Motivated by the work of Anstee, Griggs, and Sali on forbidden submatrices and the extremal sat-function for graphs, we introduce sat-type problems for matrices. Let F be a family of k-row matrices. A matrix M is called F-admissible if M contains no submatrix G\in F (as a row and column permutation of G). A matrix M without repeated columns is F-saturated if M is F-admissible but the addition of any column not present in M violates this property. In this paper we consider the function sat(n,F) which is the minimum number of columns of an F-saturated matrix with n rows. We establish the estimate sat(n,F)=O(n^{k-1}) for any family F of k-row matrices and also compute the sat-function for a few small forbidden matrices.
A graph is K_{2,3}-saturated if it has no subgraph isomorphic to K_{2,3}, but does contain a K_{2,3} after the addition of any new edge. We prove that the minimum number of edges in a K_{2,3}-saturated graph on n >= 5 vertices is sat(n, K_{2,3}) = 2n - 3.
A graph $G$ is $H$-saturated if it contains no copy of $H$ as a subgraph but the addition of any new edge to $G$ creates a copy of $H$. In this paper we are interested in the function sat$_{t}(n,p)$, defined to be the minimum number of edges that a $K_{p}$-saturated graph on $n$ vertices can have if it has minimum degree at least $t$. We prove that sat$_{t}(n,p) = tn - O(1)$, where the limit is taken as $n$ tends to infinity. This confirms a conjecture of Bollobás when $p = 3$. We also present constructions for graphs that give new upper bounds for sat$_{t}(n,p)$ and discuss an analogous probl…
For $n \geq 15$, we prove that the minimum number of triangles in an $n$-vertex $K_4$-saturated graph with minimum degree 4 is exactly $2n-4$, and that there is a unique extremal graph. This is a triangle version of a result of Alon, Erdős, Holzman, and Krivelevich from 1996. Additionally, we show that for any $s > r \geq 3$ and $t \geq 2 (s-2)+1$, there is a $K_s$-saturated $n$-vertex graph with minimum degree $t$ that has $\binom{ s-2}{r-1}2^{r-1} n + c_{s,r,t}$ copies of $K_r$. This shows that unlike the number of edges, the number of $K_r$'s ($r >2$) in a $K_s$-saturated graph is not force…
A graph $G$ is called $H$-saturated if it does not contain any copy of $H$, but for any edge $e$ in the complement of $G$ the graph $G+e$ contains some $H$. The minimum size of an $n$-vertex $H$-saturated graph is denoted by $\sat(n,H)$. We prove $$\sat(n,C_k) = n + n/k + O((n/k^2) + k^2)$$ holds for all $n\geq k\geq 3$, where $C_k$ is a cycle with length $k$. We have a similar result for semi-saturated graphs $$\ssat(n,C_k) = n + n/(2k) + O((n/k^2) + k).$$ We conjecture that our three constructions are optimal.
An $n$-by-$n$ bipartite graph is $H$-saturated if the addition of any missing edge between its two parts creates a new copy of $H$. In 1964, Erdős, Hajnal and Moon made a conjecture on the minimum number of edges in a $K_{s,s}$-saturated bipartite graph. This conjecture was proved independently by Wessel and Bollobás in a more general, but ordered, setting: they showed that the minimum number of edges in a $K_{(s,t)}$-saturated bipartite graph is $n^2-(n-s+1)(n-t+1)$, where $K_{(s,t)}$ is the "ordered" complete bipartite graph with $s$ vertices in the first color class and $t$ vertices in the …
We call a family $\mathcal{F}$ of subsets of $[n]$ $s$-saturated if it contains no $s$ pairwise disjoint sets, and moreover no set can be added to $\mathcal{F}$ while preserving this property (here $[n] = \{1,\ldots,n\}$). More than 40 years ago, Erdős and Kleitman conjectured that an $s$-saturated family of subsets of $[n]$ has size at least $(1 - 2^{-(s-1)})2^n$. It is easy to show that every $s$-saturated family has size at least $\frac{1}{2}\cdot 2^n$, but, as was mentioned by Frankl and Tokushige, even obtaining a slightly better bound of $(1/2 + \varepsilon)2^n$, for some fixed $\varepsi…
