For two given graphs $G_1$ and $G_2$, the Ramsey number $R(G_1,G_2)$ is the least integer $r$ such that for every graph $G$ on $r$ vertices, either $G$ contains a $G_1$ or $\bar{G}$ contains a $G_2$. In this note, we determined the Ramsey number $R(K_{1,n},W_m)$ for even $m$ with $n+2\leq m\leq 2n-2$, where $W_m$ is the wheel on $m+1$ vertices, i.e., the graph obtained from a cycle $C_m$ by adding a vertex $v$ adjacent to all vertices of the $C_m$.
Given a graph $G$ and a positive integer $k$, define the \emph{Gallai-Ramsey number} to be the minimum number of vertices $n$ such that any $k$-edge coloring of $K_n$ contains either a rainbow (all different colored) triangle or a monochromatic copy of $G$. Much like graph Ramsey numbers, Gallai-Ramsey numbers have gained a reputation as being very difficult to compute in general. As yet, still only precious few sharp results are known. In this paper, we obtain bounds on the Gallai-Ramsey number for wheels and the exact value for the wheel on $5$ vertices.
We study the structure of red-blue edge colorings of complete graphs, with no copies of the $n$-cycle $C_n$ in red, and no copies of the $n$-wheel $W_n = C_n \ast K_1$ in blue, for an odd integer $n$. Our first main result is that in any such coloring, deleting at most two vertices we obtain a vertex-partition of $G$ into three sets such that the edges inside the partition classes are red, and edges between partition classes are blue. As a second result, we obtain bounds for the Ramsey numbers of $r(C_{2k+1},W_{2j})$ for $k < j$ integers, which asymptotically confirm the values of $4j+1$, as i…
For two graphs $G_1$ and $G_2$ the Ramsey number $R(G_1,G_2)$ is the smallest integer $N$, such that for any graph on $N$ vertices either $G$ contains $G_1$ or $\overline{G}$ contains $G_2$. Let $S_n$ be a star of order $n$ and $W_m$ be a wheel of order $m+1$. In this paper, it is shown that $R(W_n,S_n)\leq{5n/2-1}$, where $n\geq{6}$ is even. It was proven a theorem which implies that $R(W_n,S_n)\geq{5n/2-2}$, where $n\geq{6}$ is even. Therefore we conclude that $R(W_n,S_n)=5n/2-2$ or $5n/2-1$, for $n\geq{6}$ and even.
A Gallai coloring of a complete graph is an edge-coloring such that no triangle has all its edges colored differently. A Gallai $k$-coloring is a Gallai coloring that uses $k$ colors. Given a graph $H$ and an integer $k\geq 1$, the Gallai-Ramsey number $GR_k(H)$ of $H$ is the least positive integer $N$ such that every Gallai $k$-coloring of the complete graph $K_N$ contains a monochromatic copy of $H$. Let $W_{2n} $ denote an even wheel on $2n+1\ge5$ vertices. In this note, we study Gallai-Ramsey number of $W_{2n}$ and completely determine the exact value of $GR_k(W_4)$ for all $k\ge2$.
