Inspired by recent work of Batanin and Berger on the homotopy theory of operads, a general monad-theoretic context for speaking about structures within structures is presented, and the problem of constructing the universal ambient structure containing the prescribed internal structure is studied. Following the work of Lack, these universal objects must be constructed from simplicial objects arising from our monad-theoretic framework, as certain 2-categorical colimits called codescent objects. We isolate the extra structure present on these simplicial objects which enable their codescent objects to be computed. These are the crossed internal categories of the title, and generalise the crossed simplicial groups of Loday and Fiedorowicz. The most general results of this article are concerned with how to compute such codescent objects in 2-categories of internal categories, and on isolating conditions on the monad-theoretic situation which enable these results to apply. Combined with earlier work of the author in which operads are seen as polynomial 2-monads, our results are then applied to the theory of non-symmetric, symmetric and braided operads. In particular, the well-known construction of a PROP from an operad is recovered, as an illustration of our techniques.
We study the duplicial objects of Dwyer and Kan, which generalize the cyclic objects of Connes. We describe duplicial objects in terms of the decalage comonads, and we give a conceptual account of the construction of duplicial objects due to Bohm and Stefan. This is done in terms of a 2-categorical generalization of Hochschild homology. We also study duplicial structure on nerves of categories, bicategories, and monoidal categories.
We categorify cocompleteness results of monad theory, in the context of pseudomonads. We first prove a general result establishing that, in any 2-category, weighted bicolimits can be constructed from oplax bicolimits and bicoequalizers of codescent objects. After prerequisites on pseudomonads and their pseudo-algebras, we give a 2-dimensional Linton theorem reducing bicocompleteness of 2-categories of pseudo-algebras to existence of bicoequalizers of codescent objects. Finally we prove this condition to be fulfilled in the case of a bifinitary pseudomonad, ensuring bicocompleteness.
In this study, internal categories in the category of the crossed modules are characterized and it has been shown that there is a natural equivalence between the category of the crossed modules over crossed modules, i.e. crossed squares, and the category of the internal categories within the category of crossed modules. Finally, we obtain examples of crossed squares using this equivalence.
This is the second part of a series of three strongly related papers in which three equivalent structures are studied: - internal categories in categories of monoids; defined in terms of pullbacks relative to a chosen class of spans - crossed modules of monoids relative to this class of spans - simplicial monoids of so-called Moore length 1 relative to this class of spans. The most important examples of monoids that are covered are small categories (treated as monoids in categories of spans) and bimonoids in symmetric monoidal categories (regarded as monoids in categories of comonoids). In thi…
A graded tensor category over a group $G$ will be called a crossed product tensor category if every homogeneous component has at least one multiplicatively invertible object. Our main result is a description of the crossed product tensor categories, graded monoidal functors, monoidal natural transformations, and braiding in terms of coherent outer $G$-actions over tensor categories.
We address the (pointed) homotopy of crossed module morphisms in modified categories of interest; which generalizes the groups and various algebraic structures. We prove that, the homotopy relation gives rise to an equivalence relation; furthermore a groupoid structure, without any restriction on neither domain nor co-domain of the crossed module morphism. Additionally, we consider the particular cases such as associative algebras, Leibniz algebras, Lie algebras and dialgebras of crossed modules of this generalized homotopy definition. Then as the main part of the paper, we prove that the func…
We introduce, for a symmetric fusion category $\mathcal{A}$ with Drinfeld centre $\mathcal{Z}(\mathcal{A})$, the notion of $\mathcal{Z}(\mathcal{A})$-crossed braided tensor category. These are categories that are enriched over $\mathcal{Z}(\mathcal{A})$ equipped with a symmetric tensor product, while being braided monoidal with respect to the usual tensor product on $\mathcal{Z}(\mathcal{A})$. In the Tannakian case where $\mathcal{A}=\mathbf{Rep}(G)$ for a finite group $G$, the 2-category of $\mathcal{Z}(\mathcal{A})$-crossed braided categories is shown to be equivalent to the 2-category of $G…
This is the first part of a series of three strongly related papers in which three equivalent structures are studied: - internal categories in categories of monoids; defined in terms of pullbacks relative to a chosen class of spans - crossed modules of monoids relative to this class of spans - simplicial monoids of so-called Moore length 1 relative to this class of spans. The most important examples of monoids that are covered are small categories (treated as monoids in categories of spans) and bimonoids in symmetric monoidal categories (regarded as monoids in categories of comonoids). In this…
We introduce some algebraic structures such as singularity, commutators and central extension in modified categories of interest. Additionally, we introduce the cat$^{1}$-objects with their connection to crossed modules in these categories which gives rise to unify many notions about (pre)crossed modules in various algebras of categories.
