In this paper, we establish existence, uniqueness, and scale-invariant estimates for fundamental solutions of non-homogeneous second order elliptic systems with bounded measurable coefficients in $\mathbb{R}^n$ and for the corresponding Green functions in arbitrary open sets. We impose certain non-homogeneous versions of de Giorgi-Nash-Moser bounds on the weak solutions and investigate in detail the assumptions on the lower order terms sufficient to guarantee such conditions.
We study Green's matrices for divergence form, second order strongly elliptic systems with bounded measurable coefficients in two dimensional domains. We establish existence, uniqueness, and pointwise estimates of the Green's matrices.
We construct the Green function for second order elliptic equations in non-divergence form when the mean oscillations of the coefficients satisfy the Dini condition and the domain has $C^{1,1}$ boundary. We also obtain pointwise bounds for the Green functions and its derivatives.
We present a new method for the existence and pointwise estimates of a Green's function of non-divergence form elliptic operator with Dini mean oscillation coefficients. We also present a sharp comparison with the corresponding Green's function for constant coefficients equations.
We construct the Green function for second-order elliptic equations in non-divergence form when the mean oscillations of the coefficients satisfy the Dini condition. We show that the Green's function is BMO in the domain and establish logarithmic pointwise bounds. We also obtain pointwise bounds for first and second derivatives of the Green's function.
The aim of this paper is to investigate Green's function for parabolic and elliptic systems satisfying a possibly nonlocal Robin-type boundary condition. We construct Green's function for parabolic systems with time-dependent coefficients satisfying a possibly nonlocal Robin-type boundary condition assuming that weak solutions of the system are locally Hölder continuous in the interior of the domain, and as a corollary we construct Green's function for elliptic system with a Robin-type condition. Also, we obtain Gaussian bound for Robin Green's function under an additional assumption that weak…
We study the existence of the Green function for an elliptic system in divergence form $-\nabla\cdot a\nabla$ in $\mathbb{R}^d$, with $d>2$. The tensor field $a=a(x)$ is only assumed to be bounded and $λ$-coercive. For almost every point $y \in \mathbb{R}^d$, the existence of a Green's function $G(a; \cdot, y)$ centered in $y$ has been proven in [J. Conlon, A. Giunti and F.Otto, "Green's function for elliptic systems: Delmotte-Deuschel bounds", 2017]. In this paper, we show that the set of points $y \in \mathbb{R}^d$ for which $G(a; \cdot, y)$ does not exist has zero $p$-capacity, for an expon…
Nonlocal problems for higher-order elliptic operators in dihedral and plane angles are considered. The Green formula is obtained, which leads to adjoint problems that take the form of nonlocal transmission problems in dihedral and plane angles. This allows us to establish necessary conditions of Fredholm solvability and sufficient conditions of one-valued solvability for nonlocal problems in dihedral angles.
We establish existence and pointwise estimates of fundamental solutions and Green's matrices for divergence form, second order strongly elliptic systems in a domain $Ω\subseteq \mathbb{R}^n$, $n \geq 3$, under the assumption that solutions of the system satisfy De Giorgi-Nash type local Hölder continuity estimates. In particular, our results apply to perturbations of diagonal systems, and thus especially to complex perturbations of a single real equation.
We construct the fundamental solution or Green function for a divergence form elliptic system in two dimensions with bounded and measurable coefficients. We consider the elliptic system in a Lipschitz domain with mixed boundary conditions. Thus we specify Dirichlet data on part of the boundary and Neumann data on the remainder of the boundary. We require a corkscrew or non-tangential accessibility condition on the set where we specify Dirichlet boundary conditions. Our proof proceeds by defining a variant of the space $BMO(\partial Ω)$ that is adapted to the boundary conditions and showing tha…
This article is about the $\mathbb{Z}^d$-periodic Green function $G_n(x,y)$ of the multiscale elliptic operator $Lu=-{\rm div}\left( A(n\cdot) \cdot \nabla u \right)$, where $A(x)$ is a $\mathbb{Z}^d$-periodic, coercive, and Hölder continuous matrix, and $n$ is a large integer. We prove here pointwise estimates on $G_n(x,y)$, $\nabla_x G_n(x,y)$, $\nabla_y G_n(x,y)$ and $\nabla_x \nabla_y G_n(x,y)$ in dimensions $d \geq 2$. Moreover, we derive an explicit decomposition of this Green function, which is of independent interest. These results also apply for systems.
We establish global Gaussian estimates for the Green's matrix of divergence form, second order parabolic systems in a cylindrical domain under the assumption that weak solutions of the system vanishing on a portion of the boundary satisfy a certain local boundedness estimate and a local Hölder estimate. From these estimates, we also derive global estimates for the Green's matrix for elliptic systems with bounded measurable coefficients in two dimensional domains. We present a unified approach valid for both the scalar and vectorial cases and discuss several applications of our result.
