Yoichi Nakata
We propose a recursive representation of solutions to an ultradiscrete analogue of the discrete KP hierarchy, which is the master equation of discrete soliton equations. We also propose a class of solutions which can be used to start the recursion. Finally, as an application, we discuss the compatibility condition of ultradiscrete soliton equations.
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This Letter presents a reduction of the lattice modified Korteweg-de-Vries equation that gives rise to a $q$-analogue of the sixth Painlevé equation. This new approach allows us to give the first ultradiscrete Lax representation of an ultradiscrete analogue of the sixth Painlevé equation.
A nonautonomous version of the ultradiscrete hungry Toda lattice with a finite lattice boundary condition is derived by applying reduction and ultradiscretization to a nonautonomous two-dimensional discrete Toda lattice. It is shown that the derived ultradiscrete system has a direct connection to the box-ball system with many kinds of balls and finite carrier capacity. Particular solutions to the ultradiscrete system are constructed by using the theory of some sort of discrete biorthogonal polynomials.
We apply the direct method of obtaining reductions to the Toda hierarchy of equations. The resulting equations form a hierarchy of ordinary differential difference equations, also known as delay-differential equations. Such a hierarchy appears to be the first of its kind in the literature. All possible reductions, under certain assumptions, are obtained. The Lax pair associated to this reduced hierarchy is obtained.
We study Manakov-Santini equation, starting from Lax-Sato form of associated hierarchy. The waterbag reduction for Manakov-Santini hierarchy is introduced. Equations of reduced hierarchy are derived.We construct new coordinates transforming non-hydrodynamic evolution of waterbag reduction to non-homogeneous Riemann invariants form of hydrodynamic type.
Scaling symmetry of gl_n-type Drinfel'd-Sokolov hierarchy is investigated. Applying similarity reduction to the hierarchy, one can obtain the Schlesinger equation with (n+1) regular singularities. Especially in the case of n=3, the hierarchy contains the three-wave resonant system and the similarity reduction gives the generic case of the Painleve VI equation. We also discuss Weyl group symmetry of the hierarchy.
The diagonal hydrodynamic reductions of a hierarchy of integrable hydrodynamic chains are explicitly characterized. Their compatibility with previously introduced reductions of differential type is analyzed and their associated class of hodograph solutions is discussed.
Using Lax-Sato formulation of Manakov-Santini hierarchy, we introduce a class of reductions, such that zero order reduction of this class corresponds to dKP hierarchy, and the first order reduction gives the hierarchy associated with the interpolating system introduced by Dunajski. We present Lax-Sato form of reduced hierarchy for the interpolating system and also for the reduction of arbitrary order. Similar to dKP hierarchy, Lax-Sato equations for $L$ (Lax fuction) due to the reduction split from Lax-Sato equations for $M$ (Orlov function), and the reduced hierarchy for arbitrary order of re…
We study finite-dimensional reductions of the dispersionless 2D Toda hierarchy showing that the consistency conditions for such reductions are given by a system of radial Loewner equations. We then construct their Hamiltonian structures, following an approach proposed by Ferapontov.
Integrable dispersionless Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) hierarchy of B type is considered. Addition formula for the $τ$-function and conformally invariant equations for the dispersionless BKP (dBKP) hierarchy are derived. Symmetry constraints for the dBKP hierarchy are studied.
In this letter we propose an approach to obtain solutions for the nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger hierarchy from the known ones of the Ablowitz-Kaup-Newell-Segur hierarchy by reduction. These solutions are presented in terms of double Wronskian and some of them are new.The approach is general and can be used for other systems with double Wronskian solutions which admit local and nonlocal reductions.
We investigate the reductions of dispersionless Harry Dym hierarchy to systems of finitely many partial differential equations. These equations must satisfy the compatibility condition and they are diagonalizable and semi-Hamiltonian. By imposing a further constraint, the compatibility is reduced to a system of algebraic equations, whose solutions are described.
Trigonometric non-isospectral flows are defined for KP hierarchy. It is demonstrated that symmetry constraints of KP hierarchy associated with these flows give rise to trigonometric Calogero-Moser system.