The generalized Ramsey number $R(G_1, G_2)$ is the smallest positive integer $N$ such that any red-blue coloring of the edges of the complete graph $K_N$ either contains a red copy of $G_1$ or a blue copy of $G_2$. Let $C_m$ denote a cycle of length $m$ and $W_n$ denote a wheel with $n+1$ vertices. In 2014, Zhang, Zhang and Chen determined many of the Ramsey numbers $R(C_{2k+1}, W_{n})$ of odd cycles versus larger wheels, leaving open the particular case where $n = 2j$ is even and $k<j<3k/2$. They conjectured that for these values of $j$ and $k$, $R(C_{2k+1}, W_{2j})=4j+1$. In 2015, Sanhueza-M…
Chen et al. (2004) strongly conjectured that R(Tn,Wm)=2n-1 if the maximum degree of Tn is small and m is even. Related to the conjecture, it is interesting to know for which tree Tn, we have R(Tn,Wm) > 2n-1 for even m. In this paper, we find the Ramsey number R(Tn,W8) for tree Tn with the maximum degree of Tn is at least n-3, namely R(Tn,W8) > 2n-1 for almost all such tree Tn. We also prove that if the maximum degree of Tn is large, then R(Tn,Wm) is a function of both m and n. In the end, we refine the conjecture of Chen et al. by giving the condition of small maximum degree. For a tree Tn wit…
Small Ramsey numbers for books, wheels, and generalizations
Iowa State University（爱荷华州立大学）；Center for Communications Research, La Jolla（拉霍亚通信研究中心）；University of Colorado Denver（科罗拉多大学丹佛分校）；Ghent University（根特大学）
Let $r(G,H)$ be the smallest integer $N$ such that for any $2$-coloring (say, red and blue) of the edges of $K\_n$, $n\geqslant N$, there is either a red copy of $G$ or a blue copy of $H$. Let $K\_n-K\_{1,s}$ be the complete graph on $n$ vertices from which the edges of $K\_{1,s}$ are dropped. In this note we present exact values for $r(K\_m-K\_{1,1},K\_n-K\_{1,s})$ and new upper bounds for $r(K\_m,K\_n-K\_{1,s})$ in numerous cases. We also present some results for the Ramsey number of Wheels versus $K\_n-K\_{1,s}$.
Given a graph $G$ and a positive integer $k$, define the \emph{Gallai-Ramsey number} to be the minimum number of vertices $n$ such that any $k$-edge coloring of $K_n$ contains either a rainbow (all different colored) triangle or a monochromatic copy of $G$. In this paper, we obtain general upper and lower bounds on the Gallai-Ramsey numbers for the graph $G = S_t^{r}$ obtained from a star of order $t$ by adding $r$ extra independent edges between leaves of the star so there are $r$ triangles and $t - 2r - 1$ pendent edges in $S_t^{r}$. We also prove some sharp results when $t = 2$.
Set multipartite Ramsey numbers were introduced in 2004, ge-neralizing the celebrated Ramsey numbers. Let $C_4$ denote the four cycle and let $K_{1,n}$ denote the star on $n+1$ vertices. In this paper we investigate bounds on $C_4-K_{1,n}$ set multipartite Ramsey numbers. Relationships between these numbers and the classical $C_4-K_{1,n}$ Ramsey numbers are explored. Then several near-optimal or exact classes are derived as applications. As the main goal, polarity graphs from projective planes allow us to find suitable subgraphs which yield some optimal classes too.
For graphs $F$, $G$, and $H$, we write $F \to (G,H)$ if every red-blue coloring of the edges of $F$ produces a red copy of $G$ or a blue copy of $H$. The graph $F$ is said to be $(G,H)$-minimal if it is subgraph-minimal with respect to this property. The characterization problem for Ramsey-minimal graphs is classically done for finite graphs. In 2021, Barrett and the second author generalized this problem to infinite graphs. They asked which pairs $(G,H)$ admit a Ramsey-minimal graph and which ones do not. We show that any pair of star forests such that at least one of them involves an infinit…
We find the exact value of the Ramsey number $R(C_{2\ell},K_{1,n})$, when $\ell$ and $n=O(\ell^{10/9})$ are large. Our result is closely related to the behaviour of Turán number $ex(N, C_{2\ell})$ for an even cycle whose length grows quickly with $N$.
Given a graph $G$ and a positive integer $k$, the \emph{Gallai-Ramsey number} is defined to be the minimum number of vertices $n$ such that any $k$-edge coloring of $K_n$ contains either a rainbow (all different colored) copy of $G$ or a monochromatic copy of $G$. In this paper, we obtain general upper and lower bounds on the Gallai-Ramsey numbers for double stars $S(n,m)$, where $S(n,m)$ is the graph obtained from the union of two stars $K_{1,n}$ and $K_{1,m}$ by adding an edge between their centers. We also provide the sharp result in some cases.
