We construct a natural measure mu supported on the intersection of a chordal SLE(kappa) curve gamma with the real line R, in the range 4 < kappa < 8. The measure is a function of the SLE path in question. Assuming that boundary measures transform in a ``d-dimensional'' way (where d is the Hausdorff dimension of gamma intersected with R), we show that the measure we construct is (up to multiplicative constant) the unique measure-valued function of the SLE path that satisfies the Domain Markov property.
We derive boundary arm exponents for SLE. Combining with the convergence of critical lattice models to SLE, these exponents would give the alternating half-plane arm exponents for the corresponding lattice models.
We derive boundary arm exponents and interior arm exponents for SLE$(κ)$. Combining with the possible convergence of critical lattice models to SLE, these exponents would give the corresponding alternating half-plane arm exponents and alternating plane arm exponents for the lattice models.
In the paper we prove that, for $κ\in(0,8)$, the $n$-point boundary Green's function of exponent $\frac8κ-1$ for chordal SLE$_κ$ exists. We also prove that the convergence is uniform over compact sets and the Green's function is continuous. We also give up-to-constant bounds for the Green's function.
We define radial exploration processes from $a$ to $b$ and from $b$ to $a$ in a domain $D$ of hexagons where $a$ is a boundary point and $b$ is an interior point. We prove the reversibility: the time-reversal of the process from $b$ to $a$ has the same distribution as the process from $a$ to $b$. We show the scaling limit of such an exploration process is a radial SLE$_6$ in $D$. As a consequence, the distribution of the last hitting point with the boundary of any radial SLE$_6$ is harmonic measure. We also prove the scaling limit of a similar exploration process defined in the full complex pl…
This paper concerns a random walk on a planar graph and presents certain estimates concerning the harmonic measures for the walk in a grid domain which estimates are useful for showing the convergence of a LERW (loop-erased random walk) to an SLE (stochastic Loewner evolution). We assume that the walk started at a fixed vertex of the graph satisfies the invariance principle as in Yadin and Yehudayoff [16] in which the convergence of LERW to a radial SLE is established in this setting. Our main concern is chordal case, where a random walk is started at a boundary vertex of a simply connected gr…
Let $κ\in(4,8)$. Let $γ$ be an SLE$_κ$ curve in a Jordan domain $D$ connecting $a_1\ne a_2\in\partial D$. We attach $γ$ with two open boundary arcs $A_1,A_2$ of $D$, which share end points $b_1\ne b_2\in\partial D\setminus\{a_1,a_2\}$, and consider for each $z_0\in D$ the limit $$ \lim_{r \downarrow 0}r^{1-\frac 38κ} \mathbb{P}[γ\cup A_1\cup A_2 \mbox{ has a cut point in }\{|z-z_0|<r\}].$$ We prove that the limit converges, derive a rate of convergence, and obtain the exact formula of the limit up to a multiplicative constant depending only on $κ$.
We prove that for $κ\in(0,8)$, if $(η_1,η_2)$ is a $2$-SLE$_κ$ pair in a simply connected domain $D$ with an analytic boundary point $z_0$, then $\lim_{r\to 0^+}r^{-α} \mathbb{P}[\mbox{dist}(z_0,η_j)<r,j=1,2]$ converges to a positive number for some $α>0$, which is called the two-curve Green's function. The exponent $α$ equals $\frac{12}κ-1$ or $2(\frac{12}κ-1)$ depending on whether $z_0$ is one of the endpoints of $η_1$ and $η_2$. We also find the convergence rate and the exact formula of the Green's function up to a multiplicative constant. To derive these results, we construct two-dimension…
We provide another construction of the natural parametrization of SLE$_κ$ for $κ< 4$. We construct it as the expectation of the quantum time, which is a random measure carried by SLE in an ambient Gaussian free field. This quantum time was built as the push forward on the SLE curve of the Liouville boundary measure, which is a natural field-dependent measure supported on the boundary of the domain. We moreover show that the quantum time can be reconstructed as a chaos on any measure on the trace of SLE with the right Markovian covariance property. This provides another proof that natural param…
Multiple Schramm-Loewner Evolutions (SLE) are conformally invariant random processes of several curves, whose construction by growth processes relies on partition functions: Möbius covariant solutions to a system of second order partial differential equations. In this article, we use a quantum group technique to construct a distinguished basis of solutions, which conjecturally correspond to the extremal points of the convex set of probability measures of multiple SLEs.
