We investigate the width of the flux tube between heavy static quark charges. Using the gauge/gravity duality, we find the properties of the minimal connected surface related to the width of the bound state. We show that in the confining phase, the logarithmic broadening predicted by the effective string description and observed in lattice simulations is a generic property of all confining backgrounds. We also study the transverse fluctuations of the string connecting two static quarks in curved backgrounds. Our formalism is applied to AdS space where we compute the expectation value of the square of transverse deviations of the string, a quantity related to the width.
We consider correlator of two concentric Wilson loops, a small and large ones related to the problem of flux-tube formation. There are three mechanisms which can contribute to the connected correlator and yield different dependences on the radius of the small loop. The first one is quite standard and concerns exchange by supergravity modes. We also consider a novel mechanism when the flux-tube formation is described by a barrier transition in the string language, dual to the field-theoretic formulation of Yang-Mills theories. The most interesting possibility within this approach is resonant tu…
In the confining phase of any gauge system the mean squared width of the colour flux tube joining a pair of quarks should grow logarithmically as a function of their distance, according to the effective string description of its infrared properties. New data on 3D Z_2 gauge theory, combined with high precision data on the interface physics of the 3D Ising model fit nicely this behaviour over a range of more than two orders of magnitude.
We propose three different lattice operators to measure the intrinsic width ξ_I of the chromoelectric flux tube in pure lattice gauge theories. In order to test these proposals we evaluate them for SU(2) and Ising LGTs in (2+1) dimensions in the vicinity of the deconfinement transition. Using dimensional reduction, we could perform the calculation in the effective 2d spin model using standard S-matrix techniques. We consistently found the same result for the three lattice operators. This result can be expressed in terms of the finite temperature string tension as follows ξ_I=\frac{T}{2σ(T)} an…
We study the squared width and the profile of flux tubes in compact U(1) lattice gauge theory in three spacetime dimensions. The results obtained from numerical calculations in the dual formulation of this confining theory are compared with predictions from an effective bosonic-string model and from the dual-superconductor model: it is found that the former fails at describing the quantitative features of the flux tube, while the latter is in good agreement with Monte Carlo data. The analytical interpretation of these results (in the light of the semi-classical analysis by Polyakov) is pointed…
The dual formulation of the compact U(1) lattice gauge theory in three spacetime dimensions allows to finely study the squared width and the profile of the confining flux tube on a wide range of physical interquark distances. The results obtained in Monte Carlo simulations are compared with the predictions of the effective bosonic-string model and with the dual superconductor model. While the former fails at describing the data from a quantitative point of view, the latter is in good agreement with it. An interpretation of these results is proposed in light of the particular features of the U(…
As noted by Witten, compactifying a $d$-dimensional holographic CFT on an $S^1$ gives a class of $(d-1)$-dimensional confining theories with gravity duals. The prototypical bulk solution dual to the ground state is a double Wick rotation of the AdS$_{d+1}$ Schwarzschild black hole known as the AdS soliton. We generalize such examples by allowing slow variations in the size of the $S^1$, and thus in the confinement scale. Coefficients governing the second order response of the system are computed for $3 \le d \le 8$ using a derivative expansion closely related to the fluid-gravity correspondenc…
The color flux tube connecting a static quark-anti-quark pair in Yang-Mills theory supports massless transverse fluctuations, which are the Goldstone bosons of spontaneously broken translation invariance. Just as in chiral perturbation theory, the dynamics of these Goldstone bosons is described by a systematic low-energy effective field theory. We use the effective theory to calculate the width of the fluctuating string at the 2-loop level, using both cylindrical and toroidal boundary conditions. At zero temperature, the string width diverges logarithmically with the quark-anti-quark distance …
The long range properties of four-dimensional compact U(1) lattice gauge theory with the Wilson action in the confinement phase is studied by using the multi-level algorithm. The static potential, force and flux-tube profile between two static charges are successfully measured from the correlation function involving the Polyakov loop. The universality of the coefficient of the 1/r correction to the static potential, known as the Luescher term, and the transversal width of the flux-tube profile as a function of its length are investigated. While the result supports the presence of the 1/r corre…
We analyze the holographic description of several properties of $\N=1$ confining gauge dynamics. In particular we discuss Wilson loops including the issues of a Luscher term and the broadening of the flux tubes, 't Hooft loops, baryons, instantons, chiral symmetry breaking, the gluino condensate and BPS domain walls.
