An orthogonal basis of the Hilbert space for the quantum spin chain associated with the su(3) algebra is introduced. Such kind of basis could be treated as a nested generalization of separation of variables (SoV) basis for high-rank quantum integrable models. It is found that all the monodromy-matrix elements acting on a basis vector take simple forms. With the help of the basis, we construct eigenstates of the su(3) inhomogeneous spin torus (the trigonometric su(3) spin chain with antiperiodic boundary condition) from its spectrum obtained via the off-diagonal Bethe Ansatz (ODBA). Based on small sites (i.e. N=2) check, it is conjectured that the homogeneous limit of the eigenstates exists, which gives rise to the corresponding eigenstates of the homogenous model.
It is well known that integrable charges for short-range (e.g. nearest-neighbor) spin chains with periodic boundary conditions can be recursively generated by a so-called boost operator. In the past, this iterative construction has been generalized to periodic long-range spin chains as they appear in the context of the gauge/gravity correspondence. Here we introduce recursion relations for open long-range spin chain charges converting a short-range into a long-range integrable model.
We present an integrability-preserving recursion relation for the explicit construction of long-range spin chain Hamiltonians. These chains are generalizations of the Haldane-Shastry and Inozemtsev models and they play an important role in recent advances in string/gauge duality. The method is based on arbitrary nearest-neighbour integrable spin chains and it sheds light on the moduli space of deformation parameters. We also derive the closed chain asymptotic Bethe equations.
Revising the derivation of the previous papers, for the integrable spin-$s$ XXZ chain we express any form factor in terms of a single sum over scalar products of the spin-1/2 XXZ chain. With the revised method we express the spin-$s$ XXZ correlation function of any given entry at zero temperature in terms of a single sum of multiple integrals.
We consider the SU_q (N) invariant spin chain with diagonal and non-diagonal integrable boundary terms. The algebraic study of spin chains with different types of boundary terms is used to motivate a set of spectral equivalences between integrable chains with purely diagonal boundary terms and ones with an arbitrary non-diagonal term at one end. For each choice of diagonal boundary terms there is an isospectral one-boundary problem and vice-versa. The quantum group SU_q (N) symmetry is broken by the presence of a non-diagonal boundary term however one can use the spectral equivalence with the …
The nested off-diagonal Bethe ansatz method is proposed to diagonalize multi-component integrable models with generic integrable boundaries. As an example, the exact solutions of the su(n)-invariant spin chain model with both periodic and non-diagonal boundaries are derived by constructing the nested T-Q relations based on the operator product identities among the fused transfer matrices and the asymptotic behavior of the transfer matrices.
We consider integrable deformations of the XXZ spin chain for periodic and open boundary conditions. In particular, we classify all long-range deformations and study their impact on the spectrum. As compared to the XXX case, we have the z-spin at our disposal, which induces two additional deformations: the short-range magnetic twist and a new long-range momentum-dependent twist.
Non-polynomial Baxterized solutions of reflection equations associated with affine Hecke and affine Birman-Murakami-Wenzl algebras are found. Relations to integrable spin chain models with nontrivial boundary conditions are discussed.
We present a recursion relation for the explicit construction of integrable spin chain Hamiltonians with long-range interactions. Based on arbitrary short-range (e.g. nearest-neighbor) integrable spin chains, it allows to construct an infinite set of conserved long-range charges. We explain the moduli space of deformation parameters by different classes of generating operators. The rapidity map and dressing phase in the long-range Bethe equations are a result of these deformations. The closed chain asymptotic Bethe equations for long-range spin chains transforming under a generic symmetry alge…
Based on the inhomogeneous T-Q relation and the associated Bethe Ansatz equations obtained via the off-diagonal Bethe Ansatz, we construct the Bethe-type eigenstates of the SU(2)-invariant spin-s chain with generic non-diagonal boundaries by employing certain orthogonal basis of the Hilbert space.
We examine certain classical continuum long wave-length limits of prototype integrable quantum spin chains. We define the corresponding construction of classical continuum Lax operators. Our discussion starts with the XXX chain, the anisotropic Heisenberg model and their generalizations and extends to the generic isotropic and anisotropic gl_n magnets. Certain classical and quantum integrable models emerging from special "dualities" of quantum spin chains, parametrized by c-number matrices, are also presented.
We calculate the scalar product of Bethe states of the XXZ spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ chain with general integrable boundary conditions. The off-shell equations satisfied by the transfer matrix and the off-shell Bethe vectors allow one to derive a linear system for the scalar product of off-shell and on-shell Bethe states. We show that this linear system can be solved in terms of a compact determinant formula that involves the Jacobian of the transfer matrix eigenvalue and certain q-Pochhammer polynomials of the boundary couplings.
