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arXiv 1502.06284math.CO
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沙堆模型中的热带曲线

Tropical curves in sandpile models

Nikita Kalinin, Mikhail Shkolnikov

AI总结:

本文研究方格沙堆弛豫中偏差集合形成的热带曲线,结合热带解析级数与离散超调和函数磨光理论,严格证明其尺度不变的标度极限定理。

摘要:

沙堆是图上的一种元胞自动机,按照如下倒塌规则演化:如果一个顶点上的沙粒数至少等于其价数,则该顶点向每个邻居发送一粒沙。在研究标准方格点阵的大型子图上沙堆的图案形成时,S. Caracciolo、G. Paoletti 和 A. Sportiello 通过实验观察到,对最大稳定状态作小扰动后进行弛豫,其结果包含一个清晰可见的细而均衡的图,该图由其偏差(小于最大值)集合构成。这类图被称为热带曲线。在研究早期,我们注意到这些热带曲线近似具有尺度不变性,也就是说,偏差集合模拟一条极值热带曲线,而这取决于平面中的区域以及扰动点的位置,却不取决于格点的网格。在本文中,我们将这两个事实严格表述为一个标度极限定理并加以证明。我们依托热带解析级数理论来描述沙堆动力学的整体特征,并依托离散超调和函数的磨光理论来处理局部问题。

英文摘要:

A sandpile is a cellular automaton on a graph that evolves by the following toppling rule: if the number of grains at a vertex is at least its valency, then this vertex sends one grain to each of its neighbors. In the study of pattern formation in sandpiles on large subgraphs of the standard square lattice, S. Caracciolo, G. Paoletti, and A. Sportiello experimentally observed that the result of the relaxation of a small perturbation of the maximal stable state contains a clear visible thin balanced graph formed by its deviation (less than maximum) set. Such graphs are known as tropical curves. During the early stage of our research, we have noticed that these tropical curves are approximately scale-invariant, that is the deviation set mimics an extremal tropical curve depending on the domain on the plane and the positions of the perturbation points, but not on the mesh of the lattice. In this paper, we rigorously formulate these two facts in the form of a scaling limit theorem and prove it. We rely on the theory of tropical analytic series, which is used to describe the global features of the sandpile dynamic, and on the theory of smoothings of discrete superharmonic functions, which handles local questions.

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