Minimal surface singularities are Lipschitz normally embedded
Walter D Neumann, Helge Møller Pedersen, Anne Pichon
备注：
This paper is a major revision of the 2015 version. It now builds on the paper arXiv:1806.11240 by the same authors which gives a general characterization of Lipschitz normally embedded surface singularities
Any germ of a complex analytic space is equipped with two natural metrics: the {\it outer metric} induced by the hermitian metric of the ambient space and the {\it inner metric}, which is the associated riemannian metric on the germ. We show that minimal surface singularities are Lipschitz normally embedded (LNE), i.e., the identity map is a bilipschitz homeomorphism between outer and inner metrics, and that they are the only rational surface singularities with this property.
We prove that tangent cones of Lipschitz normally embedded sets are Lipschitz normally embedded. We also extend to real subanalytic sets the notion of reduced tangent cone and we show that subanalytic Lipschitz normally embedded sets have reduced tangent cones. In particular, we get that Lipschitz normally embedded complex analytic sets have reduced tangent cones.
We undertake a systematic study of Lipschitz Normally Embedded normal complex surface germs. We prove in particular that the topological type of such a germ determines the combinatorics of its minimal resolution which factors through the blowup of its maximal ideal and through its Nash transform, as well as the polar curve and the discriminant curve of a generic plane projection, thus generalizing results of Spivakovsky and Bondil that were known for minimal surface singularities. In an appendix, we give a new example of a Lipschitz Normally Embedded surface singularity.
Any germ of a complex analytic space is equipped with two natural metrics: the outer metric induced by the hermitian metric of the ambient space and the inner metric, which is the associated riemannian metric on the germ. These two metrics are in general nonequivalent up to bilipschitz homeomorphism. We give a necessary and sufficient condition for a normal surface singularity to be Lipschitz normally embedded (LNE), i.e., to have bilipschitz equivalent outer and inner metrics. In a partner paper [15] we apply it to prove that rational surface singularities are LNE if and only if they are mini…
We consider a special case of the outer bi-Lipschitz classification of real semialgebraic (or, more general, definable in a polynomially bounded o-minimal structure) surface germs, obtained as a union of two normally embedded Hölder triangles. We define a combinatorial invariant of an equivalence class of such surface germs, called $στ$-pizza, and conjecture that, in this special case, it is a complete combinatorial invariant of outer bi-Lipschitz equivalence.
It was conjectured that multiplicity of a singularity is bi-Lipschitz invariant. We disprove this conjecture, constructing examples of bi-Lipschitz equivalent complex algebraic singularities with different values of multiplicity.
The germ of an algebraic variety is naturally equipped with two different metrics up to bilipschitz equivalence. The inner metric and the outer metric. One calls a germ of a variety Lipschitz normally embedded if the two metrics are bilipschitz equivalent. In this article we prove that the model determinantal singularity, that is the space of $m\times n$ matrices of rank less than a given number, is Lipschitz normally embedded. We will also discuss some of the difficulties extending this result to the case of general determinantal singularities.
We give partial answers to a metric version of Zariski's multiplicity conjecture. In particular, we prove the multiplicity of complex analytic surface (not necessarily isolated) singularities in $\mathbb{C}^3$ is a bi-Lipschitz invariant.
A path-connected subanalytic subset in $\mathbb{R}^n$ is naturally equipped with two metrics: the inner and the outer metrics. We say that a subset is Lipschitz normally embedded (LNE) if these two metrics are equivalent. In this article, we give some criteria for a subanalytic set to be LNE. It is a fundamental question to know if the LNE property is conical, i.e., if it is possible to describe the LNE property of a germ of a subanalytic set in terms of the properties of its link. We answer this question by introducing a new notion called link Lipschitz normally embedding. We prove that this …
We present a series of examples of pairs of singular semialgebraic surfaces (real semialgebraic sets of dimension two) in ${\mathbb R}^3$ and ${\mathbb R}^4$ which are bi-Lipschitz equivalent with respect to the outer metric, ambient topologically equivalent, but not ambient Lipschitz equivalent. For each singular semialgebraic surface $S\subset {\mathbb R}^4$, we construct infinitely many semialgebraic surfaces which are bi-Lipschitz equivalent with respect to the outer metric, ambient topologically equivalent to $S$, but pairwise ambient Lipschitz non-equivalent.