We use the fermion-current basis in the space of local operators for the computation of the expectation values for the integrable spin chain of spins 1. Our main tool consists in expressing a given local operators in the fermion-current basis. For this we use the same method as in the spin 1/2 case which is based on the arbitrariness of the Matsubara data.
We show some symmetry relations among the correlation functions of the integrable higher-spin XXX and XXZ spin chains, where we explicitly evaluate the multiple integrals representing the one-point functions in the spin-1 case. We review the multiple-integral representations of correlation functions for the integrable higher-spin XXZ chains derived in a region of the massless regime including the anti-ferromagnetic point. Here we make use of the gauge transformations between the symmetric and asymmetric R-matrices, which correspond to the principal and homogeneous gradings, respectively, and w…
With the XXZ spin chains as examples, we prove two theorems: (1) the functional relations derived from the off-diagonal Bethe Ansatz scheme are the sufficient and necessary conditions to characterize the complete spectrum of the corresponding transfer matrix; (2) each eigenvalue of the transfer matrix can be parameterized by a minimal inhomogeneous T-Q relation. These statements hold for both with and without inhomogeneity. The proof can be generalized to other finite-dimensional quantum integrable models.
We propose a system of nonlinear integral equations (NLIE), which gives the free energy of the osp(1|2s) integrable spin chain at finite temperatures. In contrast with usual thermodynamic Bethe ansatz equations, our new NLIE contain only a finite number of unknown functions. On deriving NLIE, we use our osp(1|2s) version of the T-system and the quantum transfer matrix method. Based on our NLIE, we also calculate the high temperature expansion of the free energy and the specific heat.
A family of A_{2n}^(2) integrable open spin chains with U_q(C_n) symmetry was recently identified in arXiv:1702.01482. We identify here in a similar way a family of A_{2n-1}^(2) integrable open spin chains with U_q(D_n) symmetry, and two families of D_{n+1}^(2) integrable open spin chains with U_q(B_n) symmetry. We discuss the consequences of these symmetries for the degeneracies and multiplicities of the spectrum. We propose Bethe ansatz solutions for two of these models, whose completeness we check numerically for small values of n and chain length N. We find formulas for the Dynkin labels i…
We discuss some fundamental properties of the XXZ spin chain, which are important in the algebraic Bethe-ansatz derivation for the multiple-integral representations of the spin-s XXZ correlation function with an arbitrary product of elementary matrices. For instance, we construct Hermitian conjugate vectors in the massless regime and introduce the spin-s Hermitian elementary matrices.
We study the integrable crosscap states of the integrable quantum spin chains and we classify them for the $\mathfrak{gl}(N)$ symmetric models. We also give a derivation for the exact overlaps between the integrable crosscap states and the Bethe states. The first part of the derivation is to calculate sum formula for the off-shell overlap. Using this formula we prove that the normalized overlaps of the multi-particle states are ratios of the Gaudin-like determinants. Furthermore we collect the integrable crosscap states which can be relevant in the AdS/CFT correspondence.
The graded off-diagonal Bethe ansatz method is proposed to study supersymmetric quantum integrable models (i.e., quantum integrable models associated with superalgebras). As an example, the exact solutions of the $SU(2|2)$ vertex model with both periodic and generic open boundary conditions are constructed. By generalizing the fusion techniques to the supersymmetric case, a closed set of operator product identities about the transfer matrices are derived, which allows us to give the eigenvalues in terms of homogeneous or inhomogeneous $T-Q$ relations. The method and results provided in this pa…
Finding out root patterns of quantum integrable models is an important step to study their physical properties in the thermodynamic limit. Especially for models without $U(1)$ symmetry, their spectra are usually given by inhomogeneous $T-Q$ relations and the Bethe root patterns are still unclear. In this paper with the antiperiodic $XXZ$ spin chain as an example, an analytic method to derive both the Bethe root patterns and the transfer-matrix root patterns in the thermodynamic limit is proposed. Based on them the ground state energy and elementary excitations in the gapped regime are derived.…
We investigate the integrable higher spin XXZ chain at the Razumov-Stroganov point. We present a method to evaluate the exact value of the eigenvalue which is conjectured to correspond to the groundstate of the Hamiltonian for finite size chain from the Baxter Q operator. This allows us to examine the exact total energy difference between different number of total sites, from which we find strong evidence for the absence of finite size correction to the groundstate energy.