Integrable mixed models have been used as a generalization of traditional integrable models. However, a map from a traditional integrable model to a mixed integrable model is not well understood yet. Here, it is studied the relation between the mKdV-Liouville hierarchy and the mKdV hierarchy by employing an extended version of the modified truncation approach. This paper shows some solutions for the mKdV-Liouville hierarchy constructed from the soliton solutions of the mKdV hierarchy. The last section deals with the possibility of define new transcendental functions from the self-similarity re…
On an equation arising by reduction of the Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchy
该研究证明Drinfeld-Sokolov层级约化得到的七阶常微分方程等价于Sawada-Kotera层级方程的相似约化，并揭示其与Cosgrove提出的F-VI四阶常微分方程的关联，为高阶Painlevé函数研究提供新线索。
We interpret the recently suggested extended discrete KP (Toda lattice) hierarchy from a geometrical point of view. We show that the latter corresponds to the union of invariant submanifolds $S_0^n$ of the system which is a chain of infinitely many copies of Darboux-KP hierarchy, while the intersections $S_0^n\cap S_{l-1}^{ln-r}$ yields a number of reductions to $l$-field lattices.
We consider the equations $u_{yy} = u_y u_{xx} - (u_x + u)u_{xy} + u_x u_y$ and $u_{yy} = (u_x + x)u_{xy} - (u_{xx} + 2)u_y$ that arise as reductions of the universal hierarchy and rdDym equations, respectively, and describe the Lie algebras of nonlocal symmetries in infinite-dimensional coverings naturally associated to these equations.
A hierarchy of infinite-dimensional systems of hydrodynamic type is considered and a general scheme for classifying its reductions is provided. Wide families of integrable systems including, in particular, those associated with energy-dependent spectral problems of Schr\" odinger type, are characterized as reductions of this hierarchy. $N$-phase type reductions and their corresponding Dubrovin equations are analyzed. A symmetry transformation connecting different classes of reductions is formulated.
This paper is dedicated to provide theta function representations of algebro-geometric solutions for the Fokas-Lenells (FL) hierarchy through studying an algebro-geometric initial value problem. Further, we reduce these solutions into $N$-dark solutions through the degeneration of associated Riemann surfaces.
Reduction properties of the KP-mKP hierarchy
本文研究 KP-mKP 梯队的 $(n,m)$-约化及其向扩展 $r$-约化 KP 梯队的约化，并由 mKP 的 Hirota 方程导出后者方程，证实 Alexandrov 关于开放 KdV 梯队的猜想。
Based on the Lax compatibility, the negative-order coupled Harry--Dym (ncHD) hierarchy depending upon one parameter $α$ is retrieved in the Lenard scheme, which includes the two-component Camassa--Holm (2CH) equation as a special member with $α=-\frac14$. By using a symmetric constraint, it is found that only in the case of $α>1$ the ncHD hierarchy can be reduced to a family of backward Neumann type systems by separating the temporal and spatial variables on the tangent bundle of a unit sphere. The resultant backward Neumann type systems are proved to be completely integrable in the Liouville …
A q-analogue of the gl_3 Drinfel'd-Sokolov hierarchy is proposed as a reduction of the q-KP hierarchy. Applying a similarity reduction and a q-Laplace transformation to the hierarchy, one can obtain the q-Painleve VI equation proposed by Jimbo and Sakai.
We first construct a $(2+1)$-dimensional negative AKNS hierarchy and then we give all possible local and (discrete) nonlocal reductions of these equations. We find Hirota bilinear forms of the negative AKNS hierarchy and give one- and two-soliton solutions. By using the soliton solutions of the negative AKNS hierarchy we find one-soliton solutions of the local and nonlocal reduced equations.
We first show that the quasiclassical limit of the squared eigenfunction symmetry constraint of the Sato operator for the mKP hierarchy leads to a reduction of the Sato function for the dispersionless mKP hierarchy. The constrained dispersionless mKP hierarchy (cdmKPH) is obtained and it is shown that the (2+1)-dimensional dispersionless mKP hierarchy is decomposed to two (1+1)-dimensional hierarchies of hydrodynamical type. The dispersionless mKP hierarchy with self-consistent sources (dmKPHSCS) together with its associated conservation equations are also constructed. Some solutions of dmKPES…
We construct a new multi-component CKP hierarchy based on the eigenfunction symmetry reduction. It contains two types of CKP equation with self-consistent sources which Lax representations are presented. Also it admits reductions to $k$-constrained CKP hierarchy and to a (1+1)-dimensional soliton hierarchy with self-consistent source, which include two types of Kaup-Kuperschmidt equation with self-consistent sources and of bi-directional Kaup-Kuperschmidt equation with self-consistent sources.