In three-dimensional case, we consider two classical operators: Schrodinger operator and an operator in the divergence form. For slowly-decaying oscillating potentials, we establish spatial asymptotics of the Green's function. The main term in this asymptotics involves vector-valued analytic function whose behavior is studied away from the spectrum. The absolute continuity of the spectrum is established as a corollary. For the operator in the divergence form, we consider the wave equation and establish existence of wave operators.
We prove that for an open domain $D \subset \mathbb{R}^d $ with $d \geq 2 $ , for every (measurable) uniformly elliptic tensor field $a$ and for almost every point $y \in D$ , there exists a unique Green's function centred in $ y $ associated to the vectorial operator $ -\nabla \cdot a\nabla $ in D. In particular, when $d > 2$ this result also implies the existence of the fundamental solution for elliptic systems, i.e. the Green function for $ -\nabla \cdot a\nabla $ in $ \mathbb{R}^d $. Moreover, introducing an ensemble $\langle\cdot \rangle$ over the set of uniformly elliptic tensor fields, …
For a given second-order linear elliptic operator $L$ which admits a positive minimal Green function, and a given positive weight function $W$, we introduce a family of weighted Lebesgue spaces $L^p(ϕ_p)$ with their dual spaces, where $1\leq p\leq \infty$. We study some fundamental properties of the corresponding (weighted) Green operators on these spaces. In particular, we prove that these Green operators are bounded on $L^p(ϕ_p)$ for any $1\leq p\leq \infty$ with a uniform bound. We study the existence of a principal eigenfunction for these operators in these spaces, and the simplicity of th…
We construct Green's functions for elliptic operators of the form $\mathcal{L}u=-\text{div}(A\nabla u+bu)+c\nabla u+du$ in domains $Ω\subseteq\mathbb R^n$, under the assumption $d\geq\text{div}b$, or $d\geq\text{div}c$. We show that, in the setting of Lorentz spaces, the assumption $b-c\in L^{n,1}(Ω)$ is both necessary and optimal to obtain pointwise bounds for Green's functions. We also show weak type bounds for Green's functions and their gradients. Our estimates are scale invariant and hold for general domains $Ω\subseteq\mathbb R^n$. Moreover, there is no smallness assumption on the norms …
We construct Green's function for second order elliptic operators of the form $Lu=-\nabla \cdot (\mathbf{A} \nabla u + \boldsymbol{b} u)+ \boldsymbol c \cdot \nabla u+ du$ in a domain and obtain pointwise bounds, as well as Lorentz space bounds. We assume that the matrix of principal coefficients $\mathbf A$ is uniformly elliptic and bounded and the lower order coefficients $\boldsymbol{b}$, $\boldsymbol{c}$, and $d$ belong to certain Lebesgue classes and satisfy the condition $d - \nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{b} \ge 0$. In particular, we allow the lower order coefficients to be singular. We also …
In this paper we establish existence, nonexitence and regularity of positive solutions for a class of singular quasilinear elliptic systems subject to (super-) homogeneous condition. The approach is based on sub-supersolution methods for systems of quasilinear singular equations combined with perturbation arguments involving singular terms.
Let P be a second-order, linear, elliptic operator with real coefficients which is defined on a noncompact and connected Riemannian manifold M. It is well known that the equation Pu = 0 in M admits a positive supersolution which is not a solution if and only if P admits a unique positive minimal Green function on M, and in this case, P is said to be subcritical in M. If P does not admit a positive Green function but admits a global positive solution, then such a solution is called a ground state of P in M, and P is said to be critical in M. We prove for a critical operator P in M, the existenc…
We establish global pointwise bounds for the Green's matrix for divergence form, second order elliptic systems in a domain under the assumption that weak solutions of the system vanishing on a portion of the boundary satisfy a certain local boundedness estimate. Moreover, we prove that such a local boundedness estimate for weak solutions of the system is equivalent to the usual global pointwise bound for the Green's matrix. In the scalar case, such an estimate is a consequence of De Giorgi-Moser-Nash theory and holds for equations with bounded measurable coefficients in arbitrary domains. In t…
Existence of a generalized solution to a strongly singular convective elliptic equation in the whole space is established. The differential operator, patterned after the (p,q)-Laplacian, can be non-homogeneous. The result is obtained by solving some regularized problems through fixed point theory, variational methods and compactness results, besides exploiting nonlinear regularity theory and comparison principles.
Green's formulas for elliptic cone differential operators are established. This is done by an accurate description of the maximal domain of an elliptic cone differential operator and its formal adjoint, thereby utilizing the concept of a discrete asymptotic type. From this description, the singular coefficients replacing the boundary traces in classical Green's formulas are deduced.