Let $G$ and $G_1, G_2, \ldots , G_t$ be given graphs. By $G\rightarrow (G_1, G_2, \ldots , G_t)$ we mean if the edges of $G$ are arbitrarily colored by $t$ colors, then for some $i$, $1\leq i\leq t$, the spanning subgraph of $G$ whose edges are colored with the $i$-th color, contains a copy of $G_i$. The Ramsey number $R(G_1, G_2, \ldots, G_t)$ is the smallest positive integer $n$ such that $K_n\rightarrow (G_1, G_2, \ldots , G_t)$ and the size Ramsey number $\hat{R}(G_1, G_2, \ldots , G_t)$ is defined as $\min\{|E(G)|:~G\rightarrow (G_1, G_2, \ldots , G_t)\}$. Also, for given graphs $G_1, G_2…
Given a graph $G$ and a positive integer $k$, define the \emph{Gallai-Ramsey number} to be the minimum number of vertices $n$ such that any $k$-edge coloring of the complete graph $K_n$ contains either a rainbow (all different colored) triangle or a monochromatic copy of $G$. In this paper, we obtain the exact value of the Gallai-Ramsey numbers for the union of two stars in many cases and bounds in other cases. This work represents the first class of disconnected graphs to be considered as the desired monochromatic subgraph.
The linked double star $S_c(n,m)$, where $n \geq m \geq 0$, is the graph consisting of the union of two stars $K_{1,n}$ and $K_{1,m}$ with a path on $c$ vertices joining the centers. Its ramsey number $r(S_c(n,m))$ is the smallest integer $r$ such that every $2$-coloring of the edges of a $K_r$ admits a monochromatic $S_c(n,m)$. In this paper, we study the ramsey numbers of linked double stars when $c$ is odd. In particular, we establish bounds on the value of $r(S_c(n,m))$ and determine the exact value of $r(S_c(n,m))$ if $n \geq c$, or if $n \leq \lfloor \frac{c}{2} \rfloor - 2$ and $m = 2$.
Given graphs $ F_1, F_2$ and $G$, we say that $G$ is Ramsey for $(F_1,F_2)$ and we write $G\rightarrow(F_1, F_2)$, if for every edge coloring of $G$ by red and blue, there is either a red copy of $F_1$ or a blue copy of $F_2$ in $G$. The size Ramsey number $\hat{r}(F_1, F_2)$ is defined as the minimum number of edges of a graph $G$ such that $G\rightarrow(F_1, F_2)$. This paper provides the exact value of $\hat{r}(F_1, F_2)$ for many pairs $(F_1, F_2)$ of star forests, giving a partial solution to a conjecture of Burr et al. (Ramsey-minimal graphs for multiple copies, Indagationes Mathematicae…
Let the star on $n$ vertices, namely $K_{1,n-1}$ be denoted by $S_n$. If every two coloring of the edges of a complete balanced multipartite graph $K_{j \times s}$ there is a copy of $S_n$ in the first color or a copy of $S_m$ in the second color, then we will say $K_{j \times s}\rightarrow (S_n,S_m)$. The size Ramsey multipartite number $m_j(S_n, S_m)$ is the smallest natural number $s$ such that $K_{j \times s}\rightarrow (S_n,S_m)$. In this paper, we obtain the exact values of the size Ramsey numbers $m_j(S_n,S_m)$ for $n,m \ge 3$ and $j \ge 3$.