The saturation number of a graph $F$, written $\textup{sat}(n,F)$, is the minimum number of edges in an $n$-vertex $F$-saturated graph. One of the earliest results on saturation numbers is due to Erdős, Hajnal, and Moon who determined $\textup{sat}(n,K_r)$ for all $r \geq 3$. Since then, saturation numbers of various graphs and hypergraphs have been studied. Motivated by Alon and Shikhelman's generalized Turán function, Kritschgau et.\ al.\ defined $\textup{sat}(n,H,F)$ to be the minimum number of copies of $H$ in an $n$-vertex $F$-saturated graph. They proved, among other things, that $\textu…
A graph $H^{\prime}$ is $(H, G)$-saturated if it is $G$-free and the addition of any edge of $H$ not in $H^{\prime}$ creates a copy of $G$. The saturation number $sat(H, G)$ is the minimum number of edges in a $(H, G)$-saturated graph. We investigate bounds on the saturation number of trees $T$ in the $n$-dimensional hypercube $Q_n$. We first present a general lower bound on the saturation number based on the minimum degree of non-leaves. From there, we suggest two general methods for constructing $T$-saturated subgraphs of $Q_n$, and prove nontrivial upper bounds for specific types of trees, …
A saturated D-optimal design is a {+1,-1} square matrix of given order with maximal determinant. We search for saturated D-optimal designs of orders 19 and 37, and find that known matrices due to Smith, Cohn, Orrick and Solomon are optimal. For order 19 we find all inequivalent saturated D-optimal designs with maximal determinant, 2^30 x 7^2 x 17, and confirm that the three known designs comprise a complete set. For order 37 we prove that the maximal determinant is 2^39 x 3^36, and find a sample of inequivalent saturated D-optimal designs. Our method is an extension of that used by Orrick to r…
For a class $\mathcal{D}$ of drawings of loopless (multi-)graphs in the plane, a drawing $D \in \mathcal{D}$ is \emph{saturated} when the addition of any edge to $D$ results in $D' \notin \mathcal{D}$ - this is analogous to saturated graphs in a graph class as introduced by Turán (1941) and Erdős, Hajnal, and Moon (1964). We focus on $k$-planar drawings, that is, graphs drawn in the plane where each edge is crossed at most $k$ times, and the classes $\mathcal{D}$ of all $k$-planar drawings obeying a number of restrictions, such as having no crossing incident edges, no pair of edges crossing mo…
We say $G$ is \emph{$(Q_n,Q_m)$-saturated} if it is a maximal $Q_m$-free subgraph of the $n$-dimensional hypercube $Q_n$. A graph, $G$, is said to be $(Q_n,Q_m)$-semi-saturated if it is a subgraph of $Q_n$ and adding any edge forms a new copy of $Q_m$. The minimum number of edges a $(Q_n,Q_m)$-saturated graph (resp. $(Q_n,Q_m)$-semi-saturated graph) can have is denoted by $sat(Q_n,Q_m)$ (resp. $s\text{-}sat(Q_n,Q_m)$). We prove that $ \lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{sat(Q_n,Q_m)}{e(Q_n)}=0$, for fixed $m$, disproving a conjecture of Santolupo that, when $m=2$, this limit is $\frac{1}{4}$. Further, we s…
Given a family of graphs $\mathcal{F}$, a graph $G$ is said to be $\mathcal{F}$-saturated if $G$ does not contain a copy of $F$ as a subgraph for any $F\in\mathcal{F}$ but the addition of any edge $e\notin E(G)$ creates at least one copy of some $F\in\mathcal{F}$ within $G$. The minimum size of an $\mathcal{F}$-saturated graph on $n$ vertices are called the saturation number, denoted by $\sat(n, \mathcal{F})$. Let $\mathcal{C}_{\ge r}$ be the family of cycles of length at least $r$. Ferrara et al. (2012) gave lower and upper bounds of $\sat(n, C_{\ge r})$ and determined the exact values of $\s…