In this paper we apply the formal Inverse Spectral Transform for integrable dispersionless PDEs arising from the commutation condition of pairs of one-parameter families of vector fields, recently developed by S. V. Manakov and one of the authors, to one distinguished class of equations, the so-called Dunajski hierarchy. We concentrate, for concreteness, i) on the system of PDEs characterizing a general anti-self-dual conformal structure in neutral signature, ii) on its first commuting flow, and iii) on some of their basic and novel reductions. We formally solve their Cauchy problem and we use…
In this paper, the semi-discrete Ablowitz-Kaup-Newell-Segur (AKNS) hierarchy is shown in spirit composed by the Ablowitz-Ladik flows under certain combinations. Furthermore, we derive its explicit Lax pairs and infinitely many conservation laws, which are non-trivial in light of continuum limit. Reductions of the semi-discrete AKNS hierarchy are investigated to include the semi-discrete Korteweg-de Vries (KdV), the semi-discrete modified KdV, and the semi-discrete nonlinear Schrödinger hierarchies as its special cases. Finally, under the uniform continuum limit we introduce in the paper, the a…
A cellular automaton that is a generalization of the box-ball system with either many kinds of balls or finite carrier capacity is proposed and studied through two discrete integrable systems: nonautonomous discrete KP lattice and nonautonomous discrete two-dimensional Toda lattice. Applying reduction technique and ultradiscretization procedure to these discrete systems, we derive two types of time evolution equations of the proposed cellular automaton, and particular solutions to the ultradiscrete equations.
Second heavenly equation hierarchy is considered using the framework of hyper-Kähler hierarchy developed by Takasaki. Generating equations for the hierarchy are introduced, they are used to construct generating equations for reduced hierarchies. General $N$-reductions, logarithmic reduction and rational reduction for one of the Lax-Sato functions are discussed. It is demonstrated that rational reduction is equivalent to the symmetry constraint.
In this paper, we present a new hierarchy which includes the intermediate long wave (ILW) equation at the lowest order. This hierarchy is thought to be a novel reduction of the 1st modified KP type hierarchy. The framework of our investigation is Sato theory.
We transfer the scheme for constructing differential reductions recently developed for the Manakov-Santini hierarchy to the case of the two-component generalization of dispersionless 2DTL hierarchy. We demonstrate that the equation arising as a result of the simplest reduction is equivalent (up to a Legendre type transformation) to the Dunajski-Tod equation, locally describing general ASD vacuum metric with conformal symmetry. We consider higher reductions and corresponding reduced hierarchies also.
We firstly propose two kinds of new multi-component BKP (mcBKP) hierarchy based on the eigenfunction symmetry reduction and nonstandard reduction, respectively. The first one contains two types of BKP equation with self-consistent sources which Lax representations are presented. The two mcBKP hierarchies both admit reductions to the $k-$constrained BKP hierarchy and to integrable (1+1)-dimensional hierarchy with self-consistent sources, which include two types of SK equation with self-consistent sources and of bi-directional SK equations with self-consistent sources.
We investigate self-similar solutions of the extended discrete KP hierarchy. It is shown that corresponding ansatzes lead to purely discrete equations with dependence on some number of parameters together with equations governing deformations with respect to these parameters. Some examples are provided. In particular, it is shown that the well known discrete first Painleve equation (dPI) and its hierarchy arises as self-similar reduction of Volterra lattice hierarchy which in turn can be treated as a reduction of the extended discrete KP hierarchy. It is written down equations which naturally …
The first example of the so-called "coupled" integrable hydrodynamic chain is presented. Infinitely many commuting flows are derived. Compatibility conditions of the first two of them lead to the remarkable Manakov--Santini system. Integrability of this four component three dimensional quasilinear system of the first order as well as the coupled hydrodynamic chain is proved by the method of hydrodynamic reductions. In comparision with a general case considered by E.V. Ferapontov and K.R. Khusnutdinova, in this degenerate case N component hydrodynamic reductions are parameterized by N+M arbitra…
In the paper possible local and nonlocal reductions of the Ablowitz-Kaup-Newell-Suger (AKNS) hierarchy are collected, including the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) hierarchy, modified KdV hierarchy and their nonlocal versions, nonlinear Schrödinger hierarchy and their nonlocal versions, sine-Gordon equation in nonpotential form and its nonlocal forms. A reduction technique for solutions is employed, by which exact solutions in double Wronskian form are obtained for these reduced equations from those double Wronskian solutions of the AKNS hierarchy. As examples of dynamics we illustrate new interaction…
We consider a 3$\times$3 spectral problem which generates four-component CH type systems. The bi-Hamiltonian structure and infinitely many conserved quantities are constructed for the associated hierarchy. Some possible reductions are also studied.
A method is proposed to construct a new extended KP hierarchy, which includes two types of KP equation with self-consistent sources and admits reductions to k-constrained KP hierarchy and to Gelfand-Dickey hierarchy with sources. It provides a general way to construct soliton equations with sources and their Lax representations.