Let $G$, $H$ and $K$ represent three graphs without loops or parallel edges and $n$ represent an integer. Given any red blue coloring of the edges of $G$, we say that $K \rightarrow (G,H)$, if there exists red copy of $G$ in $K$ or a blue copy of $H$ in $K$. Let $K_n$ represent a complete graph on $n$ vertices, $C_n$ a cycle on $n$ vertices and $S_n=K_{1,n}$ a star on $n+1$ vertices. The Ramsey number $r(G, H)$ is defined as $\min\{n \mid K_n\rightarrow (G,H)\}$. Likewise, the star-critical Ramsey number $r_*(H, G)$ is defined $\min\{k \mid K_{r(G,H)-1} \sqcup K_{1,k} \rightarrow (H, G) \}$. W…
Let $G, H$ be finite graphs without loops or multiple edges and $K_n$ denote the complete graph on $n$ vertices. If for every red/blue colouring of edges of the complete graph $K_n$, there exists a red copy of $G$, or a blue copy of $H$, we will say that $K_n\rightarrow (G,H)$. The Ramsey number $r(G, H)$ is defined as the smallest positive integer $n$ such that $K_{n} \rightarrow (G, H)$. Star-critical Ramsey number $r_*(G, H)$ is defined as the largest value of $k$ such that $K_{r(G,H)-1} \sqcup K_{1,k} \rightarrow (G, H)$. In this paper, we will find $r_*(K_{1,n}, K_{1,m}+e)$ for all $n,m \…
Let $K_n$ denote the complete graph on $n$ vertices and $G, H$ be finite graphs. Consider a two-coloring of edges of $K_n$. When a copy of $G$ in the first color, red, or a copy of $H$ in the second color, blue is in $K_n$, we write $K_n\rightarrow (G,H)$. The Ramsey number $r(G, H)$ is defined as the smallest positive integer $n$ such that $K_{n} \rightarrow (G, H)$. Star critical Ramsey $r_*(G, H)$ is defined as the largest value of $k$ such that $K_{r(G,H)-1} \sqcup K_{1,k} \rightarrow (G, H)$. In this paper, we find $r_*(C_n, K_m)$ for $m \geq 7$ and $n \geq (m-3)(m-1)$.
Let $K_m^{(3)}$ denote the complete $3$-uniform hypergraph on $m$ vertices and $S_n^{(3)}$ the $3$-uniform hypergraph on $n+1$ vertices consisting of all $\binom{n}{2}$ edges incident to a given vertex. Whereas many hypergraph Ramsey numbers grow either at most polynomially or at least exponentially, we show that the off-diagonal Ramsey number $r(K_{4}^{(3)},S_n^{(3)})$ exhibits an unusual intermediate growth rate, namely, \[ 2^{c \log^2 n} \le r(K_{4}^{(3)},S_n^{(3)}) \le 2^{c' n^{2/3}\log n} \] for some positive constants $c$ and $c'$. The proof of these bounds brings in a novel Ramsey probl…
The Gallai-Ramsey number $gr_{k}(K_{3}: H_{1}, H_{2}, \cdots, H_{k})$ is the smallest integer $n$ such that every $k$-edge-colored $K_{n}$ contains either a rainbow $K_3$ or a monochromatic $H_{i}$ in color $i$ for some $i\in [k]$. We find the largest star that can be removed from $K_n$ such that the underlying graph is still forced to have a rainbow $K_3$ or a monochromatic $H_{i}$ in color $i$ for some $i\in [k]$. Thus, we define the star-critical Gallai-Ramsey number $gr_{k}^{*}(K_3: H_{1}, H_{2}, \cdots, H_{k})$ as the smallest integer $s$ such that every $k$-edge-colored $K_{n}-K_{1, n-1-…
Let $R(H_1,H_2)$ denote the Ramsey number for the graphs $H_1, H_2$, and let $J_k$ be $K_k{-}e$. We present algorithms which enumerate all circulant and block-circulant Ramsey graphs for different types of graphs, thereby obtaining several new lower bounds on Ramsey numbers including: $49 \leq R(K_3,J_{12})$, $36 \leq R(J_4,K_8)$, $43 \leq R(J_4,J_{10})$, $52 \leq R(K_4,J_8)$, $37 \leq R(J_5,J_6)$, $43 \leq R(J_5,K_6)$, $65\leq R(J_5,J_7)$. We also use a gluing strategy to derive a new upper bound on $R(J_5,J_6)$. With both strategies combined, we prove the value of two Ramsey numbers: $R(J_5,…
