J. Kluson
This short note is devoted to the Hamiltonian analysis of the Unimodular Gravity.We treat the unimodular gravity as General Relativity action with the unimodular constraint imposed with the help of Lagrange multiplier. We perform the canonical analysis of the resulting theory and determine its constraint structure.
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The unimodular version of the ghost-free higher derivative gravity is obtained. It is the unimodular reduction of some particular lagrangians quadratic in curvature.
With this article, we initiate a systematic study of some of the symmetry properties of unimodular gravity, building on much of the known structure of general relativity, and utilising the powerful technology developed in that context. In particular, we show, up to four-points and tree-level, that the KLT relations of perturbative gravity hold for tracefree or unimodular gravity.
First order lagrangians for the Weyl invariant formulation of Unimodular Gravity are proposed. Several alternatives are examined; in some of them first and second order are equivalent in a certain gauge only.
No Conformal Anomaly in Unimodular Gravity
么模引力的共形不变性经受住了量子修正，甚至在存在共形物质的情况下。单模引力实际上可以理解为完整的爱因斯坦-希尔伯特理论的某种截断，在爱因斯坦框架中，度规张量享有单位行列式。我们的结果与泛函积分中相应的限制也是一致的这一思想是相容的。
The renormalization group flow of unimodular quantum gravity is computed by taking into account the graviton and Faddeev-Popov ghosts anomalous dimensions. In this setting, a ultraviolet attractive fixed point is found. Symmetry-breaking terms induced by the coarse-graining procedure are introduced and their impact on the flow is analyzed. A discussion on the equivalence of unimodular quantum gravity and standard full diffeomorphism invariant theories is provided beyond perturbation theory.
BRST-invariant action of general relativity in the unimodular gauge proposed by Baulieu is studied without using perturbative expansions. The expression for the path integral in the unimodular gauge is reduced to a form in which a functional measure is defined by a norm invariant under Transverse Diffeomorphism. It is shown that general relativity in the unimodular gauge with this action and the quantum unimodular gravity are equivalent. It is also shown that Vacuum Expectation Values (VEVs) of Diff invariant operators in the unimodular gauge and other gauge such as the harmonic gauge take dis…
This paper proposes a definition of gravitational observables and of their path integral formula within the framework of ADM foliation and the choice of unimodular gauge classes. The method enforces a BRST invariant gauge fixing of the lapse and shift fields. It yields the quantum level extension of the known classical property that the conformal classes of internal metrics of constant Lorentz time leafs define the gravitational physical degrees of freedom.
Unimodular loop quantum gravity and the problems of time
我们在Plebanski和Ashtekar公式中发展了么模引力的量子化，并证明了由形式路径积分定义的量子有效作用量是么模的.这意味着有效量子几何不耦合到与度规张量成比例的能量-动量张量的期望值中的项。路径积分采用与用于定义自旋泡沫模型相同的形式，具有附加约束，即四个度量的行列式被规范固定项约束为常数。我们还回顾了Unruh，Wald和Sorkin的建议-哈密顿量子化产生量子演化的物理时间变量等于经过四个体积-并讨论如何在圈量子引力进行。然后，这将arXiv：0904.4841的结果扩展到圈量子引力的背景。
A new way is proposed to cancel the cosmological constant. The proposal involves the metric determinant acting as a type of self-adjusting $q$-field without need of a fine-tuned chemical potential. Since the determinant of the metric now plays a role in the physics, the allowed coordinate transformations are restricted to those with unit Jacobian. This approach to the cosmological constant problem is, therefore, similar to the unimodular-gravity approach of the previous literature. The resulting cosmology has been studied and the obtained results show the natural cancellation of an initial cos…
In this short note we study unimodular gravity in Weyl-De Donder formalism. We find corresponding Hamiltonian and study consequence of the unimodular constraint on the conjugate covariant momenta. We also find covariant Hamiltonian for Henneaux-Teitelboim unimodular action and study corresponding equations of motion.
The symmetries of Unimodular Gravity are clarified somewhat.