We consider a transient chordal SLE$_κ(ρ_1,\dots,ρ_m)$ curve $η$ in $\mathbb{H}$ from $w$ to $\infty$ with force points $ v_1> \cdots >v_m$ in $(-\infty,w^-]$, which intersects and is not boundary-filling on $(-\infty,v_m)$. The main result is that there is an atomless locally finite Borel measure $μ_η$ on $η\cap (-\infty,v_m]$ such that for any $v<v_m$, the $d$-dimensional Minkowski content of $η\cap [v,v_m]$ exists and equals $μ_η[v,v_m]$, where $d=\frac{(\sum ρ_j+4)(κ-4-2\sum ρ_j)}{2κ}$ is the Hausdorff dimension of $η\cap [v,v_m]$. In the case that all $ρ_j=0$, this measure agrees with the…
We consider the planar Ising model in rectangle $(Ω; x^L, x^R, y^R, y^L)$ with alternating boundary condition: $\ominus$ along $(x^Lx^R)$ and $(y^Ry^L)$, $ξ^R\in\{\oplus, \text{free}\}$ along $(x^Ry^R)$, and $ξ^L\in\{\oplus, \text{free}\}$ along $(y^Lx^L)$. We prove that the interface of critical Ising model with these boundary conditions converges to the so-called hypergeometric SLE$_3$. The method developed in this paper does not require constructing new holomorphic observable and the input is the convergence of the interface with Dobrushin boundary condition. This method could be applied to…
We study SLE$_κ(ρ)$ curves, with $κ$ and $ρ$ chosen so that the curves hit the boundary. More precisely, we study the sets on which the curves collide with the boundary at a prescribed "angle" and determine the almost sure Hausdorff dimension of these sets. This is done by studying the moments of the spatial derivatives of the conformal maps $g_t$, by employing the Girsanov theorem and using imaginary geometry techniques to derive a correlation estimate.
From conformal field theory on the Riemann sphere, we implement its boundary version in a simply-connected domain using the Schottky double construction. We consider the statistical fields generated by background charge modification of the Gaussian free field with Dirichlet boundary condition under the OPE multiplications. We prove that the correlation functions of such fields with symmetric background charges form a collection of martingale-observables for (forward) chordal/radial SLE with force points and spins. We also present the connection between conformal field theory with Neumann bound…
Let $h$ be an instance of Gaussian Free Field in a planar domain. We study level lines of $h$ starting from boundary points. We show that the level lines are random continuous curves which are variants of SLE$_4$ path. We show that the level lines with different heights satisfy the same monotonicity behavior as the level lines of smooth functions. We prove that the time-reversal of the level line coincides with the level line of $-h$. This implies that the time-reversal of SLE$_4(\underlineρ)$ process is still an SLE$_4(\underlineρ)$ process. We prove that the level lines satisfy "target-indep…
We consider uniform spanning tree (UST) in topological polygons with $2N$ marked points on the boundary with alternating boundary conditions. In [LPW21], the authors derive the scaling limit of the Peano curve in the UST. They are variants of SLE$_8$. In this article, we derive the scaling limit of the loop-erased random walk branch (LERW) in the UST. They are variants of SLE$_2$. The conclusion is a generalization of [HLW20,Theorem 1.6] where the authors derive the scaling limit of the LERW branch of UST when $N=2$. When $N=2$, the limiting law is SLE$_2(-1,-1; -1, -1)$. However, the limiting…
For $κ>0$ and $ρ>-2$, we construct a $σ$-finite measure, called a rooted SLE$_κ(ρ)$ bubble measure, on the space of curves in the upper half plane $\mathbb H$ started and ended at the same boundary point, which satisfies some SLE$_κ(ρ)$-related domain Markov property, and is the weak limit of SLE$_κ(ρ)$ curves in $\mathbb H$ with the two endpoints both tending to the root. For $κ\in(0,8)$ and $ρ\in ((-2)\vee(\fracκ2-4),\fracκ2-2)$, we derive decomposition theorems for the rooted SLE$_κ(ρ)$ bubble with respect to the Minkowski content measure of the intersection of the rooted SLE$_κ(ρ)$ bubble …