Taking the XXZ chain as the main example, we give a review of an algebraic representation of correlation functions in integrable spin chains obtained recently. We rewrite the previous formulas in a form which works equally well for the physically interesting homogeneous chains. We discuss also the case of quantum group invariant operators and generalization to the XYZ chain.
We present a general method of folding an integrable spin chain, defined on a line, to obtain an integrable open spin chain, defined on a half-line. We illustrate our method through two fundamental models with sl(2) Lie algebra symmetry: the Heisenberg XXX and the Inozemtsev hyperbolic spin chains. We obtain new long-range boundary Hamiltonians and demonstrate that they exhibit Yangian symmetries, thus ensuring integrability of the models we obtain. The method presented provides a "bottom-up" approach for constructing integrable boundaries and can be applied to any spin chain model.
We derive algebraic formulas for the density matrices of finite segments of the integrable su(2) isotropic spin-1 chain in the thermodynamic limit. We give explicit results for the 2 and 3 site cases for arbitrary temperature T and zero field. In the zero temperature limit the correlation functions are given in elementary form in terms of Riemann's zeta function at even integer arguments.
Integrable open elliptic Toda chain with boundaries
Steklov Mathematical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences（俄罗斯科学院斯捷克洛夫数学研究所）；Institute for Theoretical and Mathematical Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University（莫斯科国立大学理论与数学物理研究所）
In this paper we study the spectrum of the spin-1 Temperley-Lieb spin chain with integrable open boundary conditions. We obtain the eigenvalue expressions as well as its associated Bethe ansatz equations by means of the coordinate Bethe ansatz. These equations provide the complete description of the spectrum of the model.
We study the correlation functions of the integrable $O(n)$ spin chain in the thermodynamic limit. We addressed the problem of solving functional equations of the quantum Knizhnik Zamolodchikov type for density matrix related to the $O(n)$ spin chain. We give the explicit solution for two-sites density matrix elements for the $O(n)$ which are then evaluated for the $n=3,4,\dots,8$ cases at zero temperature.
The Drude weight is a central quantity for the transport properties of quantum spin chains. The canonical definition of Drude weight is directly related to Kubo formula of conductivity. However, the difficulty in the evaluation of such expression has led to several alternative formulations, accessible to different methods. In particular, the Euclidean, or imaginary-time, Drude weight can be studied via rigorous renormalization group. As a result, in the past years several universality results have been proven for such quantity at zero temperature; remarkably the proof works for both for integr…
We classify all fundamental integrable spin chains with two-dimensional local Hilbert space which have regular R-matrices of difference form. This means that the R-matrix underlying the integrable structures is of the form R(u,v)=R(u-v) and reduces to the permutation operator at some particular point. We find a total of 14 independent solutions, 8 of which correspond to well-known eight or lower vertex models. The remaining 6 models appear to be new and some have peculiar properties such as not being diagonalizable or being nilpotent. Furthermore, for even R-matrices, we find a bijection betwe…
We propose the full system of Baxter Q-functions (QQ-system) for the integrable spin chains with the symmetry of the $D_r$ Lie algebra. We use this QQ-system to derive new Weyl-type formulas expressing transfer matrices in all symmetric and antisymmetric (fundamental) representations through $r+1$ basic Q-functions. Our functional relations are consistent with the Q-operators proposed recently by one of the authors and verified explicitly on the level of operators at small finite length.
We present certain classical continuum long wave-length limits of prototype integrable quantum spin chains, and define the corresponding construction of classical continuum Lax operators. We also provide two specific examples, i.e. the isotropic and anisotropic Heisenberg models.
Exact solution of the quantum integrable $D^{(2)}_2$ spin chain with generic integrable boundary fields is constructed. It is found that the transfer matrix of this model can be factorized as the product of those of two open staggered anisotropic XXZ spin chains. Based on this identity, the eigenvalues and Bethe ansatz equations of the $D^{(2)}_2$ model are derived via off-diagonal Bethe ansatz.
Two branches of integrable open quantum-group invariant $D_{n+1}^{(2)}$ quantum spin chains are known. For one branch (epsilon=0), a complete Bethe ansatz solution has been proposed. However, the other branch (epsilon=1) has so far resisted solution. In an effort to address this problem, we consider here the simplest case n=1. We propose a Bethe ansatz solution, which however is not complete, as it describes only the transfer-matrix eigenvalues with odd degeneracy. We also consider a proposal for the missing eigenvalues.