Unimodular gravity can be formulated so that transverse diffeomorphisms and Weyl transformations are symmetries of the theory. For this formulation of unimodular gravity, we work out the two-point and three-point $h_{μν}$ contributions to the on-shell classical gravity action in the leading approximation and for an Euclidean AdS background. We conclude that these contributions do not agree with those obtained by using General Relativity due to IR divergent contact terms. The subtraction of these IR divergent terms yields the same IR finite result for both unimodular gravity and General Relativ…
The quantization of unimodular gravity and the cosmological constant problem
描述了么模引力的量子化，它导致了一个量子有效作用量，它也是么模的，即一个具有固定行列式的度量的函数。结果是，无论是经典的还是量子的，对度规乘以时空常数的形式的能量动量张量的贡献，都不是从量子有效作用量导出的运动方程中的曲率的来源。这解决了第一个宇宙学常数问题，即抑制了来自量子修正的对宇宙学常数的巨大贡献。我们讨论了几种形式的单峰引力，并把其中两个，包括一个由Henneaux和Teitelboim，在约束哈密顿形式。路径积分由后者构造。此外，第二个宇宙学常数问题，这就是为什么测量值是如此之小，也解决了这个理论。我们认为，Ng和van Dam首次提出的抑制宇宙学常数的量子效应的机制，在半经典水平上获得。
We study the quantization of two versions of unimodular gravity, namely, fully diffeomorphism-invariant unimodular gravity and unimodular gravity with fixed metric determinant utilizing standard path integral approach. We derive the BRST symmetry of effective actions corresponding to several relevant gauge conditions. We observe that for some gauge conditions, the restricted gauge structure may complicate the formulation and effective actions, in particular, if the chosen gauge conditions involve the canonical momentum conjugate to the induced metric on the spatial hypersurface. The BRST symme…
We compute the one-loop effective action in unimodular gravity, starting from two different classical formulations of the theory. We find that the effective action is the same in both cases, and agrees with the one of General Relativity.
On unimodular quantum gravity
单模引力在经典上等价于标准爱因斯坦引力，但在量子理论上不同：共形因子是非动力学的，规范对称性仅由横量子态构成。此外，宇宙学常数没有重整化。因此，量子理论不同于标准爱因斯坦引力的量子化。在这里，我们表明，在一个截断的完整的重整化群流的单模量子引力，有一个非平凡的紫外线吸引不动点，产生一个UV完成单模引力。我们讨论了重力的标准渐近安全情景的重要差异，并通过调查一种新形式的规范固定和鬼部门提供进一步的证据。
Geometrical Trinity of Unimodular Gravity
本文通过Weyl补偿子形式构造Weyl横向微分同胚不变的远平行引力，证明其非线性等价于单模引力，并结合对称远平行引力实现单模引力的三种几何表示。
We illustrate the recently proposed generalized unimodular gravity using simple examples of the Friedmann, Kantowski-Sachs and Schwarzschild geometries and show that it can be further generalized and reveal some unexpected and interesting effects.
In this review we discuss emergence of unimodular gravity (or, more precisely, Weyl transverse gravity) from thermodynamics of spacetime. By analyzing three different ways to obtain gravitational equations of motion by thermodynamic arguments, we show that the results point to unimodular rather than fully diffeomorphism invariant theories and that this is true even for modified gravity. The unimodular character of dynamics is especially evident from the status of cosmological constant and energy-momentum conservation.
A ghost free massive deformation of unimodular gravity (UG), in the spirit of {\em mimetic massive gravity}, is shown to exist. This construction avoids the no-go theorem for a Fierz-Pauli type of mass term in UG by giving up on Lorentz invariance. In our framework, the mimetic degree of freedom vanishes on-shell.