Any germ of a complex analytic space is equipped with two natural metrics: the outer metric induced by the hermitian metric of the ambient space and the inner metric, which is the associated riemannian metric on the germ. A complex analytic germ is said Lipschitz normally embedded (LNE) if its outer and inner metrics are bilipschitz equivalent. LNE seems to be fairly rare among surface singularities; the only known LNE surface germs outside the trivial case (straight cones) are the minimal singularities. In this paper, we show that a superisolated hypersurface singularity is LNE if and only if…
The bi-Lipschitz geometry is one of the main subjects in the modern approach of Singularity Theory. However, it rises from works of important mathematicians of the last century, especially Zariski. In this work we investigate the Bi-Lipschitz equisingularity of families of Essentially Isolated Determinantal Singularities inspired by the approach of Mostowski and Gaffney.
A link of an isolated singularity of a two-dimensional semialgebraic surface in $R^4$ is a knot (or a link) in $S^3$. Thus the ambient Lipschitz classification of surface singularities in $R^4$ can be interpreted as a bi-Lipschitz refinement of the topological classification of knots (or links) in $S^3$. We show that, given a knot $K$ in $S^3$, there are infinitely many distinct ambient Lipschitz equivalence classes of outer metric Lipschitz equivalent singularities in $R^4$ with the links topologically equivalent to $K$.
The aim of this paper to introduce the reader to a recent point of view on the Lipschitz classifications of complex singularities. It presents the complete classification of Lipschitz geometry of complex plane curves singularities and in particular, it introduces the so-called bubble trick and bubble trick with jumps which are key tools to study Lipschitz geometry of germs. It describes also the thick-thin decomposition of a normal complex surface singularity and built two geometric decompositions of a normal surface germ into standard pieces which are invariant by respectively inner and outer…
Normally one assumes isolated surface singularities to be normal. The purpose of this paper is to show that it can be useful to look at nonnormal singularities. By deforming them interesting normal singularities can be constructed, such as isolated, non Cohen-Macaulay threefold singularities. They arise by a small contraction of a smooth rational curve, whose normal bundle has a sufficiently positive subbundle. We study such singularities from their nonnormal general hyperplane section.
We show that a weighted homogeneous complex surface singularity is metrically conical (i.e., bi-Lipschitz equivalent to a metric cone) only if its two lowest weights are equal. We also give an example of a pair of weighted homogeneous complex surface singularities that are topologically equivalent but not bi-Lipschitz equivalent.
The germ of an algebraic variety is naturally equipped with two different metrics up to bilipschitz equivalence. The inner metric and the outer metric. One calls a germ of a variety Lipschitz normally embedded if the two metrics are bilipschitz equivalent. In this article we prove Lipschitz normal embeddedness of some algebraic subsets of the space of matrices. These include the space $m \times n$ matrices, symmetric matrices and skew-symmetric matrices of rank equal to a given number and their closures, and the upper triangular matrices with determinant $0$. We also make a short discussion ab…
We investigate the relationships between the Lipschitz outer geometry and the embedded topological type of a hypersurface germ in $(\mathbb C^n,0)$. It is well known that the Lipschitz outer geometry of a complex plane curve germ determines and is determined by its embedded topological type. We prove that this does not remain true in higher dimensions. Namely, we give two normal hypersurface germs $(X_1,0)$ and $(X_2,0)$ in $(\mathbb C^3,0)$ having the same outer Lipschitz geometry and different embedded topological types. Our pair consist of two superisolated singularities whose tangent cones…
It is known that the bi-Lipschitz right classification of function germs admit moduli. In this article we introduce a notion called the Lipschitz simple function germs and present a full classification in the complex case. A surprising consequence of our result is that a function germ is Lipschitz modal if and only if it deforms to the smooth unimodal family of singularities called $J_{10}$ in Arnold's list.
We prove that the outer Lipschitz geometry of a germ $(X,0)$ of a normal complex surface singularity determines a large amount of its analytic structure. In particular, it follows that any analytic family of normal surface singularities with constant Lipschitz geometry is Zariski equisingular. We also prove a strong converse for families of normal complex hypersurface singularities in $\mathbb C^3$: Zariski equisingularity implies Lipschitz triviality. So for such a family Lipschitz triviality, constant Lipschitz geometry and Zariski equisingularity are equivalent to each other.