We review the current knowledge about the theoretical foundations of the effective string theory for confining flux tubes and the comparison of the predictions to pure gauge lattice data. A concise presentation of the effective string theory is provided, incorporating recent developments. We summarize the predictions for the spectrum and the profile/width of the flux tube and their comparison to lattice data. The review closes with a short summary of open questions for future research.
We study meson decays using instanton methods in two string models. The first model is the old string model in flat space which combines strings and massive particles and the second is the holographic, Sakai-Sugimoto model. Using the the old string model, we reproduce the QCD formula for the probability of splitting of the QCD flux tube derived by Casher-Neuberger-Nussinov (CNN). In the holographic model we construct a string worldsheet instanton which interpolates between a single and double string configuration, which determines the decay from one to two dual mesonic particles. The resulting…
We study the addition of localised impurities to U(N) Supersymmetric Yang-Mills theories in (p+1)-dimensions by using the gauge/gravity correspondence. From the gravity side, the impurities are introduced by considering probe D(8-p)-branes extendingalong the time and radial directions and wrapping an (7-p)-dimensional submanifold of the internal (8-p)-sphere, so that the degrees of freedom are point-like from the gauge theory perspective. We analyse both the configuration in which the branes generate straight flux tubes -corresponding to actual single impurities - and the one in which connecte…
We study the phase transition in the holographic entanglement entropy for various confining models. This transition occurs for the entanglement entropy of a strip at a critical value of the strip width. Our main interest is to examine the critical width for models with several parameters. For these models, the critical width, the glueball mass and the string tension all become functions of these two parameters. Comparing the behavior of the critical width in the entanglement entropy and these other scales, we find that $l_c$ seems to follow closely the deconfinement temperature and the gluebal…
We study the behaviour of the flux tube thickness in the vicinity of the deconfinement transition. We show, using effective string methods, that in this regime the square width increases linearly and not logarithmically with the interquark distance. The amplitude of this linear growth is an increasing function of the temperature and diverges as the deconfinement transition is approached from below. These predictions are in good agreement with a set of simulations performed in the 3d gauge Ising model.
We explore the properties of holographic entanglement of purification (EoP) for two disjoint strips in the Schwarzschild-AdS black brane and the Vaidya-AdS black brane spacetimes. For two given strips on the same boundary of Schwarzschild-AdS spacetime, there is an upper bound of the separation beyond which the holographic EoP will always vanish no matter how wide the strips are. In the case that two strips are in the two boundaries of the spacetime respectively, we find that the holographic EoP exists only when the strips are wide enough. If the width is finite, the EoP can be nonzero in a fi…
The holographic entanglement entropy of an infinite strip subsystem on the asymptotic AdS boundary is used as a probe to study the thermodynamic instabilities of planar R-charged black holes (or their dual field theories). We focus on the single-charge AdS black holes in $D=5$, which correspond to spinning D3-branes with one non-vanishing angular momentum. Our results show that the holographic entanglement entropy indeed exhibits the thermodynamic instability associated with the divergence of the specific heat. When the width of the strip is large enough, the finite part of the holographic ent…
We analyze the decay modes of the three $[\frac 12\frac 12^-]_{S=0,1}$ and $[\frac 12\frac 32^-]_{S=1}$ non-strange pentaquarks with hidden charm and bottom, predicted by holographic QCD in the heavy quark limit. In leading order, the pentaquarks %are composed of heavy-light mesons in bulk bound to an instanton core. They are degenerate and stable by heavy quark symmetry. At next to leading order, the spin interactions lift the degeneracy and cause the pentaquarks to decay. We show that the open charm (bottom) decay modes dwarf the hidden charm (bottom) ones, with total widths that are consist…
In this review, after a general introduction to the effective string theory (EST) description of confinement in pure gauge theories, we discuss the behaviour of EST as the temperature is increased. We show that, as the deconfinement point is approached from below, several universal features of confining gauge theories, like the ratio $T_c/\sqrt{σ_0}$, the linear increase of the squared width of the flux tube with the interquark distance, or the Temperature dependence of the interquark potential, can be accurately predicted by the effective string. Moreover in the vicinity of the deconfinement …
We calculate dimensional reduction of gravitational flux tube solutions in the scheme of Kaluza-Klein theory. The fifth dimension is compacified to a region of Planck size. Assuming the width of the tube to be also Planck size we obtain string-like object with physical fields originated from an initial 5D metric. The dynamics of these fields is inner one.
