. Theory, Series A (2017). Assume that $\mathcal{C}$ is a $d$-dimensional uniform clutter. It is known that if $\mathcal{C}$ is chordal, then $I(\bar{\mathcal{C}})$ has a linear resolution over all fields. The converse has recently been rejected, but the following question which poses a weaker version of the converse is still open: "if $I(\bar{\mathcal{C}})$ has linear quotients, is $\mathcal{C}$ necessarily chordal?". Here, by introducing the concept of the ascent of a clutter, w…
Let $k$ and $d$ be such that $k \ge d+2$. Consider two $k$-colorings of a $d$-degenerate graph $G$. Can we transform one into the other by recoloring one vertex at each step while maintaining a proper coloring at any step? Cereceda et al. answered that question in the affirmative, and exhibited a recolouring sequence of exponential length. If $k=d+2$, we know that there exists graphs for which a quadratic number of recolorings is needed. And when $k=2d+2$, there always exists a linear transformation. In this paper, we prove that, as long as $k \ge d+4$, there exists a transformation of length …
We extend the definition of chordal from graphs to clutters. The resulting family generalizes both chordal graphs and matroids, and obeys many of the same algebraic and geometric properties. Specifically, the independence complex of a chordal clutter is shellable, hence sequentially Cohen-Macaulay; and the circuit ideal of a certain complement to such a clutter has a linear resolution. Minimal non-chordal clutters are also closely related to obstructions to shellability, and we give some general families of such obstructions, together with a classification by computation of all obstructions to…
We describe the Betti numbers of the edge ideals $I(G)$ of uniform hypergraphs $G$ such that $I(G)$ has linear graded free resolution. We give an algebraic equation system and some inequalities for the components of the $f$--vector of the clique complex of an arbitrary chordal graph. Finally we present an explicit formula for the multiplicity of the Stanley-Reisner ring of the edge ideals of any chordal graph.
Characterizing chordal $\llcorner$-EPG graphs via admissible clique tree orientations
本文给出连通弦 $\llcorner$-EPG 图的两种等价刻画，分别基于有序团划分树和可容许部分定向，并证明强弦性不足，提供反例。
We prove various properties on the structure of groups whose power graph is chordal. Nilpotent groups with this property have been classified by Manna, Cameron and Mehatari [The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, 2021]. Here we classify the finite simple groups with chordal power graph, relative to typical number theoretic oracles. We do so by devising several sufficient conditions for the existence and non-existence of long cycles in power graphs of finite groups. We examine other natural group classes, including special linear, symmetric, generalized dihedral and quaternion groups, and we …
Let $G$ be a simple undirected graph on $n$ vertices. Francisco and Van Tuyl have shown that if $G$ is chordal, then $\bigcap_{\{x_i,x_j\}\in E_G} < x_i,x_j>$ is componentwise linear. A natural question that arises is for which $t_{ij}>1$ the ideal $\bigcap_{\{x_i,x_j\}\in E_G}< x_i, x_j>^{t_{ij}}$ is componentwise linear, if $G$ is chordal. In this report we show that $\bigcap_{\{x_i,x_j\}\in E_G} < x_i, x_j>^{t}$ is componentwise linear for all $n\geq 3$ and positive $t$, if $G$ is a complete graph. We give also an example where $G$ is chordal, but the intersection ideal is not componentwise…
Star Coloring on Some Subclasses of Chordal Graphs
研究弦图子类的星着色，给出星3-可着色弦图的结构和禁止诱导子图刻画，以及星4-和星5-可着色分裂图的禁止诱导子图刻画，并设计线性时间认证识别算法。
Linear recoloring diameter of degenerate chordal graphs and bounded treewidth graphs
本文研究了退化弦图和有界树宽图的重着色直径问题，证明了当颜色数满足 $t \ge 2d+1$ 或 $t \ge 2k+1$ 时，其重着色直径为线性 $O(n)$，推广了已有结论。
Recognition of chordal graphs and cographs which are Cover-Incomparability graphs
本文研究了覆盖-不可比图的识别问题，证明了至多有两个独立单纯顶点的弦图恰好是C-I弦图，并对余图得到类似结论，进而给出了这两类图的线性时间识别算法。
Counting perfect edge dominating sets: extremal results and linear-time algorithms
研究树、森林和弦图类中关于完美边支配集数量的极值图，推导广义串并联图和弦图中计数完美边支配集及支配诱导匹配的线性时间算法。
Vertex decomposable complexes of directed forests, conflict graphs and chordality
本文研究了有向森林的顶点可分解复形，通过构造冲突图并应用独立复形理论，得出了保证复形顶点可分解、壳性和序列Cohen-Macaulay性质的图论准则，并给出了相关多重有向图的分类。
Computing Optimal Leaf Roots of Chordal Cographs in Linear Time
本文针对弦共图提出线性时间的最优叶根构造方法，弥补了固定k多项式算法无法直接求解最优叶根的不足，还分析了k奇偶性对最优叶根的影响，为计算生物学系统发育树重建提供更合理的方案。
This work concerns the study of properties of a group of Koszul algebras coming from the toric ideals of a chordal bipartite infinite family of graphs (alternately, these rings may be interpreted as coming from determinants of certain ladder-like structures). We determine a linear system of parameters for each ring and explicitly determine the Hilbert series for the resulting Artinian reduction. As corollaries, we obtain the multiplicity and regularity of the original rings. This work extends results easily derived from lattice theory for a subfamily coming from a two-sided ladder to a family …
A graph H is a square root of a graph G if G can be obtained from H by adding an edge between any two vertices in H that are of distance 2. The Square Root problem is that of deciding whether a given graph admits a square root. This problem is only known to be NP-complete for chordal graphs and polynomial-time solvable for non-trivial minor-closed graph classes and a very limited number of other graph classes. We prove that Square Root is O(n)-time solvable for graphs of maximum degree 5 and O(n^4)-time solvable for graphs of maximum degree at most 6.