The use of effective Darboux transformations for general classes Lax pairs is discussed. The general construction of ``binary'' Darboux transformations preserving certain properties of the operator, such as self-adjointness, is given. The classes of Darboux transformations found include the multicomponent BKP and CKP reductions of the KP hierarchy.
A dressing scheme applicable to Dunajski equation is developed. Simple example of constructing solutions in terms of implicit functions is considered. Dunajski equation hierarchy is described, its Lax-Sato form is presented. Dunajsky equation hierarchy is characterised by conservation of three-dimensional volume form, in which a spectral variable is taken into account. Some reductions of Dunajsky equation hierarchy, including waterbag-type reduction, are studied.
We construct a certain reduction of the 2D Toda hierarchy and obtain a tau-symmetric Hamiltonian integrable hierarchy. This reduced integrable hierarchy controls the linear Hodge integrals in the way that one part of its flows yields the intermediate long wave hierarchy, and the remaining flows coincide with a certain limit of the flows of the fractional Volterra hierarchy which controls the special cubic Hodge integrals.
We study a similarity reduction of the modified Yajima-Oikawa hierarchy. The hierarchy is associated with a non-standard Heisenberg subalgebra in the affine Lie algebra of type A_2^{(1)}. The system of equations for self-similar solutions is presented as a Hamiltonian system of degree of freedom two, and admits a group of Bäcklund transformations isomorphic to the affine Weyl group of type A_2^{(1)}. We show that the system is equivalent to a two-parameter family of the fifth Painlevé equation.
The generalized Drinfel'd-Sokolov hierarchies studied by de Groot-Hollowood-Miramontes are extended from the viewpoint of Sato-Wilson dressing method. In the A_1^(1) case, we obtain the hierarchy that include the derivative nonlinear Schrödinger equation. We give two types of affine Weyl group symmetry of the hierarchy based on the Gauss decomposition of the A_1^(1) affine Lie group. The fourth Painlevé equation and their Weyl group symmetry are obtained as a similarity reduction. We also clarify the connection between these systems and monodromy preserving deformations.
Based on the notion of Darboux-KP chain hierarchy and its invariant submanifolds we construct some class of constraints compatible with integrable lattices. Some simple examples are given.
We introduce a class of reductions of the two-component KP hierarchy, which includes the Hirota-Ohta system hierarchy. The description of the reduced hierarchies is based on the Hirota bilinear identity and an extra bilinear relation characterising the reduction. We derive the reduction conditions in terms of the Lax operator and higher linear operators of the hierarchy, as well as in terms of the basic two-component KP system of equations.
Additional reductions in the modified k-constrained KP hierarchy are proposed. As a result we obtain generalizations of Kaup-Broer system, Korteweg-de Vries equation and a modification of Korteweg-de Vries equation that belongs to modified k-constrained KP hierarchy. We also propose solution generating technique based on binary Darboux transformations for the obtained equations.
In this paper, we construct the multicomponent modified KP hierarchy and its additional symmetries. The additional symmetries constitute an interesting multi-folds quantum torus type Lie algebra. By a reduction, we also construct the constrained multicomponent modified KP hierarchy and its Virasoro type additional symmetries.
As a generalization of the integrable extended Toda hierarchy and a reduction of the extended multicomponent Toda hierarchy, from the point of a commutative subalgebra of $gl(2,\mathbb{C})$, we construct a strongly coupled extended Toda hierarchy(SCETH) which will be proved to possess a Virasoro type additional symmetry by acting on its tau-function. Further we give the multi-fold Darboux transformations of the strongly coupled extended Toda hierarchy.
A new (γ_n,σ_k)-KP hierarchy with two new time series γ_n and σ_k, which consists of γ_n-flow, σ_k-flow and mixed γ_n and σ_k evolution equations of eigenfunctions, is proposed. Two reductions and constrained flows of (γ_n,σ_k)-KP hierarchy are studied. The dressing method is generalized to the (γ_n,σ_k)-KP hierarchy and some solutions are presented.