For two graphs $G$ and $H$, the Ramsey number $r(G,H)$ is the smallest positive integer $r$, such that any red/blue coloring of the edges of the graph $K_r$ contains either a red subgraph that is isomorphic to $G$ or a blue subgraph that is isomorphic to $H$. Let $S_k=K_{1,k}$ be a star of order $k+1$ and $K_n\sqcup S_k$ be a graph obtained from $K_n$ by adding a new vertex $v$ and joining $v$ to $k$ vertices of $K_n$. The star-critical Ramsey number $r_*(G,H)$ is the smallest positive integer $k$ such that any red/blue coloring of the edges of graph $K_{r-1}\sqcup S_k$ contains either a red s…
For given simple graphs $G_1, G_2, \ldots , G_t$, the Ramsey number $R(G_1, G_2, \ldots, G_t)$ is the smallest positive integer $n$ such that if the edges of the complete graph $K_n$ are partitioned into $t$ disjoint color classes giving $t$ graphs $H_1,H_2,\ldots,H_t$, then at least one $H_i$ has a subgraph isomorphic to $G_i$. In this paper, for positive integers $t_1,t_2,\ldots, t_s$ and $n_1,n_2,\ldots, n_c$ the Ramsey number $R(S_{t_1}, S_{t_2},\ldots ,S_{t_s}, n_1K_2,n_2K_2,\ldots,n_cK_2)$ is computed, where $nK_2$ denotes a matching (stripe) of size $n$, i.e., $n$ pairwise disjoint edge…
For graphs G and H, let the induced Ramsey number IR(H,G) be the smallest number of vertices in a graph F such that any coloring of the edges of F in red and blue, there is either a red induced copy of H or a blue induced copy of G. In this note we consider the case when G=Sn is a star on n edges, for large n, and H is a fixed graph. We prove that (r-1)n < IR(H, Sn) < (r-1)(r-1)n + cn, for any c>0, sufficiently large n, and r denoting the chromatic number of H. The lower bound is asymptotically tight for any fixed bipartite H. The upper bound is attained up to a constant factor, for example by…
A double star $S(n,m)$ is the graph obtained by joining the center of a star with $n$ leaves to a center of a star with $m$ leaves by an edge. Let $r(S(n,m))$ denote the Ramsey number of the double star $S(n,m)$. In 1979 Grossman, Harary and Klawe have shown that $$r(S(n,m)) = \max\{n+2m+2,2n+2\}$$ for $3 \leq m \leq n\leq \sqrt{2}m$ and $3m \leq n$. They conjectured that equality holds for all $m,n \geq 3$. Using a flag algebra computation, we extend their result showing that $r(S(n,m))\leq n+ 2m + 2$ for $m \leq n \leq 1.699m$. On the other hand, we show that the conjecture fails for $\frac{…
Given two graphs $G$ and $H$, the online Ramsey number $\tilde{r}(G,H)$ is defined to be the minimum number of rounds that Builder can always guarantee a win in the following $(G, H)$-online Ramsey game between Builder and Painter. Starting from an infinite set of isolated vertices, in each round Builder draws an edge between some two vertices, and Painter immediately colors it red or blue. Builder's goal is to force either a red copy of $G$ or a blue copy of $H$ in as few rounds as possible, while Painter's goal is to delay it for as many rounds as possible. Let $K_{1,3}$ denote a star with t…
Multicolor Ramsey and list Ramsey numbers for star-like trees
School of Mathematical Sciences, Huaqiao University（华侨大学数学科学学院）；Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability and School of Mathematics and Statistics, Qinghai Normal University（青海师范大学高原科学与可持续发展研究院及数学与统计学院）；Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Wright State University（赖特州立大学数学与统计系）
We say that a graph $F$ can be embedded into a graph $G$ if $G$ contains an isomorphic copy of $F$ as a subgraph. Guo and Volkmann \cite{GV} conjectured that if $G$ is a connected graph with at least $n$ vertices and minimum degree at least $n-3$, then any tree with $n$ vertices and maximum degree at most $n-4$ can be embedded into $G$. In this paper, we give a result slightly stronger than this conjecture and obtain a sufficient and necessary condition that a tree with $n$ vertices and maximum degree at most $n-3$ can be embedded into a connected graph G with at least $n$ vertices and minimum…
