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arXiv 1409.3572astro-ph.GAastro-ph.CO
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原子冷却晕中大质量原恒星的形成

Formation of massive protostars in atomic cooling haloes

Fernando Becerra, Thomas H. Greif, Volker Springel, Lars Hernquist

摘要:

我们提出了迄今为止最高分辨率的三维模拟早期宇宙中原子冷却晕的坍缩。我们使用移动网格代码arepo和Greif(2014)中引入的原始化学模块,该模块将化学和热速率方程演化为超过20个数量级的密度。分子氢冷却被强烈的莱曼-沃纳背景抑制,这促进了气体在大约$10^4\,$ K的温度下的近等温塌缩。一旦中心的气体云变得光学厚度连续发射,它就会在主原恒星周围形成开普勒圆盘。原恒星的初始质量约为$0.1\,{\rm M}_\odot$,比通过氢分子冷却的迷你晕高出一个数量级。气体的高吸积率和有效冷却催化了盘的碎裂,形成一个5-10个成员的小型原恒星系统。大约12年后,强大的引力相互作用破坏了圆盘,并暂时将原恒星从云的中心弹射出来。在模拟结束时,次级聚集体在距离初级聚集体$\simeq 150\,$ au的距离处塌陷。如果这个团经历了与第一个团相似的演化,中心的气体云可能会演化成一个宽的双星系统。初级和次级团块的高吸积率表明,碎片化并不是形成至少一个大质量黑洞种子的重要障碍。

英文摘要:

We present the highest-resolution three-dimensional simulation to date of the collapse of an atomic cooling halo in the early Universe. We use the moving-mesh code arepo with the primordial chemistry module introduced in Greif (2014), which evolves the chemical and thermal rate equations for over more than 20 orders of magnitude in density. Molecular hydrogen cooling is suppressed by a strong Lyman-Werner background, which facilitates the near-isothermal collapse of the gas at a temperature of about $10^4\,$K. Once the central gas cloud becomes optically thick to continuum emission, it settles into a Keplerian disc around the primary protostar. The initial mass of the protostar is about $0.1\,{\rm M}_\odot$, which is an order of magnitude higher than in minihaloes that cool via molecular hydrogen. The high accretion rate and efficient cooling of the gas catalyse the fragmentation of the disc into a small protostellar system with 5-10 members. After about 12 yr, strong gravitational interactions disrupt the disc and temporarily eject the primary protostar from the centre of the cloud. By the end of the simulation, a secondary clump has collapsed at a distance of $\simeq 150\,$au from the primary clump. If this clump undergoes a similar evolution as the first, the central gas cloud may evolve into a wide binary system. High accretion rates of both the primary and secondary clumps suggest that fragmentation is not a significant barrier for forming at least one massive black hole seed.

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