We study the Lipschitz Geometry of Complex Algebraic Singularities. For this purpose we introduce the notion of choking horns. A Choking horn is a family of cycles on the family of the sections of an algebraic variety by very small spheres centered at a singular point, such that the cycles cannot be boundaries of nearby chains. The presence of choking horns is an obstruction to metric conicalness as we can see with some classical isolated hypersurfaces singularities which we prove are not metrically conic. We also show that there exist infinitely countably many singular varieties, which are lo…
The decomposition of a two dimensional complex germ with non-isolated singularity into semi-algebraic sets is given. This decomposition consists of four classes: Riemannian cones defined over a Seifert fibered manifold, a topological cone over thickened tori endowed with Cheeger-Nagase metric, a topological cone over mapping torus endowed with Hsiang-Pati metric and a topological cone over the tubular neighbourhoods of the link's singularities. In this decomposition there exist semi-algebraic sets that are metrically conical over the manifolds constituting the link. The germ is reconstituted u…
It is known by a result of Mendes and Sampaio that the Lipschitz normal embedding of a subanalytic germ is fully characterized by the Lipschitz normal embedding of its link. In this note, we show that the result still holds for definable germs in any o-minimal structure on $(\mathbb{R}, + , .)$. We also give an example showing that for homomorphisms between MD-homologies induced by the identity map, being isomorphic is not enough to ensure that the given germ is Lipschitz normally embedded. This is a negative answer to the question asked by Bobadilla et al. in their paper about Moderately Disc…
We investigate connections between Lipschitz geometry of real algebraic varieties and properties of their arc spaces. For this purpose we develop motivic integration in the real algebraic set-up. We construct a motivic measure on the space of real analytic arcs. We use this measure to define a real motivic integral which admits a change of variables formula not only for the birational but also for generically one-to-one Nash maps. As a consequence we obtain an inverse mapping theorem which holds for continuous rational maps and, more generally, for generically arc-analytic maps. These maps app…
In this paper we investigate the relation betwen the Nash modification and the Bi-Lipschtiz equivalent germs in the cases of two germs and for a family of hypersurfaces with isolated singularities.
We classify semi-algebraic surfaces in $\mathbb{R}^n$ with isolated singularities up to bi-Lipschitz homeomorphisms with respect to the inner distance. In particular, we obtain complete classifications for the Nash surfaces and the complex algebraic curves. We also address the minimal surfaces with finite total curvature.
We show that a family of isolated complex hypersurface singularities with constant Milnor number may fail, in the strongest sense, to have constant bi-Lipschitz type. Our example is the Briac con--Speder family $X_t:=\{(x,y,z)\in\C^3 | x^5+z^{15}+y^7z+txy^6=0 \}$ of normal complex surface germs; we show the germ $(X_0, 0)$ is not bi-Lipschitz homeomorphic with respect to the inner metric to the germ $(X_t,0)$ for $t\ne 0$.
We propose to grok Lipschitz stratifications from a non-archimedean point of view and thereby show that they exist for closed definable sets in any power-bounded o-minimal structure on a real closed field. Unlike the previous approaches in the literature, our method bypasses resolution of singularities and Weierstrass preparation altogether; it transfers the situation to a non-archimedean model, where the quantitative estimates appearing in Lipschitz stratifications are sharpened into valuation-theoretic inequalities. Applied to a uniform family of sets, this approach automatically yields a fa…
We study outer Lipschitz geometry of real semialgebraic or, more general, definable in a polynomially bounded o-minimal structure over the reals, surface germs. In particular, any definable Hölder triangle is either Lipschitz normally embedded or contains some "abnormal" arcs. We show that abnormal arcs constitute finitely many "abnormal zones" in the space of all arcs, and investigate geometric and combinatorial properties of abnormal surface germs. We establish a strong relation between geometry and combinatorics of abnormal Hölder triangles.
We produce examples of complex algebraic surfaces with isolated singularities such that these singularities are not metrically conic, i.e. the germs of the surfaces near singular points are not bi-Lipschitz equivalent, with respect to the inner metric, to cones. The technique used to prove the nonexistence of the metric conic structure is related to a development of Metric Homology. The class of the examples is rather large and it includes some surfaces of Brieskorn.
We study the projective normality of a minimal surface $X$ which is a ramified double covering over a rational surface $S$ with $\dim|-K_S|\ge 1$. In particular Horikawa surfaces, the minimal surfaces of general type with $K^2_X=2p_g(X)-4$, are of this type, up to resolution of singularities. Let $π$ be the covering map from $X$ to $S$. We show that the $\mathbb{Z}_2$-invariant adjoint divisors $K_X+rπ^*A$ are normally generated, where the integer $r\ge 3$ and $A$ is an ample divisor on $S$.
We prove that if two germs of irreducible complex analytic curves at $0\in\mathbb{C}^2$ have different sequence of characteristic exponents, then there exists $0<α<1$ such that those germs are not $α$-Hölder homeomorphic. For germs of complex analytic plane curves with several irreducible components we prove that if any two of them are $α$-Hölder homeomorphic, for all $0<α<1$, then there is a correspondence between their branches preserving sequence of characteristic exponents and intersection multiplicity of pair of branches. In particular, we recovery the sequence of characteristic exponents…