We extend the result of D. Phillips (On one-homogeneous solutions to elliptic systems in two dimensions. C. R. Math. Acad. Sci. Paris 335 (2002), no. 1, 39-42) by showing that one-homogeneous solutions of certain elliptic systems in divergence form either do not exist or must be affine. The result is novel in two ways. Firstly, the system is allowed to depend (in a sufficiently smooth way) on the spatial variable x. Secondly, Phillips's original result is shown to apply to one-homogeneous solutions belonging to the Sobolev space H^{1}, from which his treatment of Lipschitz solutions follows as…
We develop a new structure of the Green's function of a second-order elliptic operator in divergence form in a 2D bounded domain. Based on this structure and the theory of rearrangement of functions, we construct concentrated traveling-rotating helical vortex patches to 3D incompressible Euler equations in an infinite pipe. By solving an equation for vorticity \begin{equation*} w=\frac{1}{\varepsilon^2}f_\varepsilon\left(\mathcal{G}_{K_H}w-\fracα{2}|x|^2|\ln\varepsilon|\right) \ \ \text{in}\ Ω\end{equation*} for small $ \varepsilon>0 $ and considering a certain maximization problem for the vor…
In this work, we present new results on solvability of the equation $A^{*}(D)f=μ$ for $f \in L^{p}$ and positive measure data $μ$ associated to an elliptic homogeneous linear differential operator $A(D)$ of order m. Our method is based on $(m,p)-$energy control of $μ$ giving a natural characterization for solutions when $1\leq p < \infty$. We also obtain sufficient conditions in the limiting case $p=\infty$ using {new $L^{1}$ estimates on measures for elliptic and canceling operators.
Consider a discrete uniformly elliptic divergence form equation on the $d$ dimensional lattice $\Z^d$ with random coefficients. It has previously been shown that if the random environment is translational invariant, then the averaged Green's function together with its first and second differences, are bounded by the corresponding quantities for the constant coefficient discrete elliptic equation. It has also been shown that if the random environment is ergodic, then solutions of the random equation converge under diffusive scaling to solutions of a homogenized elliptic PDE on $\R^d$. In this p…
We study the fully nonlinear elliptic equation $F(D^2u,Du,u,x) = f$ in a smooth bounded domain $Ω$, under the assumption the nonlinearity $F$ is uniformly elliptic and positively homogeneous. Recently, it has been shown that such operators have two principal "half" eigenvalues, and that the corresponding Dirichlet problem possesses solutions, if both of the principal eigenvalues are positive. In this paper, we prove the existence of solutions of the Dirichlet problem if both principal eigenvalues are negative, provided the "second" eigenvalue is positive, and generalize the anti-maximum princi…
We propose the analogues of boundary layer potentials for the sub-Laplacian on homogeneous Carnot groups/stratified Lie groups and prove continuity results for them. In particular, we show continuity of the single layer potential and establish the Plemelj type jump relations for the double layer potential. We prove sub-Laplacian adapted versions of the Stokes theorem as well as of Green's first and second formulae on homogeneous Carnot groups. Several applications to boundary value problems are given. As another consequence, we derive formulae for traces of the Newton potential for the sub-Lap…
This paper is being replaced by another of the author's that contains a brief summary of the problem of positivity of Green's functions, heat kernels, and principal eigenvalues of higher-order elliptic differential operators.
We investigate the existence of ground states for functionals with nonhomogenous principal part. Roughly speaking, we show that the Nehari manifold method requires no homogeinity on the principal part of a functional. This result is motivated by some elliptic problems involving nonhomogeneous operators. As an application, we prove the existence of a ground state and infinitely many solutions for three classes of boundary value problems.