The minimum rank of a simple graph $G$ is defined to be the smallest possible rank over all symmetric real matrices whose $ij$th entry (for $i\neq j$) is nonzero whenever $\{i,j\}$ is an edge in $G$ and is zero otherwise. Minimum rank is a difficult parameter to compute. However, there are now a number of known reduction techniques and bounds that can be programmed on a computer; we have developed a program using the open-source mathematics software Sage to implement several techniques. We have also established several additional strategies for computation of minimum rank. These techniques hav…
A graph is $F$-saturated if it is $F$-free but the addition of any edge creates a copy of $F$. In this paper we study the quantity $\mathrm{sat}(n, H, F)$ which denotes the minimum number of copies of $H$ that an $F$-saturated graph on $n$ vertices may contain. This parameter is a natural saturation analogue of Alon and Shikhelman's generalized Turán problem, and letting $H = K_2$ recovers the well-studied saturation function. We provide a first investigation into this general function focusing on the cases where the host graph is either $K_s$ or $C_k$-saturated. Some representative interestin…
A graph $H$ is $K_s$-saturated if it is a maximal $K_s$-free graph, i.e., $H$ contains no clique on $s$ vertices, but the addition of any missing edge creates one. The minimum number of edges in a $K_s$-saturated graph was determined over 50 years ago by Zykov and independently by Erdős, Hajnal and Moon. In this paper, we study the random analog of this problem: minimizing the number of edges in a maximal $K_s$-free subgraph of the Erdős-Rényi random graph $G(n,p)$. We give asymptotically tight estimates on this minimum, and also provide exact bounds for the related notion of weak saturation i…
Let $Q_d$ denote the hypercube of dimension $d$. Given $d\geq m$, a spanning subgraph $G$ of $Q_d$ is said to be $(Q_d,Q_m)$-saturated if it does not contain $Q_m$ as a subgraph but adding any edge of $E(Q_d)\setminus E(G)$ creates a copy of $Q_m$ in $G$. Answering a question of Johnson and Pinto, we show that for every fixed $m\geq2$ the minimum number of edges in a $(Q_d,Q_m)$-saturated graph is $Θ(2^d)$. We also study weak saturation, which is a form of bootstrap percolation. A spanning subgraph of $Q_d$ is said to be weakly $(Q_d,Q_m)$-saturated if the edges of $E(Q_d)\setminus E(G)$ can b…
Let $R$ and $S$ be two sequences of nonnegative integers in nonincreasing order and with the same sum, and let ${\cal A}(R,S)$ be the class of all $(0,1)$-matrices having row sum $R$ and column sum $S$. For a positive integer $t$, the $t$-term rank of a $(0,1)$-matrix $A$ is defined as the maximum number of $1$'s in $A$ with at most one $1$ in each column, and at most $t$ $1$'s in each row. In this paper, we address conditions for the existence of a matrix in a class ${\cal A}(R,S)$ that realizes all the minimum $t$-term ranks, for $t\geq 1$.
A graph $G$ is $H$-saturated if it contains no $H$ as a subgraph, but does contain $H$ after the addition of any edge in the complement of $G$. The saturation number, $sat (n, H)$, is the minimum number of edges of a graph in the set of all $H$-saturated graphs with order $n$. In this paper, we determine the saturation number $sat (n, P_6 + tP_2)$ for $n \geq 10t/3 + 10$ and characterize the extremal graphs for $n >10t/3 + 20$.
Let $\mathcal{F}$ be a family of $r$-graphs. An $r$-graph $G$ is called $\mathcal{F}$-saturated if it does not contain any members of $\mathcal{F}$ but adding any edge creates a copy of some $r$-graph in $\mathcal{F}$. The saturation number $\operatorname{sat}(\mathcal{F},n)$ is the minimum number of edges in an $\mathcal{F}$-saturated graph on $n$ vertices. We prove that there exists a finite family $\mathcal{F}$ such that $\operatorname{sat}(\mathcal{F},n) / n^{r-1}$ does not tend to a limit. This settles a question of Pikhurko.
