arXiv 1210.63482012-10hep-thgr-qc

黑洞、信息和量子引力的希尔伯特空间

Black Holes, Information, and Hilbert Space for Quantum Gravity

Yasunori Nomura, Jaime Varela, Sean J. Weinberg

备注：: 31 pages, 8 figures; minor revisions
DOI：: 10.1103/PhysRevD.87.084050

摘要：

在保持定域性的量子引力幺正理论的框架内给出了黑洞形成和蒸发的粗粒度描述，而不丢失后期表现为状态宏观性质的信息。最终的图像很大程度上取决于人们选择用来描述该过程的参考系。在一个基于参考系的描述中，参考点在黑洞视界外停留足够长的时间，晚期黑洞状态变成了不同位置和不同自旋的黑洞的叠加，即使后孔是由具有明确定义的经典构型且没有角动量的坍缩物质形成的。关于初始状态的信息被部分地编码在代表宏观上不同的几何形状的项的相对系数-特别是相位中。在另一种描述中，参考点进入黑洞视界的时间较晚，在渐近闵可夫斯基时空中的S-矩阵描述是不适用的，但它仍然允许在包括奇异态的全量子引力希尔伯特空间中的“S-矩阵”描述。不同描述之间的关系由作用于整个希尔伯特空间的酉变换给出，它们通常涉及“遥远”和“下落”描述的叠加。尽管黑洞状态具有内在的量子力学性质，但由经典物理观测者进行的测量与广义相对论所暗示的测量是一致的。特别是，最近考虑的防火墙现象只能发生在指数微调（和内在的量子力学）的初始状态，类似于一个系统中的熵减少的过程与大自由度。

英文摘要：

A coarse-grained description for the formation and evaporation of a black hole is given within the framework of a unitary theory of quantum gravity preserving locality, without dropping the information that manifests as macroscopic properties of the state at late times. The resulting picture depends strongly on the reference frame one chooses to describe the process. In one description based on a reference frame in which the reference point stays outside the black hole horizon for sufficiently long time, a late black hole state becomes a superposition of black holes in different locations and with different spins, even if the back hole is formed from collapsing matter that had a well-defined classical configuration with no angular momentum. The information about the initial state is partly encoded in relative coefficients---especially phases---of the terms representing macroscopically different geometries. In another description in which the reference point enters into the black hole horizon at late times, an S-matrix description in the asymptotically Minkowski spacetime is not applicable, but it sill allows for an "S-matrix" description in the full quantum gravitational Hilbert space including singularity states. Relations between different descriptions are given by unitary transformations acting on the full Hilbert space, and they in general involve superpositions of "distant" and "infalling" descriptions. Despite the intrinsically quantum mechanical nature of the black hole state, measurements performed by a classical physical observer are consistent with those implied by general relativity. In particular, the recently-considered firewall phenomenon can occur only for an exponentially fine-tuned (and intrinsically quantum mechanical) initial state, analogous to an entropy decreasing process in a system with large degrees of freedom.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。

摘要：

英文摘要：

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