In this note, we study the effects of non-zero magnetic field on the fermion spectral function coupled with a non-minimal coupling in the background of a dyonic $AdS_4$ black hole. The system can be reduced to a non magnetic one with the momentum being quantized into Landau levels $n$. By tuning the coupling parameter, we study its effect on the Fermi level and the quasiparticle width. We found an interesting scaling relation between the decay width and the coupling parameter, with a universal scaling exponent which is independent of the levels $n$.
In this work, we perform a holographic analysis to study non local observables associated to a uniformly \textit{boosted} strongly coupled large $N$ thermal plasma in $d$-dimensions. In order to accomplish the holographic analysis, the appropriate dual bulk theory turns out to be $d+1$ dimensional \textit{boosted} AdS-Schwarzschild blackhole background. In particular, we compute entanglement entropy of the boosted plasma at high temperature living inside a strip geometry with entangling width $l$ in the boundary at a particular instant of time. We also study the two-point correlators in the bo…
In quenched QCD, where the dynamic creation of quark-antiquark pairs out of the vacuum is neglected, a confined baryonic system composed of three static quarks exhibits string-like behaviour at large interquark separation, with the formation of flux tubes characterized by the geometry of the so-called Y ansatz. We study the fluctuations of the junction of the three flux tubes, assuming the dynamics to be governed by an effective bosonic string model. We show that the asymptotic behaviour of the effective width of the junction grows logarithmically with the distance between the sources, with th…
We use gauge/gravity duality to investigate the effect of thermal fluctuations on the dissociation of the quarkonium meson in strongly coupled $(3+1)$-dimensional gauge theories. This is done by studying the instability and probable first order phase transition of a probe D7-brane in the dual gravity theory. We explicitly show that for the Minkowski embeddings with their tips close to the horizon in the background, the long wavelength thermal fluctuations lead to an imaginary term in their action signaling an instability in the system. Due to this instability, a phase transition is expected. O…
We study the decay process of large-spin mesons in the context of the gauge/string duality, using generic properties of confining backgrounds and systems with flavour branes. In the string picture, meson decay corresponds to the quantum-mechanical process in which a string rotating on the IR "wall" fluctuates, touches a flavour brane and splits into two smaller strings. This process automatically encodes flavour conservation as well as the Zweig rule. We show that the decay width computed in the string picture is in remarkable agreement with the decay width obtained using the phenomenological …
Holographic AdS/QCD models of the Pomeron unite a string-based description of hadronic reactions of the pre-QCD era with the perturbative BFKL approach. The specific version we will use due to Stoffers and Zahed, is based on a semiclassical quantization of a "tube" (closed string exchange or open string virtual pair production) in its Euclidean formulation using the scalar Polyakov action. This model has a number of phenomenologically successful results. The periodicity of a coordinate around the tube allows the introduction of a Matsubara time and therefore an effective temperature Teff on th…
We present perturbative calculation of the width of the energy profile of rigid strings up to two loops in D dimensions. The perturbative expansion of the extrinsic curvature term signifying the rigidity/smoothness of the string in Polyakov-Kleinert action is taken around the free Nambu-Goto string. The mean-square width of the string field is derived for open strings with Dirichlet boundary condition. We compare the broadening of the smooth Polyakov-Kleinert string to the lattice Mont-Carlo data of the QCD flux tube just before the deconfinement point and find a good match at the intermediate…
Effective magnetic $SU(N)$ gauge theory with classical $Z_N$ flux tubes of intrinsic width $\frac{1}{M}$ is an effective field theory of the long distance quark-antiquark interaction in $SU(N)$ Yang-Mills theory. Long wavelength fluctuations of the $Z_N$ vortices of this theory lead to an effective string theory. In this paper we clarify the connection between effective field theory and effective string theory and we propose a new constraint on these vortices. We first examine the impact of string fluctuations on the classical dual superconductor description of confinement. At inter-quark dist…