A 0-1 matrix $M$ contains another 0-1 matrix $P$ if some submatrix of $M$ can be turned into $P$ by changing any number of $1$-entries to $0$-entries. $M$ is $\mathcal{P}$-saturated where $\mathcal{P}$ is a family of 0-1 matrices if $M$ avoids every element of $\mathcal{P}$ and changing any $0$-entry of $M$ to a $1$-entry introduces a copy of some element of $\mathcal{P}$. The extremal function $\operatorname{ex}(n,\mathcal{P})$ and saturation function $\operatorname{sat}(n,\mathcal{P})$ are the maximum and minimum possible weight of an $n\times n$ $\mathcal{P}$-saturated 0-1 matrix, respectiv…
On the minimum number of eigenvalues of matrices associated with cographs
Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul（南里奥格兰德联邦大学数学与统计学院）；Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University（宾夕法尼亚州立大学计算机科学与工程系）
A sign pattern matrix is a matrix whose entries are from the set $\{+,-,0\}$. If $A$ is an $m\times n$ sign pattern matrix, the qualitative class of $A$, denoted $Q(A)$, is the set of all real $m\times n$ matrices $B=[b_{i,j}]$ with $b_{i,j}$ positive (respectively, negative, zero) if $a_{i,j}$ is + (respectively, $-$, 0). The minimum rank of a sign pattern matrix $A$, denoted $\mr(A)$, is the minimum of the ranks of the real matrices in $Q(A)$. Determination of the minimum rank of a sign pattern matrix is a longstanding open problem. For the case that the sign pattern matrix has a 1-separatio…
The trace norm of a matrix is the sum of its singular values. This paper presents results on the minimum trace norm $ψ_{n}\left( m\right) $ of $\left( 0,1\right) $-matrices of size $n\times n$ with exactly $m$ ones. It is shown that: (1) if $n\geq2$ and $n<m\leq2n,$ then $ψ_{n}\left( m\right) \leq \sqrt{m+\sqrt{2\left( m-1\right) }}$ , with equality if and only if $m$ is a prime; (2) if $n\geq4$ and $2n<m\leq3n,$ then $ψ_{n}\left( m\right) \leq \sqrt{m+2\sqrt{2\left\lfloor m/3\right\rfloor }}$ , with equality if and only if $m$ is a prime or a double of a prime; (3) if $3n<m\leq4n,$ then $ψ_{n…
Let $\mathcal{F}$ be a family of graphs. A graph $G$ is $\mathcal{F}$-saturated if $G$ contains no member of $\mathcal{F}$ as a subgraph but $G+e$ contains some member of $\mathcal{F}$ whenever $e\in E(\overline{G})$. The saturation number and extremal number of $\mathcal{F}$, denoted $sat(n,\mathcal{F})$ and $ex(n,\mathcal{F})$ respectively, are the minimum and maximum numbers of edges among $n$-vertex $\mathcal{F}$-saturated graphs. For $k\in\mathbb{N}$, let $\mathcal{F}_k$ and $\mathcal{F}'_k$ be the families of $k$-connected and $k$-edge-connected graphs, respectively. Wenger proved $sat(n…
A combinatorial rectangle may be viewed as a matrix whose entries are all +-1. The discrepancy of an m by n matrix is the maximum among the absolute values of its m row sums and n column sums. In this paper, we investigate combinatorial rectangles with minimum discrepancy (0 or 1 for each line depending on the parity). Specifically, we get explicit formula for the number of matrices with minimum L^infinity-discrepancy up to 4 rows, and establish the order of magnitude of the number of such matrices with m rows and n columns while m is fixed and n approaches infinity. By considering the number …
Given graphs $H$ and $F$, a subgraph $G\subseteq H$ is an $F$-saturated subgraph of $H$ if $F\nsubseteq G$, but $F\subseteq G+e$ for all $e\in E(H)\setminus E(G)$. The saturation number of $F$ in $H$, denoted $\text{sat}(H,F)$, is the minimum number of edges in an $F$-saturated subgraph of $H$. In this paper we study saturation numbers of tripartite graphs in tripartite graphs. For $\ell\ge 1$ and $n_1$, $n_2$, and $n_3$ sufficiently large, we determine $\text{sat}(K_{n_1,n_2,n_3},K_{\ell,\ell,\ell})$ and $\text{sat}(K_{n_1,n_2,n_3},K_{\ell,\ell,\ell-1})$ exactly and $\text{sat}(K_{n_1,n_2,n_3…
In this paper, we investigate characteristic polynomials of matrices in min-plus algebra. Eigenvalues of min-plus matrices are known to be the minimum roots of the characteristic polynomials based on tropical determinants which are designed from emulating standard determinants. Moreover, minimum roots of characteristic polynomials have a close relationship to graphs associated with min-plus matrices consisting of vertices and directed edges with weights. The literature has yet to focus on the other roots of min-plus characteristic polynomials. Thus, here we consider how to relate the 2nd, 3rd,…