In this paper we state some applications of Gr-category theory on the classification of crossed modules and on the classification of extensions of groups of the type of a crossed module.
This is the last part of a series of three strongly related papers in which three equivalent structures are studied: - internal categories in categories of monoids; defined in terms of pullbacks relative to a chosen class of spans - crossed modules of monoids relative to this class of spans - simplicial monoids of so-called Moore length 1 relative to this class of spans. The most important examples of monoids that are covered are small categories (treated as monoids in categories of spans) and bimonoids in symmetric monoidal categories (regarded as monoids in categories of comonoids). In this …
We show that the author's notion of Galois extensions of braided tensor categories [22], see also [3], gives rise to braided crossed G-categories, recently introduced for the purposes of 3-manifold topology [31]. The Galois extensions C \rtimes S are studied in detail, and we determine for which g in G non-trivial objects of grade g exist in C \rtimes S.
In this paper, we state the notion of morphisms in the category of abelian crossed modules and prove that this category is equivalent to the category of strict Picard categories and regular symmetric monoidal functors. The theory of obstructions for symmetric monoidal functors and symmetric cohomology groups are applied to show a treatment of the group extension problem of the type of an abelian crossed module.
In this paper we study the categories of braided categorical associative algebras and braided crossed modules of associative algebras and we relate these structures with the categories of braided categorical Lie algebras and braided crossed modules of Lie algebras.
Although the notion of crossed groups was originally introduced only in the simplicial case, the definition makes sense in the other categories. For instance, Batanin and Markl studied crossed interval groups to investigate symmetries on the Hochschild cohomology in view of operads. The aim of this paper is to make a comprehensive understanding of crossed groups for arbitrary base categories. In particular, we focus on the local presentability of the category of crossed groups, monadicity, and the basechange theorem along certain sorts of functors. The paper also contains the classification of…
We show how the framework of crossed simplicial groups may be used to provide a classification of topological field theories on open cobordism categories defined by reductions of the structure group to a planar Lie group. Such theories are equivalent to algebras equipped with a group action and a non-degenerate trace satisfying certain invariance requirements which generalize the notion of a frobenius algebra.