Recently, a new choice of variables was identified to understand how the quantum group structure appeared in three-dimensional gravity [1]. These variables are introduced via a canonical transformation generated by a boundary term. We show that this boundary term can actually be taken to be the volume of the boundary and that the new variables can be defined in any dimension greater than three. In addition, we study the associated metric and teleparallel formalisms. The former is a variant of the Henneaux--Teitelboim model for unimodular gravity. The latter provides a non-Abelian generalizatio…
This chapter provides an introduction to Unimodular Gravity both at the classical and quantum level, discussing the rôle it might play in the partial solution of the Cosmological Constant problem. The main objective of this work is to serve as a conceptual introduction to Unimodular gravity without disregarding computational detail. In that sense, techniques used at the research level are presented and applied in detail.
It is well known that the problem of the cosmological constant appears in a new light in Unimodular Gravity. In particular, the zero momentum piece of the potential does not automatically produce a corresponding cosmological constant. Here we show that quantum corrections do not renormalize the classical value of this observable.
We extend the formalism of the Einstein-Hilbert unimodular gravity in the context of modified $F(R)$ gravity. After appropriately modifying the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric in a way that it becomes compatible to the unimodular condition of having a constant metric determinant, we derive the equations of motion of the unimodular $F(R)$ gravity by using the metric formalism of modified gravity with Lagrange multiplier constraint. The resulting equations are studied in frames of reconstruction method, which enables us to realize various cosmological scenarios, which was impossible to realize…
We point out that in unimodular gravity Newton's constant is an essential coupling, i.e. it is independent of field redefinitions. We illustrate the consequences of this fact by a calculation in a standard simple approximation, showing that in this case the renormalization group flow of Newton's constant is gauge and parametrization independent.
We work out the one-loop contribution to the lepton anomalous magnetic moment coming from Unimodular Gravity. We use Dimensional Regularization and Dimensional Reduction to carry out the computations. In either case, we find that Unimodular Gravity gives rise to the same one-loop correction as that of General Relativity.
We compute the lowest order gravitational UV divergent radiative corrections to the S matrix element of the $fermion + fermion\rightarrow fermion + fermion$ scattering process in the massive Yukawa theory, coupled either to Unimodular Gravity or to General Relativity. We show that both Unimodular Gravity and General Relativity give rise to the same UV divergent contribution in Dimensional Regularization. This is a nontrivial result, since in the classical action of Unimodular Gravity coupled to the Yukawa theory, the graviton field does not couple neither to the mass operator nor to the Yukawa…
Unimodular gravity is classically equivalent to General Relativity. This equivalence extends to actions which are functions of the curvature scalar. At the quantum level, the dynamics could differ. Most importantly, the cosmological constant is not a coupling in the unimodular action, providing a new vantage point from which to address the cosmological constant fine-tuning problem. Here, a quantum theory based on the asymptotic safety scenario is studied, and evidence for an interacting fixed point in unimodular f(R) gravity is found. We study the fixed point and its properties, and also discu…
Unimodular gravity (UG) is an important theory which may explain the smallness of the cosmological constant. To get insight into the covariant quantization of UG, we discuss the BRST quantization of General Relativity (GR) with a cosmological constant in the unimodular gauge. We develop a novel way to gauge fix the transverse diffeomorphism (TDiff) and then further to fulfill the unimodular gauge. This process requires the introduction of an additional pair of BRST doublets which decouple from the physical sector together with the other three pairs of BRST doublets for the TDiff. We show that …
Higgs Inflation in Unimodular Gravity
本文在幺模引力中提出以希格斯场为暴胀子的非最小耦合暴胀模型，经 Jordan 与 Einstein 框架分析并对照 Planck 数据，给出 ξ 约需 10²–10⁴ 的新约束。
The so-called unimodular version of General Relativity is revisited. Unimodular gravity is constructed by fixing the determinant of the metric, what leads to the trace-free part of the equations instead of the usual Einstein field equations. Then, a cosmological constant naturally arises as an integration constant. While unimodular gravity turns out equivalent to General Relativity (GR) at the classical level, it provides important differences at the quantum level. Here we extend the unimodular constraint to some extensions of General Relativity that have drawn a lot of attention over the last…
We propose a covariant ghost-free unimodular $F(R)$ gravity theory, which contains a three-form field and study its structure using the analogy of the proposed theory with a quantum system which describes a charged particle in uniform magnetic field. Newton's law in non-covariant unimodular $F(R)$ gravity as well as in unimodular Einstein gravity is derived and it is shown to be just the same as in General Relativity. The derivation of Newton's law in covariant unimodular $F(R)$ gravity shows that it is modified precisely in the same way as in the ordinary $F(R)$ theory. We also demonstrate th…
The problem of the cosmological constant appears in a new light in Unimodular Gravity. In particular, the zero momentum piece of the potential (that is, the constant piece independent of the matter fields) does not automatically produce a cosmological constant proportional to it. The aim of this paper is to give some details on a calculation showing that quantum corrections do not renormalize the classical value of this observable.