We introduce a new integrable supersymmetric lattice chain which violates fermion conservation and exhibits fermion-hole symmetry. The model displays exponential degeneracy in every eigenstate including the groundstate. This degeneracy is expressed in the possibility to create any number of zero modes reminiscent of Cooper pairs.
The thermodynamic Bethe ansatz is applied to a quantum integrable spin chain associated with the Lie superalgebra osp(1|2). Using the string hypothesis, we derive a set of infinite number of non-linear integral equations (thermodynamic Bethe ansatz equation), which characterize the free energy. The low temperature limit of the free energy is also discussed.
We consider the open spin-s XXZ quantum spin chain with N sites and general integrable boundary terms for generic values of the bulk anisotropy parameter, and for values of the boundary parameters which satisfy a certain constraint. We derive two sets of Bethe Ansatz equations, and find numerical evidence that together they give the complete set of $(2s+1)^{N}$ eigenvalues of the transfer matrix. For the case s=1, we explicitly determine the Hamiltonian, and find an expression for its eigenvalues in terms of Bethe roots.
We discuss relation between the cluster integrable systems and spin chains in the context of their correspondence with 5d supersymmetric gauge theories. It is shown that $\mathfrak{gl}_N$ XXZ-type spin chain on $M$ sites is isomorphic to a cluster integrable system with $N \times M$ rectangular Newton polygon and $N \times M$ fundamental domain of a 'fence net' bipartite graph. The Casimir functions of the Poisson bracket, labeled by the zig-zag paths on the graph, correspond to the inhomogeneities, on-site Casimirs and twists of the chain, supplemented by total spin. The symmetricity of clust…
For integrable inhomogeneous supersymmetric spin chains (generalized graded magnets) constructed employing Y(gl(N|M))-invariant R-matrices in finite-dimensional representations we introduce the master T-operator which is a sort of generating function for the family of commuting quantum transfer matrices. Any eigenvalue of the master T-operator is the tau-function of the classical mKP hierarchy. It is a polynomial in the spectral parameter which is identified with the 0-th time of the hierarchy. This implies a remarkable relation between the quantum supersymmetric spin chains and classical many…
We consider open spin chains based on osp(m|2n) Yangians. We solve the reflection equations for some classes of reflection matrices, including the diagonal ones. Having then integrable open spin chains, we write the analytical Bethe Ansatz equations. More details and references can be found in [1,2].
An integrable Heisenberg spin chain with nearest-neighbour couplings, next-nearest-neighbour couplings and Dzyaloshinski-Moriya interacton is constructed. The integrability of the model is proven. Based on the Bethe Ansatz solutions, the ground state and the elementary excitations are studied. It is shown that the spinon excitation spectrum of the present system possesses a novel triple arched structure. The method provided in this paper is general to construct new integrable models with next-nearest-neighbour couplings.
We study open spin chains based on rational sl(N) and sl(M|N) R-matrices. We classify the solutions of the reflection equations, for both the soliton-preserving and soliton-non-preserving cases. We then write the Bethe equations for these open spin chains.
We derive exactly scalar products and form factors for integrable higher-spin XXZ chains through the algebraic Bethe-ansatz method. Here spin values are arbitrary and different spins can be mixed. We show the affine quantum-group symmetry, $U_q(\hat{sl_2})$, for the monodromy matrix of the XXZ spin chain, and then obtain the exact expressions. Furthermore, through the quantum-group symmetry we explicitly derive the diagonalized forms of the $B$ and $C$ operators in the $F$-basis for the spin-1/2 XXZ spin chain, which was conjectured in the algebraic Bethe-ansatz calculation of the XXZ correlat…
We study integrable open boundary conditions for d(2,1;α)^2 and psu(1,1|2)^2 spin-chains. Magnon excitations of these open spin-chains are mapped to massive excitations of type IIB open superstrings ending on D-branes in the AdS_3 x S^3 x S^3 x S^1 and AdS_3 x S^3 x T^4 supergravity geometries with pure R-R flux. We derive reflection matrix solutions of the boundary Yang-Baxter equation which intertwine representations of a variety of boundary coideal subalgebras of the bulk Hopf superalgebra. Many of these integrable boundaries are matched to D1- and D5-brane maximal giant gravitons.