We call a subgraph of an edge-colored graph rainbow subgraph, if all of its edges have different colors. The anti-Ramsey number of a graph $G$ in a complete graph $K_{n}$, denoted by $ar(K_{n}, G)$, is the maximum number of colors in an edge-coloring of $K_{n}$ with no rainbow subgraph copy of $G$. In this paper, we determine the exact value of the anti-Ramsey number for star forests and the approximate value of the anti-Ramsey number for linear forests. Furthermore, we compute the exact value of $ar(K_{n}, 2P_{4})$ for $n\ge 8$ and $ar(K_{n}, S_{p,q})$ for large $n$, where $S_{p,q}$ is the do…
Given a graph $G$ and a positive integer $k$, define the \emph{Gallai-Ramsey number} to be the minimum number of vertices $n$ such that any $k$-edge coloring of $K_n$ contains either a rainbow (all different colored) triangle or a monochromatic copy of $G$. In this paper, we consider two classes of unicyclic graphs, the star with an extra edge and the path with a triangle at one end. We provide the $2$-color Ramsey numbers for these two classes of graphs and use these to obtain general upper and lower bounds on the Gallai-Ramsey numbers.
A graph $F$ is Ramsey for a pair of graphs $(G,H)$ if any red/blue-coloring of the edges of $F$ yields a copy of $G$ with all edges colored red or a copy of $H$ with all edges colored blue. Two pairs of graphs are called Ramsey equivalent if they have the same collection of Ramsey graphs. The symmetric setting, that is, the case $G=H$, received considerable attention. This led to the open question whether there are connected graphs $G$ and $G'$ such that $(G,G)$ and $(G',G')$ are Ramsey equivalent. We make progress on the asymmetric version of this question and identify several non-trivial fam…
For given graphs $G_{1}, G_{2}, ... , G_{k}, k \geq 2$, the multicolor Ramsey number $R(G_{1}, G_{2}, ... , G_{k})$ is the smallest integer $n$ such that if we arbitrarily color the edges of the complete graph of order $n$ with $k$ colors, then it always contains a monochromatic copy of $G_{i}$ colored with $i$, for some $1 \leq i \leq k$. The bipartite Ramsey number $b(G_1, \cdots, G_k)$ is the least positive integer $b$ such that any coloring of the edges of $K_{b,b}$ with $k$ colors will result in a monochromatic copy of bipartite $G_i$ in the $i$-th color, for some $i$, $1 \le i \le k$. Th…
The size Ramsey number $ \hat{r}(G,H) $ of two graphs $ G $ and $ H $ is the smallest integer $ m $ such that there exists a graph $ F $ on $ m $ edges with the property that every red-blue colouring of the edges of $ F $, yields a red copy of $ G $ or a blue copy of $ H $. In $ 1981 $, Erdős observed that $\hat{r}(K_{1,k},K_{3})\leq \binom{2k+1}{2}-\binom{k}{2}$ and he conjectured that the corresponding upper bound on $ \hat{r}(K_{1,k},K_{3}) $ is sharp. In $ 1983 $, Faudree and Sheehan extended this conjecture as follows: \hat{r}(K_{1,k},K_{n})=\left \{ {lr} \binom{k(n-1)+1}{2}-\binom{k}{2} …
Let $H\xrightarrow{s} G$ denote that any edge-coloring of $H$ by $s$ colors contains a monochromatic $G$. The degree Ramsey number $r_Δ(G;s)$ is defined to be $\min\{Δ(H):H\xrightarrow{s} G\}$, and the degree bipartite Ramsey number $br_Δ(G;s)$ is defined to be $\min\{Δ(H):H\xrightarrow{s} G\; \mbox{and} \;χ(H)=2\}$. In this note, we show that $r_Δ(K_{m,n};s)$ is linear on $n$ with $m$ fixed. We also determine $br_Δ(G;s)$ where $G$ are trees, including stars and paths, and complete bipartite graphs.