Let $Ω\subset \mathbb{R}^N$ ($N \geq 3$) be a $C^2$ bounded domain and $K \subset Ω$ be a compact, $C^2$ submanifold in $\mathbb{R}^N$ without boundary, of dimension $k$ with $0\leq k < N-2$. We consider the Schrödinger operator $L_μ= Δ+ μd_K^{-2}$ in $Ω\setminus K$, where $d_K(x) = \text{dist}(x,K)$. The optimal Hardy constant $H=(N-k-2)/2$ is deeply involved in the study of $-L_μ$. When $μ\leq H^2$, we establish sharp, two-sided estimates for Green kernel and Martin kernel of $-L_μ$. We use these estimates to prove the existence, uniqueness and a priori estimates of the solution to the bound…
We study estimates of the Green's function in $\mathbb{R}^d$ with $d \ge 2$, for the linear second order elliptic equation in divergence form with variable uniformly elliptic coefficients. In the case $d \ge 3$, we obtain estimates on the Green's function, its gradient, and the second mixed derivatives which scale optimally in space, in terms of the "minimal radius" $r_*$ introduced in [Gloria, Neukamm, and Otto: A regularity theory for random elliptic operators; ArXiv e-prints (2014)]. As an application, our result implies optimal stochastic Gaussian bounds in the realm of homogenization of e…
We prove optimal annealed decay estimates on the derivative and mixed second derivative of the elliptic Green functions on $\mathbb{R}^d$ for random stationary measurable coefficients that satisfy a certain logarithmic Sobolev inequality and for periodic coefficients, extending to the continuum setting results by Otto and the second author for discrete elliptic equations. As a main application we obtain optimal estimates on the fluctuations of solutions of linear elliptic PDEs with "noisy" diffusion coefficients, an uncertainty quantification result. As a direct corollary of the decay estimate…
In this note we derive large-scale regularity properties of solutions to second-order linear elliptic equations with random coefficients on the half- space with homogeneous Neumann boundary data; it is a companion to arXiv:1604.02717 in which the situation for homogeneous Dirichlet boundary data was addressed. Similarly to arXiv:1604.02717, the results in this contribution are expressed in terms of a first-order Liouville principle. It follows from an excess-decay that is shown through means of a stochastic homogenization-inspired Campanato iteration. The core of this contribution is the const…
A nested family of growing or shrinking planar domains is called a Laplacian growth process if the normal velocity of each domain's boundary is proportional to the gradient of the domain's Green function with a fixed singularity on the interior. In this paper we review the Laplacian growth model and its key underlying assumptions, so that we may consider a generalization to so-called elliptic growth, wherein the Green function is replaced with that of a more general elliptic operator--this models, for example, inhomogeneities in the underlying plane. In this paper we continue the development o…
We investigate Lawruk elliptic boundary-value problems for homogeneous differential equations in a two-sided refined Sobolev scale. These problems contain additional unknown functions in the boundary conditions of arbitrary orders. The scale consists of inner-product Hörmander spaces whose orders of regularity are given by any real number and a function which varies slowly at infinity in the sense of Karamata. We establish theorems on the Fredholm property of the problems in the refined Sobolev scale and on local regularity and local a priori estimate (up to the boundary of the domain) of thei…
We prove that the principal eigenvalue of any fully nonlinear homogeneous elliptic operator which fulfills a very simple convexity assumption satisfies a Brunn-Minkowski type inequality on the class of open bounded sets in $\mathbb{R}^n$ satisfying a uniform exterior sphere condition. In particular the result applies to the (possibly normalized) $p$-Laplacian, and to the minimal Pucci operator. The proof is inspired by the approach introduced by Colesanti for the principal frequency of the Laplacian within the class of convex domains, and relies on a generalization of the convex envelope metho…
Consider a discrete uniformly elliptic divergence form equation on the $d$ dimensional lattice $\Z^d$ with random coefficients. In [3] rate of convergence results in homogenization and estimates on the difference between the averaged Green's function and the homogenized Green's function for random environments which satisfy a Poincaré inequality were obtained. Here these results are extended to certain environments with long range correlations. These environments are simply related via a convolution to environments which do satisfy a Poincaré inequality.
In this paper we are concerned with the number of nonnegative solutions of the elliptic system $$ {array}{ll} -Δu = Q_u(u,v) + 1/2{2^*} H_u(u,v),& {in} Ω,\vdois\ -Δv = Q_v(u,v) + 1/{2^*} H_v(u,v),& {in} Ω,\vdois\ u=v=0,& {on} \partialΩ. \leqno{(P)} $$ where $Ω\subset \mathbb{R}^N$ is a bounded smooth domain, $N \geq 3$, $2^*:=2N/(N-2)$ and $Q_u, H_u$ and $Q_v$, $H_v$ are the partial derivatives of the homogeneous functions $Q,\,H \in C^1(\mathbb{R}^2_+,\mathbb{R})$, where $ \mathbb{R}^2_+ := [0,\infty) \times [0,\infty)$. In the proofs we apply variational methods and Ljusternik-Schnirelmann t…
The present work devoted to the finding explicit solution of a boundary problem with the Dirichlet-Neumann condition for elliptic equation with singular coefficients in a quarter of ball. For this aim the method of Green's function have been used. Since, found Green's function contains a hypergeometric function of Appell, we had to deal with decomposition formulas, formulas of differentiation and some adjacent relations for this hypergeometric function in order to get explicit solution of the formulated problem.
Let $M$ be a complete non-compact Riemannian manifold and let $σ$ be a Radon measure on $M$. We study the problem of existence or non-existence of positive solutions to a semilinear elliptic inequaliy \begin{equation*} -Δu\geq σu^{q}\quad \text{in}\,\,M, \end{equation*} where $q>1$. We obtain necessary and sufficent criteria for existence of positive solutions in terms of Green function of $Δ$. In particular, explicit necessary and sufficient conditions are given when $M$ has nonnegative Ricci curvature everywhere in $M$, or more generally when Green's function satisfies the 3G-inequality.