Characterization of Chordal Circular-arc Graphs: I. Split Graphs
本文刻画分裂圆弧图对应的区间表示模式，建立非圆弧极小分裂图与非区间极小图的联系，并给出线性时间可验证识别算法。
The square of a graph $G$, denoted $G^2$, is obtained from $G$ by putting an edge between two distinct vertices whenever their distance is two. Then $G$ is called a square root of $G^2$. Deciding whether a given graph has a square root is known to be NP-complete, even if the root is required to be a chordal graph or even a split graph. We present a polynomial time algorithm that decides whether a given graph has a ptolemaic square root. If such a root exists, our algorithm computes one with a minimum number of edges. In the second part of our paper, we give a characterization of the graphs tha…
Let $G=(V, E)$ be a graph, where $V$ and $E$ are the vertex and edge sets, respectively. For two disjoint subsets $A$ and $B$ of $V$, we say $A$ \textit{dominates} $B$ if every vertex of $B$ is adjacent to at least one vertex of $A$ in $G$. A vertex partition $π= \{V_1, V_2, \ldots, V_k\}$ of $G$ is called a \emph{transitive $k$-partition} if $V_i$ dominates $V_j$ for all $i,j$, where $1\leq i<j\leq k$. The maximum integer $k$ for which the above partition exists is called \emph{transitivity} of $G$ and it is denoted by $Tr(G)$. The \textsc{Maximum Transitivity Problem} is to find a transitive…
An orientation $D$ of a graph $G=(V,E)$ is a digraph obtained from $G$ by replacing each edge by exactly one of the two possible arcs with the same end vertices. For each $v \in V(G)$, the indegree of $v$ in $D$, denoted by $d^-_D(v)$, is the number of arcs with head $v$ in $D$. An orientation $D$ of $G$ is proper if $d^-_D(u)\neq d^-_D(v)$, for all $uv\in E(G)$. An orientation with maximum indegree at most $k$ is called a $k$-orientation. The proper orientation number of $G$, denoted by $\overrightarrowχ(G)$, is the minimum integer $k$ such that $G$ admits a proper $k$-orientation. We prove t…
The positive zero forcing number of a graph is a graph parameter that arises from a non-traditional type of graph colouring, and is related to a more conventional version of zero forcing. We establish a relation between the zero forcing and the fast-mixed searching, which implies some NP-completeness results for the zero forcing problem. For chordal graphs much is understood regarding the relationships between positive zero forcing and clique coverings. Building upon constructions associated with optimal tree covers and forest covers, we present a linear time algorithm for computing the positi…
Chordal graphs, higher independence and vertex decomposable complexes
该研究推广独立复形提出$r$-独立复形，证明树的$r$-独立复形可剥壳、毛虫图的$r$-独立复形顶点可分解，还构造出$r$-独立复形非序列Cohen-Macaulay的弦图，推动了弦图与拓扑复形性质的交叉研究。
The Glauber dynamics on the colourings of a graph is a random process which consists in recolouring at each step a random vertex of a graph with a new colour chosen uniformly at random among the colours not already present in its neighbourhood. It is known that when the total number of colours available is at least $Δ+2$, where $Δ$ is the maximum degree of the graph, this process converges to a uniform distribution on the set of all the colourings. Moreover, a well known conjecture is that the time it takes for the convergence to happen, called the mixing time, is polynomial in the size of the…
The complex of $r$-co-connected subgraphs, chordality and Fröberg's theorem
本文研究了 r-连通子图复形的拓扑与代数性质，揭示了其与图类 co-chordality 的关系，并扩展了 Fröberg 定理。
Powers of vertex cover ideals of Simplicial Trees
针对Hà与Tuyl关于单纯树覆盖理想所有幂是否分量线性的问题，本文证明其答案为肯定，推广了弦图覆盖理想的相关猜想。
Stanley-Reisner ideals of higher independence complexes of chordal graphs
本文研究 chordal 图的 t-独立复形的 Stanley-Reisner 理想，证明其正则度和射影维数的公式，并探讨其线性解和 Cohen-Macaulay 性质的条件。
Structural and Spectral Properties of Strictly Interval Graphs
本文研究了一类同时严格弦图和区间图的严格区间图，提出新的特征化方法并给出线性识别算法，引入SI-core图子类，证明其部分元素为拉普拉斯积分图。
The class ${\cal L}_k$ of $k$-leaf powers consists of graphs $G=(V,E)$ that have a $k$-leaf root, that is, a tree $T$ with leaf set $V$, where $xy \in E$, if and only if the $T$-distance between $x$ and $y$ is at most $k$. Structure and linear time recognition algorithms have been found for $2$-, $3$-, $4$-, and, to some extent, $5$-leaf powers, and it is known that the union of all $k$-leaf powers, that is, the graph class ${\cal L} = \bigcup_{k=2}^\infty {\cal L}_k$, forms a proper subclass of strongly chordal graphs. Despite from that, no essential progress has been made lately. In this pap…