Chains of interacting non-Abelian anyons with local interactions invariant under the action of the Drinfeld double of the dihedral group $D_3$ are constructed. Formulated as a spin chain the Hamiltonians are generated from commuting transfer matrices of an integrable vertex model for periodic and braided as well as open boundaries. A different anyonic model with the same local Hamiltonian is obtained within the fusion path formulation. This model is shown to be related to an integrable fusion interaction round the face model. Bulk and surface properties of the anyon chain are computed from the…
Nonequilibrium and thermal transport properties of the Toda chain, a prototype of classically integrable system, subject to additional (nonintegrable) terms are considered. In particular, we study via equilibrium and nonequilibrium simulations, the Toda lattice with a power-law pinning potential, recently analyzed by Lebowitz and Scaramazza [ArXiv:1801.07153]. We show that, according to general expectations, even the case with quadratic pinning is genuinely non-integrable, as demonstrated by computing the Lyapunov exponents, and displays normal (diffusive) conductivity for very long chains. Ho…
We consider quantum quenches in the integrable $SU(3)$-invariant spin chain (Lai-Sutherland model), and focus on the family of integrable initial states. By means of a Quantum Transfer Matrix approach, these can be related to "soliton-non-preserving" boundary transfer matrices in an appropriate transverse direction. In this work, we provide a technical analysis of such integrable transfer matrices. In particular, we address the computation of their spectrum: this is achieved by deriving a set of functional relations between the eigenvalues of certain "fused operators" that are constructed star…
We study the correlation functions of su(2) invariant spin-s chains in the thermodynamic limit. We derive non-linear integral equations for an auxiliary correlation function $ω$ for any spin s and finite temperature T. For the spin-3/2 chain for arbitrary temperature and zero magnetic field we obtain algebraic expressions for the reduced density matrix of two-sites. In the zero temperature limit, the density matrix elements are evaluated analytically and appear to be given in terms of Riemann's zeta function values of even and odd arguments.
The partition function of the Symmetric Matrix Ensemble is identified with the $τ-$function of a particular solution of the Pfaff Lattice. We show that in the case of even power interactions, in the thermodynamic limit, the $τ-$function corresponds to the solution of an integrable chain of hydrodynamic type. We prove that the hydrodynamic chain so obtained is diagonalisable and admits hydrodynamic reductions in Riemann invariants in an arbitrary number of components.
In this paper we consider a differential--difference system which is equivalent to the commutativity condition of two differential--difference operators. We study the rank two algebro--geometric solutions of this system.
We endow Ruijsenaars' open difference Toda chain with a one-sided boundary interaction of Askey-Wilson type and diagonalize the quantum Hamiltonian by means of deformed hyperoctahedral $q$-Whittaker functions that arise as a $t=0$ degeneration of the Macdonald-Koornwinder multivariate Askey-Wilson polynomials. This immediately entails the quantum integrability, the bispectral dual system, and the $n$-particle scattering operator for the chain in question.
Using Krichever-Phong's universal formula, we show that a multiplicative representation linearizes Sklyanin quadratic brackets for a multi-pole Lax function with a spectral parameter. The spectral parameter can be either rational or elliptic. As a by-product, we obtain an extension of a Sklyanin algebra in the elliptic case. Krichever-Phong's formula provides a hierarchy of symplectic structures, and we show that there exists a non-trivial cubic bracket in Sklyanin's case.
We consider discrete analogues of two well-known open problems regarding invariant measures for dispersive PDE, namely, the invariance of the Gibbs measure for the continuum (classical) Heisenberg model and the invariance of white noise under focusing cubic NLS. These continuum models are completely integrable and connected by the Hasimoto transform; correspondingly, we focus our attention on discretizations that are also completely integrable and also connected by a discrete Hasimoto transform. We consider these models on the infinite lattice $\mathbb Z$. Concretely, for a completely integrab…
This note is a review of the recently revealed intriguing connection between integrable quantum spin chains and integrable many-body systems of classical mechanics. The essence of this connection lies in the fact that the spectral problem for quantum Hamiltonians of the former models is closely related to a sort of inverse spectral problem for Lax matrices of the latter ones. For simplicity, we focus on the most transparent and familiar case of spin chains on N sites constructed by means of the GL(2)-invariant R-matrix. They are related to the classical Ruijsenaars-Schneider system of N partic…
This review is dedicated to two-dimensional sigma models with flag manifold target spaces, which are generalizations of the familiar $CP^{n-1}$ and Grassmannian models. They naturally arise in the description of continuum limits of spin chains, and their phase structure is sensitive to the values of the topological angles, which are determined by the representations of spins in the chain. Gapless phases can in certain cases be explained by the presence of discrete 't Hooft anomalies in the continuum theory. We also discuss integrable flag manifold sigma models, which provide a generalization o…