Suppose that $G$ is a groupoid acting on a small category $H$ in the sense of \cite[Definition 4]{NOT} and $H\times_αG$ is the resulting semi-direct product category (as in \cite[Proposition 8]{NOT}). We show that there exists a subcategory $H_r \subseteq H$ satisfying some nice property called ``regularity'' such that $H_r \times_αG = H\times_αG$. Moreover, we show that there exists a so-called ``quasi action'' (see Definition \ref{quasi}) $β$ of $G$ on $C^*(H_r)$ (where $C^*(H_r)$ is the semigroupoid $C^*$-algebra as defined in \cite{EXE}) such that $C^*(H_r\times_αG) = C^*(H_r)\times_βG$ (w…
The Yang-Baxter equation plays a fundamental role in various areas of mathematics. Its solutions, called braidings, are built, among others, from Yetter-Drinfel'd modules over a Hopf algebra, from self-distributive structures, and from crossed modules of groups. In the present paper these three sources of solutions are unified inside the framework of Yetter-Drinfe' d modules over a braided system. A systematic construction of braiding structures on such modules is provided. Some general categorical methods of obtaining such generalized Yetter-Drinfel'd (=GYD) modules are described. Among the b…
In finitely cocomplete homological categories, co-smash products give rise to (possibly higher-order) commutators of subobjects. We use binary and ternary co-smash products and the associated commutators to give characterisations of internal crossed modules and internal categories, respectively. The ternary terms are redundant if the category has the Smith is Huq property, which means that two equivalence relations on a given object commute precisely when their normalisations do. In fact, we show that the difference between the Smith commutator of such relations and the Huq commutator of their…
In this paper we define the notions of normal subcrossed module and quotient crossed module within groups with operations; and using the equivalence of crossed modules over groups with operations and internal groupoids we prove how normality and quotient concepts are related in these two categories. Further we prove an equivalence of crossed modules over groups with operations and cat$^1$-groups with operations for a certain algebraic category; and then by this equivalence we determine normal and quotient objects in the category of cat$^{1}$-groups with operations. Finally we characterize the …
In this paper we study the category of braided categorical Leibniz algebras and braided crossed modules of Leibniz algebras and we relate these structures with the categories of braided categorical Lie algebras and braided crossed modules of Lie algebras using the Loday-Pirashvili category.
We show that a quantum field theory A living on the line and having a group G of inner symmetries gives rise to a category GLoc A of twisted representations. This category is a braided crossed G-category in the sense of Turaev. Its degree zero subcategory is braided and equivalent to the usual representation category Rep A. Combining this with [29], where Rep A was proven to be modular for a nice class of rational conformal models, and with the construction of invariants of G-manifolds in [60], we obtain an equivariant version of the following chain of constructions: Rational CFT -> modular ca…
We firstly prove the completeness of the category of crossed modules in a modified category of interest. Afterwards, we define pullback crossed modules and pullback cat$^1$-objects that are both obtained by pullback diagrams with extra structures on certain arrows. These constructions unify many corresponding results for the cases of groups, commutative algebras and can also be adapted to various algebraic structures.
In this study, using the Brown-Spencer theorem and in the ligth of the works of Norrie, in the category of internal categories within groups, also called group-groupoids, we interpret the notion of actor of a crossed module over groups. Further, we construct the action of a group-groupoid on a group-groupoid. Moreover, we give the explicit construction of semi-direct product of two group-groupoids and of holomorph of group-groupoids.
In this paper, we introduce a cofibrant simplicial category that we call the free homotopy coherent adjunction and characterize its n-arrows using a graphical calculus that we develop here. The hom-spaces are appropriately fibrant, indeed are nerves of categories, which indicates that all of the expected coherence equations in each dimension are present. To justify our terminology, we prove that any adjunction of quasi-categories extends to a homotopy coherent adjunction and furthermore that these extensions are homotopically unique in the sense that the relevant spaces of extensions are contr…
Algebraic structures such as monoids, groups, and categories can be formulated within a category using commutative diagrams. In many common categories these reduce to familiar cases. In particular, group objects in Grp are abelian groups, while internal categories in Grp are equivalent both to group objects in Cat and to crossed modules of groups. In this exposition we give an elementary introduction to some of the key concepts in this area.
We prove that the folk model structure on strict $\infty$-categories transfers to the category of strict $\infty$-groupoids (and more generally to the category of strict $(\infty, n)$-categories), and that the resulting model structure on strict $\infty$-groupoids coincides with the one defined by Brown and Golasinski via crossed complexes.
The goal of the paper is to establish and to investigate a fully faithful embedding of the category of group operads into that of crossed interval groups. For this, we introduce a monoidal structure on the slice of the category of operads over the operad of symmetric groups. Comparing with the monoidal structure on the category of interval sets discussed in the author's previous work, we obtain a monoidal functor connecting these two categories. It will be shown that this actually induces a fully faithful functor on monoid objects and does not change the underlying sets, so we obtain a require…
We define and systematically study nonassociative C*-algebras as C*-algebras internal to a topological tensor category. We also offer a concrete approach to these C*-algebras, as G-invariant, norm closed *-subalgebras of bounded operators on a G-Hilbert space, with deformed composition product. Our central results are those of stabilization and Takai duality for (twisted) crossed products in this context.
