We critically reconsider our recent observation of confining string shrinkage in pure glue SU(2) lattice gauge theory near the continuum limit. Using the advanced numerical techniques we argue that imperfect overlap with the string ground state and corresponding ambiguities in T->\infty extrapolation are likely to be the cause of the observed scaling violations. In particular, even in the limit of large Euclidean times the string shrinkage is apparent in torelon correlation function, however, in this case the best relevant overlap we could attain is of order 50%. To the contrary, when the ground state is selected properly the string width scales in physical units being ~0.3 fm for 1 fm long confining string.
In the low temperature confining phase of QCD or QCD-like theories it is challenging to capture the temperature dependence of observables through AdS/CFT. Using the blackfold approach we compute the quark-antiquark linear static potential in the low temperature confining phase, taking into account the thermal excitations of the string. We find the explicit temperature dependence of the string tension and notice that, as naturally expected, tension decreases as temperature increases. We have also generalized the blackfold approach for the computation of the Wilson loops, making it directly appl…
We review the current knowledge about the theoretical foundations of the effective string theory for confining flux tubes and the comparison of the predictions to pure gauge lattice data. A concise presentation of the effective string theory is provided, incorporating recent developments. We summarize the predictions for the spectrum and the profile/width of the flux tube and their comparison to lattice data. The review closes with a short summary of open questions for future research.
The potential due to a system of three static quark (3Q) is studied using SU(3) lattice QCD at finite temperature with Polyakov loops operators. We focused our analysis on the large distance properties of the 3Q potential and found a good fit behavior to the Y-string model formula. In addition to the linearly confining term proportional to the minimal length of the Y-string, we observed that the subleading logarithmic term, which is proportional to Dedekind eta function and accounts for the Y-string's quantum fluctuations, is necessary to reproduce the quark anti-quark string tension of the co…
We discuss thermodynamic properties of open confining strings introduced via static sources in the vacuum of Yang-Mills theory. We derive new sum rules for the chromoelectric and chromomagnetic condensates and use them to show that the presence of the confining string lowers the gluonic pressure in the bulk of the system. The pressure deficit of the gluon plasma is related to the potential energy in the system of heavy quarks and anti-quarks in the plasma.
In this review, after a general introduction to the effective string theory (EST) description of confinement in pure gauge theories, we discuss the behaviour of EST as the temperature is increased. We show that, as the deconfinement point is approached from below, several universal features of confining gauge theories, like the ratio $T_c/\sqrt{σ_0}$, the linear increase of the squared width of the flux tube with the interquark distance, or the Temperature dependence of the interquark potential, can be accurately predicted by the effective string. Moreover in the vicinity of the deconfinement …
The dual formulation of the compact U(1) lattice gauge theory in three spacetime dimensions allows to finely study the squared width and the profile of the confining flux tube on a wide range of physical interquark distances. The results obtained in Monte Carlo simulations are compared with the predictions of the effective bosonic-string model and with the dual superconductor model. While the former fails at describing the data from a quantitative point of view, the latter is in good agreement with it. An interpretation of these results is proposed in light of the particular features of the U(…
Spectrum of confining strings in SU(N) gauge theories
本文研究了四维SU（N）规范理论中约束弦的谱。对于格点上的SU（4）和SU（6）规范理论，我们用蒙特卡罗模拟计算了Z_N电荷为k的源的弦张力σ_k。我们的结果与正弦公式sigma_k/sigma = sin k pi/N / sin pi/N的sigma_k和标准弦张力sigma之间的比率是一致的。对于SU（4）和SU（6）情形，准确度分别约为1%和2%。已知正弦公式出现在超对称SU（N）规范理论的各种实现中。另一方面，我们的结果显示了Casimir标度的偏差。我们还讨论了二维SU（N）x SU（N）手征模型所表现出的类似行为。
We extend a previous numerical study of SU(3) Yang-Mills theory in which we measured the spatial distribution of all components of the color fields surrounding a static quark-antiquark pair for a wide range of quark-antiquark separations, and provided evidence that the simulated gauge invariant chromoelectric field can be separated into a Coulomb-like 'perturbative' field and a 'non-perturbative' field, identified as the confining part of the SU(3) flux tube field. In this paper we hypothesize that the fluctuating color fields not measured in our simulations do not contribute to the string ten…
InQubator for Quantum Simulation (IQuS), Department of Physics, University of Washington（华盛顿大学量子模拟创新中心）；Department of Physics, University of Washington（华盛顿大学物理系）；Co-design Center for Quantum Advantage (C2QA), Stony Brook University（石溪大学量子优势联合设计中心）；Center for Nuclear Theory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University（石溪大学物理与天文学系核理论中心）；Energy and Photon Sciences Directorate, Condensed Matter and Materials Sciences Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory（布鲁克海文国家实验室凝聚态与材料科学部能源与光子科学管理局）
We present recent results on the spectrum of a confining flux tube that is closed around a spatial torus as a function of its length as well as the spectrum of glueballs. The extraction of the spectra has been realized by simulating four dimensional $SU(N)$ gauge theories and performing measurements using lattice techniques. Regarding flux-tubes, we have performed calculations for $N=3,5,6$ and for various values of spin, parity and longitudinal momentum. Long flux-tubes can be thought of as infinitesimally thin strings; hence their spectrum is expected to be described by an effective string t…
We investigate the width of the flux tube between heavy static quark charges. Using the gauge/gravity duality, we find the properties of the minimal connected surface related to the width of the bound state. We show that in the confining phase, the logarithmic broadening predicted by the effective string description and observed in lattice simulations is a generic property of all confining backgrounds. We also study the transverse fluctuations of the string connecting two static quarks in curved backgrounds. Our formalism is applied to AdS space where we compute the expectation value of the sq…