Admissible matchings and the Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity of square-free powers
本文引入超图的广义$k$-容许匹配概念，给出无平方单项式理想$k$次幂正则度的紧下界，证明块图等特殊情形下的等式，并提出弦图边理想无平方幂正则度的猜想。
CAT(0) square complexes that do not embed into finite products of trees
针对Chepoi和Hagen的问题，构造了两个有界度CAT(0)方形复形，证明其不能等距嵌入树的有限乘积，并揭示Burling图是唯一障碍，同时构造了高围长高色数的弦图与区间图交集。
A strong clique in a graph is a clique intersecting every maximal independent set. We study the computational complexity of six algorithmic decision problems related to strong cliques in graphs and almost completely determine their complexity in the classes of chordal graphs, weakly chordal graphs, line graphs and their complements, and graphs of maximum degree at most three. Our results rely on connections with matchings and relate to several graph properties studied in the literature, including well-covered graphs, localizable graphs, and general partition graphs.
A set of vertices in a graph is c-colorable if the subgraph induced by the set has a proper c-coloring. In this paper, we study the problem of finding a step-by-step transformation (reconfiguration) between two c-colorable sets in the same graph. This problem generalizes the well-studied Independent Set Reconfiguration problem. As the first step toward a systematic understanding of the complexity of this general problem, we study the problem on classes of perfect graphs. We first focus on interval graphs and give a combinatorial characterization of the distance between two c-colorable sets. Th…
Let G be a simple undirected graph on n vertices, and let I(G) \subseteq R = k[x_1,...,x_n] denote its associated edge ideal. We show that all chordal graphs G are sequentially Cohen-Macaulay; our proof depends upon showing that the Alexander dual of I(G) is componentwise linear. Our result complements Faridi's theorem that the facet ideal of a simplicial tree is sequentially Cohen-Macaulay and implies Herzog, Hibi, and Zheng's theorem that a chordal graph is Cohen-Macaulay if and only if its edge ideal is unmixed. We also characterize the sequentially Cohen-Macaulay cycles and produce some ex…
A well-known combinatorial theorem says that a set of n non-collinear points in the plane determines at least n distinct lines. Chen and Chvátal conjectured that this theorem extends to metric spaces, with an appropriated definition of line. In this work we prove a slightly stronger version of Chen and Chvátal conjecture for a family of graphs containing chordal graphs and distance-hereditary graphs.
Liar's vertex-edge domination in subclasses of chordal graphs
本文研究说谎者顶点-边支配问题，在块图和真区间图上给出线性时间算法，并证明该问题在无向路径图上的判定版本是 NP 完全的。
We describe all the trees with the property that the corresponding edge ideal of their line graph has a linear resolution. As a consequence, we give a complete characterization of those trees $T$ for which the line graph $L(T)$ is co-chordal. We also compute the second Betti number of the edge ideal of $L(T)$ and we determine the number of cycles in $\overline{L(T)}$. As a consequence, we obtain also the first Zagreb index of a graph. For edge ideals of line graphs of caterpillar graphs we determine the Krull dimension, the Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity, and the projective dimension under som…
The clique complex of a graph G is a simplicial complex whose simplices are all the cliques of G, and the line graph L(G) of G is a graph whose vertices are the edges of G and the edges of L(G) are incident edges of G. In this article, we determine the homotopy type of the clique complexes of line graphs for several classes of graphs including triangle-free graphs, chordal graphs, complete multipartite graphs, wheel-free graphs, and 4-regular circulant graphs. We also give a closed form formula for the homotopy type of these complexes in several cases.
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