In the context of internal crossed modules over a fixed base object in a given semi-abelian category, we use the non-abelian tensor product in order to prove that an object is perfect (in an appropriate sense) if and only if it admits a universal central extension. This extends results of Brown-Loday (in the case of groups) and Edalatzadeh (in the case of Lie algebras). Our aim is to explain how those results can be understood in terms of categorical Galois theory: Edalatzadeh's interpretation in terms of quasi-pointed categories applies, but a more straightforward approach based on the theory…
We propose a new model for multicategories with symmetries with respect to Zhang's group operads. The fully faithful embedding of the category of group operads into that of crossed interval groups is made use of, and it is shown that every multicategory gives rise to a fibration, in a sense, over a quotient of the total category of group operads. The symmetric structures can be presented as structures of internal presheaves over a category internal to the category of small categories, in other words a double category.
In this paper, we study $G$-equivariant tensor categories for a finite group $G$. These categories were introduced by Turaev under the name of $G$-crossed categories; the motivating example of such a category is the category of twisted modules over a vertex operator algebra $V$ with a finite group of automorphisms $G$. We discuss the notion of "orbifold quotient" of such a category (in the example above, this quotient is the category of modules over the subalgebra of invariants $V^G$). We introduce an extended Verlinde algebra for a $G$-equivariant tensor category and give a simple description…
We utilise the theory of crossed simplicial groups to introduce a collection of local Quillen model structures on the category of simplicial presheaves with a compact planar Lie group action on a small Grothendieck site. As an application, we give a characterisation of equivariant cohomology theories on a site as derived mapping spaces in these model categories.
Basing ourselves on Janelidze and Kelly's general notion of central extension, we study universal central extensions in the context of semi-abelian categories. Thus we unify classical, recent and new results in one conceptual framework. The theory we develop is relative to a chosen Birkhoff subcategory of the category considered: for instance, we consider groups vs. abelian groups, Lie algebras vs. vector spaces, precrossed modules vs. crossed modules and Leibniz algebras vs. Lie algebras. We consider a fundamental condition on composition of central extensions and give examples of categories …
For an object $A$ of a category of interest $\mathbb{C}$ we construct the group with operations ${\mathfrak{B}}(A)$ and the semidirect product ${\mathfrak{B}}(A)\ltimes A$ and prove that there exists an actor of $A$ in $\mathbb{C}$ if and only if ${\mathfrak{B}}(A)\ltimes A \in \mathbb{C}$. The cases of groups, Lie, Leibniz, associative, commutative associative, alternative algebras, crossed and precrossed modules are considered. The paper contains some results for the case $Ω_2 = \{+,*,*^{\circ}\}$.
As an example of the categorical apparatus of pseudo algebras over 2-theories, we show that pseudo algebras over the 2-theory of categories can be viewed as pseudo double categories with folding or as appropriate 2-functors into bicategories. Foldings are equivalent to connection pairs, and also to thin structures if the vertical and horizontal morphisms coincide. In a sense, the squares of a double category with folding are determined in a functorial way by the 2-cells of the horizontal 2-category. As a special case, strict 2-algebras with one object and everything invertible are crossed modu…
The concept of a pair of compatible actions was introduced in the case of groups by Brown and Loday and in the case of Lie algebras by Ellis. In this article we extend it to the context of semi-abelian categories (that satisfy the Smith-is-Huq condition). We give a new construction of the Peiffer product, which specialises to the definitions known for groups and Lie algebras. We use it to prove our main result, on the connection between pairs of compatible actions and pairs of crossed modules over a common base object. We also study the Peiffer product in its own right, in terms of its univers…