We formulate conjectures regarding the maximum value and maximizing matrices of the permanent and of diagonal products on the set of stochastic matrices with bounded rank. We formulate equivalent conjectures on upper bounds for these functions for nonnegative matrices based on their rank, row sums and column sums. In particular we conjecture that the permanent of a singular nonnegative matrix is bounded by 1/2 times the minimum of the product of its row sums and the product of its column sums, and that the product of the elements of any diagonal of a singular nonnegative matrix is bounded by 1…
Given a poset $P$, a family $F$ of elements in the Boolean lattice is said to be $P$-saturated if (1) $F$ contains no copy of $P$ as a subposet and (2) every proper superset of $F$ contains a copy of $P$ as a subposet. The maximum size of a $P$-saturated family is denoted by $La(n,P)$, which has been studied for a number of choices of $P$. The minimum size of a $P$-saturated family, $sat(n,P)$, was introduced by Gerbner et al. (2013), and parallels the deep literature on the saturation function for graphs. We introduce and study the concept of saturation for induced subposets. As opposed to in…
The eccentricity matrix of a connected graph $G$, denoted by $\mathcal{E}(G)$, is obtained from the distance matrix of $G$ by keeping the largest nonzero entries in each row and each column and leaving zeros in the remaining ones. The eigenvalues of $\mathcal{E}(G)$ are the $\mathcal{E}$-eigenvalues of $G$. The eccentricity energy (or the $\mathcal{E}$-energy) of $G$ is the sum of the absolute values of all $\mathcal{E}$-eigenvalues of $G$. In this article, we determine the unique tree with the minimum second largest $\mathcal{E}$-eigenvalue among all trees on $n$ vertices other than the star.…
For a graph $G$, we associate a family of real symmetric matrices, $S(G)$, where for any $A\in S(G)$, the location of the nonzero off-diagonal entries of $A$ are governed by the adjacency structure of $G$. Let $q(G)$ be the minimum number of distinct eigenvalues over all matrices in $S(G)$. In this work, we give a characterization of all connected threshold graphs $G$ with $q(G)=2$. Moreover, we study the values of $q(G)$ for connected threshold graphs with trace $2$, $3$, $n-2$, $n-3$, where $n$ is the order of threshold graph. The values of $q(G)$ are determined for all connected threshold g…
A graph $G$ is $F$-saturated if it does not contain any copy of $F$, but the addition of any missing edge in $G$ creates at least one copy of $F$. Inspired by work of Alon and Shikhelman regarding a similar question for $F$-free graphs, Kritschgau, Methuku, Tait, and Timmons introduced the parameter of $\text{sat}_H(n,F)$ to denote the minimum number of copies of some subgraph $H$ in an $F$-saturated graph on $n$ vertices. In this paper, we address this generalized saturation problem with special focus on $\text{sat}_{K_r}(n,S_t)$ and $\text{sat}_{S_r}(n,S_t)$ This relates to recent work by Ch…
For a given graph G and an associated class of real symmetric matrices whose off-diagonal entries are governed by the adjacencies in G, the collection of all possible spectra for such matrices is considered. Building on the pioneering work of Colin de Verdiere in connection with the Strong Arnold Property, two extensions are devised that target a better understanding of all possible spectra and their associated multiplicities. These new properties are referred to as the Strong Spectral Property and the Strong Multiplicity Property. Finally, these ideas are applied to the minimum number of dist…
We provide a counterexample to a recent conjecture that the minimum rank of every sign pattern matrix can be realized by a rational matrix. We use one of the equivalences of the conjecture and some results from projective geometry. As a consequence of the counterexample, we show that there is a graph for which the minimum rank over the reals is strictly smaller than the minimum rank over the rationals. We also make some comments on the minimum rank of sign pattern matrices over different subfields of $\mathbb R$.