Henneaux-Teitelboim Form of the Generalized Unimodular Gravity Action
本研究将Henneaux-Teitelboim方法推广到广义幺模引力，纳入时间重参数化以增强规范结构、揭示隐藏的空间非定域性，分析了其动力学与约束结构，指出其引力规范对称性扩展方式类似幺模引力，但作用量不具备完全微分同胚不变性。
This paper is dedicated to the study of interactions between stationary field sources for the linearized unimodular gravity or WTDIFF theory in a model which exhibits Lorentz symmetry breaking due to the presence of the linearized topological Chern-Simons term in $3 + 1$ dimensions, where the Lorentz symmetry breaking is caused by a single background vector $v^μ$. Since the background vector is very tiny, we treat it perturbatively up to second order and we focus on physical phenomena which have no counterpart in standard WTDIFF theory. We consider effects related to field sources describing p…
Physical charges versus conformal invariance in unimodular gravity
本文研究幺模引力的一种表述，通过无约束度规模构造幺模度规以诱导额外外尔对称性，分析该对称性对守恒流的物理影响，并以史瓦西时空的Painlevé-Gullstrand延拓为例验证结果。
It is a well known result that any formulation of unimodular gravity is classically equivalent to General Relativity (GR), however a debate exists in the literature about this equivalence at the quantum level. In this work, we investigate the UV quantum structure of a diffeomorphism invariant formulation of unimodular gravity using functional renormalisation group methods in a Wilsonian context. We show that the effective action of the unimodular theory acquires essentially the same form with that of GR in the UV, as well as that both theories share similar UV completions within the framework …
We study Weyl symmetry (local conformal symmetry) in unimodular gravity. It is shown that the Noether currents for both Weyl symmetry and global scale symmetry, identically vanish as in the conformally invariant scalar-tensor gravity. We clearly explain why in the class of conformally invariant gravitational theories, the Noether currents vanish by starting with the conformally invariant scalar-tensor gravity. Moreover, we comment on both classical and quantum-mechanical equivalences among Einstein's general relativity, the conformally invariant scalar-tensor gravity and the Weyl-transverse (W…
We investigate path integral quantization of two versions of unimodular gravity. First a fully diffeomorphism-invariant theory is analyzed, which does not include a unimodular condition on the metric, while still being equivalent to other unimodular gravity theories at the classical level. The path integral has the same form as in general relativity (GR), except that the cosmological constant is an unspecified value of a variable, and it thus is unrelated to any coupling constant. When the state of the universe is a superposition of vacuum states, the path integral is extended to include an in…
Unimodular gravity with external sources
在幺模理论中，唯一允许的引力场的源，在保面积（横）同态和外尔变换下不变，只是能量-动量张量的无迹部分。尽管如此，由任意源（不仅是静态源）产生的自由能与广义相对论所预言的自由能是相同的。这包括所有弱场引力试验。
Canonical analysis of unimodular Plebański gravity
本文在 Plebański 形式体系下对固定体积形式与参数化两类幺模引力作正则分析，阐明约束结构、宇宙学常数的动力学性质及实性条件。
Unimodular Gravity is normally assumed to be equivalent to General Relativity for all matters but the character of the Cosmological Constant. Here we discuss this equivalence in the presence of a non-minimally coupled scalar field. We show that when we consider gravitation to be dynamical in a QFT sense, quantum corrections can distinguish both theories if the non-minimal coupling is non-vanishing. In order to show this, we construct a path integral formulation of Unimodular Gravity, fixing the complicated gauge invariance of the theory and computing all one-loop divergences. We find a combina…