QCD is expected to be in the color-flavor locking phase in high baryon density, which exhibits color superconductivity. The most fundamental topological objects in the color superconductor are non-Abelian vortices which are topologically stable color magnetic flux tubes. We present numerical solutions of the color magnetic flux tube for diverse choices of the coupling constants. We also analytically study its asymptotic profiles and find that they are different from the case of usual superconductors. We propose the width of color magnetic fluxes and find that it is larger than naive expectatio…
We bootstrap the S-matrix of massless particles in unitary, relativistic two dimensional quantum field theories. We find that the low energy expansion of such S-matrices is strongly constrained by the existence of a UV completion. In the context of flux tube physics, this allows us to constrain several terms in the S-matrix low energy expansion or -- equivalently -- on Wilson coefficients of several irrelevant operators showing up in the flux tube effective action. These bounds have direct implications for other physical quantities; for instance, they allow us to further bound the ground state…
We show that the recent world-sheet analysis of the quantum fluctuations of a short flux tube in type II string theory leads to a simple and precise description of a pair of stuck D0branes in an orientifold compactification of the type I' string theory. The existence of a stable type I' flux tube of sub-string-scale length is a consequence of the confinement of quantized flux associated with the scalar dualized ten-form background field strength *F_{10}, evidence for a -2brane in the BPS spectrum of M theory. Using heterotic-type I duality, we infer the existence of an M2brane of finite width …
We estimate the thermal width of a heavy quark anti-quark pair inside a strongly coupled plasma using a holographic AdS/QCD model. The imaginary part of the quark potential that produces the thermal width appears in the gravity dual from quantum fluctuations of the string world sheet in the vicinity of the horizon. The results, obtained using a soft wall background that involves an infrared mass scale, are consistent with previous analisys where the mass scale was introduced by averaging over quark anti-quark states.
The holographic Fermions over the ionic lattice with CDW
Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院高能物理研究所）；School of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学物理学院）；Department of Physics and Siyuan Laboratory, Jinan University（暨南大学物理系及思源实验室）；College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Neijiang Normal University（内江师范学院物理与电子信息工程学院）
The eigenvalue problem of the Hamiltonian of an electron confined to a plane and subjected to a perpendicular time-independent magnetic field which is the sum of a homogeneous field and an additional field contributed by a singular flux tube, i.e. of zero width, is investigated. Since both a direct approach based on distribution-valued operators and a limit process starting from a non-singular flux tube, i.e. of finite size, fail, an alternative method is applied leading to consistent results. An essential feature is quantum mechanical supersymmetry at g=2 which imposes, by proper representati…
We construct a holographic model for a fermionic system on Q-lattice and compute the spectral function in the presence of a dipole coupling. Both key features of doped Mott insulators, the dynamical generation of a gap and spectral weight transfer, are observed when adjusting the value of the coupling parameter $p$. Of particular interest is that when the background is in a deep insulating phase, the Mott gap opens much easier with a smaller coupling parameter in comparison with a metallic background. The effects of lattice parameters on the width of the gap $Δ/μ$ are studied and a turning poi…
We construct the D4/D8 brane configuration in the Witten-Sakai-Sugimoto model by introducing a pair of heavy flavour brane with a heavy-light open string. The multiplets created by the heavy-light string acquire mass due to the finite separation of the heavy and light flavour branes thus they could be identified as the heavy-light meson fields in this model. On the other hand the glueball field is identified as the gravitational fluctuations carried by the close string in the bulk, so this model is able to describe the interaction of glueball and heavy-light meson through the open-close string…
We show that open strings living on a D-brane which lies outside an AdS black hole can tunnel into the black hole through worldsheet instantons. These instantons have a simple interpretation in terms of thermal quarks in the dual Yang-Mills (YM) theory. As an application we calculate the width of a meson in a strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma which is described holographically as a massless mode on a D7 brane in AdS_5 \times S_5. While the width of the meson is zero to all orders in the 1/\sqrtλ expansion with λthe 't Hooft coupling, it receives non-perturbative contributions in 1/\sqrtλ fro…