Poisson structures for a similarity reduction of the Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchy of type $A$
本文研究A型Drinfeld-Sokolov层次的相似约化，将其表示为两类哈密顿系统，还探讨了该相似约化与等单值形变系统的联系。
For the first time we show that the quasiclassical limit of the symmetry constraint of the KP hierarchy leads to the generalized Zakharov reduction of the dispersionless KP (dKP) hierarchy which has been proved to be result of symmetry constraint of the dKP hierarchy recently. By either regarding the constrained dKP hierarchy as its stationary case or taking the dispersionless limit of the KP hierarchy with self-consistent sources directly, we construct a new integrable dispersionless hierarchy, i.e., the dKP hierarchy with self-consistent sources and find its associated conservation equations…
We represent an algorithm allowing one to construct new classes of partially integrable multidimensional nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) starting with the special type of solutions to the (1+1)-dimensional hierarchy of nonlinear PDEs linearizable by the matrix Hopf-Cole substitution (the Bürgers hierarchy). We derive examples of four-dimensional nonlinear matrix PDEs together with they scalar and three-dimensional reductions. Variants of the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili type and Korteweg-de Vries type equations are represented among them. Our algorithm is based on the combination of …
We discuss the Boussinesq system with $t_5$ stationary, within a general framework for the analysis of stationary flows of n-Gel'fand-Dickey hierarchies. We show how a careful use of its bihamiltonian structure can be used to provide a set of separation coordinates for the corresponding Hamilton--Jacobi equations.
The dispersionless KP hierarchy is considered from the point of view of the twistor formalism. A set of explicit additional symmetries is characterized and its action on the solutions of the twistor equations is studied. A method for dealing with the twistor equations by taking advantage of hodograph type equations is proposed. This method is applied for determining the orbits of solutions satisfying reduction constraints of Gelfand--Dikii type under the action of additional symmetries.
We use the method of Darboux coverings to discuss the invariant submanifolds of the KP equations, presented as conservation laws in the space of monic Laurent series in the spectral parameter (the space of the Hamiltonian densities). We identify a special class of these submanifolds with the rational invariant submanifolds entering matrix models of $2D$--gravity, recently characterized by Dickey and Krichever. Four examples of the general procedure are provided.
We consider multi-variable reductions of the dispersionless DKP hierarchy (the dispersionless limit of the Pfaff lattice) in the elliptic parametrization. The reduction is given by a system of elliptic Löwner equations supplemented by a system of partial differential equations of hydrodynamic type. The compatibility conditions for the elliptic Löwner equations are derived. They are elliptic analogues of the Gibbons-Tsarev equations. We prove solvability of the hydrodynamic type system by means of the generalized hodograph method. The associated diagonal metric is proved to be of the Egorov typ…
A wide class of N=2 reductions of the supersymmetric KP hierarchy in N=1 superspace is described. This class includes a new N=2 supersymmetric generalization of the Toda chain hierarchy. The Lax pair representations of the bosonic and fermionic flows, local and nonlocal Hamiltonians, finite and infinite discrete symmetries, first two Hamiltonian structures and the recursion operator of this hierarchy are constructed. Its secondary reduction to new N=2 supersymmetric modified KdV hierarchy is discussed.
There are well-known constructions of integrable systems which are chains of infinitely many copies of the equations of the KP hierarchy ``glued'' together with some additional variables, e.g., the modified KP hierarchy. Another interpretation of the latter, in terms of infinite matrices, is called the 1-Toda lattice hierarchy. One way infinite reduction of this hierarchy has all solutions in the form of sequences of expanding Wronskians. We define another chain of the KP equations, also with solutions of the Wronsksian type, which is characterized by the property to stabilize with respect to …
This paper studies Manin-Radul supersymmetric KP hierarchy (MR-SKP) in three related aspects: (i) We find an infinite set of additional (``ghost'') symmetry flows spanning the same (anti-)commutation algebra as the ordinary MR-SKP flows; (ii) The latter are used to construct consistent reductions of the initial unconstrained MR-SKP hierarchy which involves a nontrivial modification for the fermionic flows; (iii) For the simplest constrained MR-SKP hierarchy we show that the orbit of Darboux-Backlund transformations lies on a supersymmetric Toda lattice being a square-root of the standard one-d…
It is shown that the self-induced transparency equations can be interpreted as a generating function for as positive so negative flows in the AKNS hierarchy. Mutual commutativity of these flows leads to other hierarchies of integrable equations. In particular, it is shown that stimulated Raman scattering equations generate the hierarchy of flows which include the Heisenberg model equations. This observation reveals some new relationships between known integrable equations and permits one to construct their new physically important combinations. Reductions of the AKNS hierarchy to ones with com…
Reductions of N-wave type equations related to simple Lie algebras and the hierarchy of their Hamiltonian structures are studied. The reduction group G_R is realized as a subgroup of the Weyl group of the corresponding algebra. Some of the reduced equations are of physical interest.
Bihamiltonian structure of the $(n,1)$-type rational reductions of the 2D-Toda hierarchy
通过直接计算推导了$(n,1)$型二维Toda层次有理约化的局部双哈密顿结构，并构造了一个具有非平坦单位的$(n+1)$维半单广义Frobenius流形，其主层次包含无色散流。
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