We formally prove the existence of a quantization procedure that makes the path integral of a general diffeomorphism-invariant theory of gravity, with fixed total spacetime volume, equivalent to that of its unimodular version. This is achieved by means of a partial gauge fixing of diffeomorphisms together with a careful definition of the unimodular measure. The statement holds also in the presence of matter. As an explicit example, we consider scalar-tensor theories and compute the corresponding logarithmic divergences in both settings. In spite of significant differences in the coupling of th…
Unimodular Cosmological Space-times
本文研究了单模引力理论的一些宇宙学解。这些解在适当的坐标系下总是可以映射到爱因斯坦的广义相对论的解。然而，常数标量势不受引力作用。指出了一些物理后果。
Witten diagrams in momentum space and one graviton exchange between scalars in Weyl invariant unimodular gravity
本文正面计算了动量空间中Weyl不变单模引力标量间交换引力子的s道Witten图，证明其值与广义相对论相同，并用Mandelstam变量给出了紧凑表达式。
We combine the unimodular gravity and mimetic gravity theories into a unified theoretical framework, which is proposed to provide a suggestive proposal for a framework that may assist in the discussion and solution search of the cosmological constant problem and of the dark matter issue. After providing the formulation of the unimodular mimetic gravity and investigating all the new features that the vacuum unimodular gravity implies, by using the underlying reconstruction method, we realize some well known cosmological evolutions, with some of these being exotic for the ordinary Einstein-Hilbe…
We consider modifications of general relativity characterized by a special noncovariant constraint on metric coefficients, which effectively generates a perfect-fluid type of matter stress tensor in Einstein equations. Such class of modified gravity models includes recently suggested generalized unimodular gravity (GUMG) theory and its simplest version -- unimodular gravity (UMG). We make these gravity models covariant by introducing four Stueckelberg fields and show that in the case of generalized unimodular gravity three out of these fields dynamically decouple. This means that the covariant…
We revisit the problem of constraining the weak field limit of the gravitational lagrangian from S-matrix properties. From unitarity and Lorentz invariance of the S-matrix of massless gravitons, we derive on-shell gauge invariance to consist on the transverse part of the linearised diffeomorphisms group. Moreover, by looking to the interaction between sources, we conclude that there exist only two possible lagrangians that lead to a well-defined covariant interaction, corresponding to the weak field limits of General Relativity and Unimodular Gravity. Additionally, this result confirms the equ…
Cosmological Perturbations in Unimodular Gravity
本文在单模引力框架下研究了宇宙学扰动理论。我们表明，拉格朗日约束的行列式的度量所需的么模引力导致一个额外的约束规范自由度的度量扰动。虽然引力势的主要运动方程保持不变，但在广义相对论中作为规范伪影的位移变量在单模引力中不能被设置为零。这个非零的位移变量影响了整个宇宙演化过程中光子的传播，因此修改了相对论引力势和微波温度各向异性之间的萨克斯-沃尔夫关系。然而，对于绝热涨落，广义相对论和么模引力的结果之间的差异在大的角尺度上被抑制了。因此，不能推导出对理论的强约束。
Unimodular JT gravity and de Sitter quantum cosmology
本文通过JT引力等距群的中心扩张构造HT单模引力，在二维迷你超空间中导出类薛定谔的Wheeler-DeWitt方程，给出幺正量子宇宙学，并利用Page-Wootters表述研究单模时间与引力的量子关联。
Black hole singularity resolution in unimodular gravity from unitarity
本文通过要求幺模引力自然时间坐标下的幺正性，研究平面AdS黑洞内部的量子动力学，发现经典奇点与视界被高度量子区域取代，并论证幺模时间幺正性普遍导致黑洞奇点消解。
Unimodular Quadratic Gravity and the Cosmological Constant
本文将幺模约束施加于非微扰、背景无关的量子二次引力，证明其会改变部分暴胀量子可观测量，并提出由单次大爆炸中不同时代构成的多重宇宙以人择解释暗能量尺度。