In this paper we completely characterize the words with second minimum weight in the $p-$ary linear code generated by the rows of the incidence matrix of points and hyperplanes of $PG(n,q)$, with $q=p^h$ and $p$ prime, proving that they are the scalar multiples of the difference of the incidence vectors of two distinct hyperplanes of $PG(n,q)$.
Let $G$ be a fixed graph and let ${\mathcal F}$ be a family of graphs. A subgraph $J$ of $G$ is ${\mathcal F}$-saturated if no member of ${\mathcal F}$ is a subgraph of $J$, but for any edge $e$ in $E(G)-E(J)$, some element of ${\mathcal F}$ is a subgraph of $J+e$. We let $\text{ex}({\mathcal F},G)$ and $\text{sat}({\mathcal F},G)$ denote the maximum and minimum size of an ${\mathcal F}$-saturated subgraph of $G$, respectively. If no element of ${\mathcal F}$ is a subgraph of $G$, then $\text{sat}({\mathcal F},G) = \text{ex}({\mathcal F}, G) = |E(G)|$. In this paper, for $k\ge 3$ and $n\ge 100…
The random matrix uniformly distributed over the set of all m-by-n matrices over a finite field plays an important role in many branches of information theory. In this paper a generalization of this random matrix, called k-good random matrices, is studied. It is shown that a k-good random m-by-n matrix with a distribution of minimum support size is uniformly distributed over a maximum-rank-distance (MRD) code of minimum rank distance min{m,n}-k+1, and vice versa. Further examples of k-good random matrices are derived from homogeneous weights on matrix modules. Several applications of k-good ra…
In this paper, we present a new method for explicitly constructing regular low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes based on $\mathbb{S}_{n}(\mathbb{F}_{q})$, the space of $n\times n$ symmetric matrices over $\mathbb{F}_{q}$. Using this method, we obtain two classes of binary LDPC codes, $\cal{C}(n,q)$ and $\cal{C}^{T}(n,q)$, both of which have grith $8$. Then both the minimum distance and the stopping distance of each class are investigated. It is shown that the minimum distance and the stopping distance of $\cal{C}^{T}(n,q)$ are both $2q$. As for $\cal{C}(n,q)$, we determine the minimum distanc…
The \emph{genus} $\mathrm{g}(G)$ of a graph $G$ is the minimum $g$ such that $G$ has an embedding on the orientable surface $M_g$ of genus $g$. A drawing of a graph on a surface is \emph{independently even} if every pair of nonadjacent edges in the drawing crosses an even number of times. The \emph{$\mathbb{Z}_2$-genus} of a graph $G$, denoted by $\mathrm{g}_0(G)$, is the minimum $g$ such that $G$ has an independently even drawing on $M_g$. By a result of Battle, Harary, Kodama and Youngs from 1962, the graph genus is additive over 2-connected blocks. In 2013, Schaefer and Štefankovič proved t…
We show that computing the minimum rank of a sign pattern matrix is NP hard. Our proof is based on a simple but useful connection between minimum ranks of sign pattern matrices and the stretchability problem for pseudolines arrangements. In fact, our hardness result shows that it is already hard to determine if the minimum rank of a sign pattern matrix is $\leq 3$. We complement this by giving a polynomial time algorithm for determining if a given sign pattern matrix has minimum rank $\leq 2$. Our result answers one of the open problems from Linial et al. [Combinatorica, 27(4):439--463, 2007].
The Hadamard maximal determinant (maxdet) problem is to find the maximum determinant D(n) of a square {+1, -1} matrix of given order n. Such a matrix with maximum determinant is called a saturated D-optimal design. We consider some cases where n > 2 is not divisible by 4, so the Hadamard bound is not attainable, but bounds due to Barba or Ehlich and Wojtas may be attainable. If R is a matrix with maximal (or conjectured maximal) determinant, then G = RR^T is the corresponding Gram matrix. For the cases that we consider, maximal or conjectured maximal Gram matrices are known. We show how to gen…