This paper explains the Unimodular gauge fixing of gravity and supergravity in the framework of a perturbative BRST construction. The unphysical sector contains additional BRST-exact quartets to suppress possible ambiguities and impose both the Unimodular gauge fixing condition on the metric and a gauge condition for the reparametrization symmetry of the unimodular part of the metric. The Unimodular gauge choice of the metric must be completed by a $γ$-Traceless gauge condition for the Rarita--Schwinger field in the case of supergravity. This gives an interesting new class of gauges for gravit…
Unimodular gravity is an interesting approach to address the cosmological constant problem, since the vacuum energy density of quantum fields does not gravitate in this framework, and the cosmological constant appears as an integration constant. These features arise as a consequence of considering a constrained volume element 4-form that breaks the diffeomorphisms invariance down to volume preserving diffeomorphisms. In this work, the first-order formulation of unimodular gravity is presented by considering the spin density of matter fields as a source of spacetime torsion. Even though the mos…
Scale invariance, unimodular gravity and dark energy
我们证明了么模引力、尺度不变性和完全无质量的引力子的存在的思想的结合导致了目前观测所支持的宇宙的演化：过去的膨胀，随后是辐射和物质主导的阶段和目前的加速膨胀。这类理论中的所有质量尺度都来自同一个来源。
Hamiltonian formulation of unimodular gravity in the teleparallel geometry
在广义相对论的远程平行等价的背景下，我们建立了引力的单模理论的哈密顿公式。在这里，我们不进行通常的$3+1$分解的领域的数量方面的推移和移位功能，在ADM形式主义。相应的拉格朗日乘子是四元组场的类时分量。动力学由哈密顿约束${\cal H}'_0$和一组主要约束确定。约束是第一类的，满足一个类似于庞加莱群代数的代数。
Unimodular boundary time for Regge calculus
本文利用欧几里得 Regge 微积分离散化 Henneaux-Teitelboim 引力，在对称性约化的宇宙学模型中验证了连续极限可用单模时间定义，为量子引力的离散路径积分表述迈出第一步。
We discuss unimodular gravity at a classical level, and in terms of its extension into the UV through an appropriate path integral representation. Classically, unimodular gravity is simply a gauge fixed version of General Relativity (GR), and as such it yields identical dynamics and physical predictions. We clarify this and explain why there is no sense in which it can "bring a new perspective" to the cosmological constant problem. The quantum equivalence between unimodular gravity and GR is more of a subtle question, but we present an argument that suggests one can always maintain the equival…
We work out the one-loop and order $κ^2 m_ϕ^2$ UV divergent contributions, coming from Unimodular Gravity and General Relativity, to the S matrix element of the scattering process $ϕ+ ϕ\rightarrow ϕ+ ϕ$ in a $λϕ^4$ theory with mass $m_ϕ$. We show that both Unimodular Gravity and General Relativity give rise to the same UV divergent contributions in Dimension Regularization. This seems to be at odds with the known result that in a multiplicative MS dimensional regularization scheme the General Relativity corrections, in the de Donder gauge, to the beta function $β_λ$ of the $λ$ coupling do not …
In this paper we investigate how to realize various quite well known cosmological bouncing models in the context of the recently developed unimodular $F(R)$ gravity. Particularly, we shall study the matter bounce scenario, the singular bounce, the superbounce and a symmetric bounce scenario. We present the behavior of the Hubble radius for each of the bouncing models we shall take into account and we investigate which era of the bouncing model is responsible for the cosmological perturbations. As we shall demonstrate, the various bouncing models do not behave in the same way, so the cosmologic…
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