We use Minkowski content (i.e., natural parametrization) of SLE to construct several types of SLE$_κ$ loop measures for $κ\in(0,8)$. First, we construct rooted SLE$_κ$ loop measures in the Riemann sphere $\widehat{\mathbb C}$, which satisfy Möbius covariance, conformal Markov property, reversibility, and space-time homogeneity, when the loop is parametrized by its $(1+\frac κ8)$-dimensional Minkowski content. Second, by integrating rooted SLE$_κ$ loop measures, we construct the unrooted SLE$_κ$ loop measure in $\widehat{\mathbb C}$, which satisfies Möbius invariance and reversibility. Third, w…
In recent work we have shown that loop-erased random walk (LERW) connecting two boundary points of a domain converges to the chordal Schramm-Loewner evolution (SLE(2)) in the sense of curves parametrized by Minkowski content. In this note we explain how to derive the analogous result for LERW from a boundary point to an interior point, converging towards radial SLE(2).
In this paper, we show that the interfaces in FK Ising model in any domain with 4 marked boundary points and wired--free--wired--free boundary conditions conditioned on a specific internal arc configuration of interfaces converge in the scaling limit to hypergeometric SLE (hSLE). The arc configuration consists of a pair of interfaces and the scaling limit of their joint law can be described by an algorithm to sample the pair from a hSLE curve and a chordal SLE (in a random domain defined by the hSLE).
Let $Q$ be a free Boltzmann quadrangulation with simple boundary decorated by a critical ($p=3/4$) face percolation configuration. We prove that the chordal percolation exploration path on $Q$ between two marked boundary edges converges in the scaling limit to chordal SLE$_6$ on an independent $\sqrt{8/3}$-Liouville quantum gravity disk (equivalently, a Brownian disk). The topology of convergence is the Gromov-Hausdorff-Prokhorov-uniform topology, the natural analog of the Gromov-Hausdorff topology for curve-decorated metric measure spaces. We also obtain analogous scaling limit results for fa…
In this paper, we construct and then prove the up-to constants uniqueness of the natural measure on several random fractals, namely the SLE cut points, SLE boundary touching points, CLE pivotal points and the CLE carpet/gasket. As an application, we also show the equivalence between our natural measures defined in this paper (i.e. CLE pivotal and gasket measures) and their discrete analogs of counting measures in critical continuum planar Bernoulli percolation in [Garban-Pete-Schramm, J. Amer. Math. Soc.,2013]. Although the existence and uniqueness for the natural measure for CLE carpet/gasket…
We prove that SLE$_κ$ for $κ\in (4,8)$ on an independent $γ=4/\sqrtκ$-Liouville quantum gravity (LQG) surface is uniquely characterized by the form of its LQG boundary length process and the form of the conditional law of the unexplored quantum surface given the explored curve-decorated quantum surface up to each time $t$. We prove variants of this characterization for both whole-plane space-filling SLE$_κ$ on an infinite-volume LQG surface and for chordal SLE$_κ$ on a finite-volume LQG surface with boundary. Using the equivalence of Brownian and $\sqrt{8/3}$-LQG surfaces, we deduce that SLE$_…
We study some features of the energy of a deterministic chordal Loewner chain, which is defined as the Dirichlet energy of its driving function. In particular, using an interpretation of this energy as a large deviation rate function for SLE$_κ$ as $κ$ tends to 0 and the known reversibility of the SLE$_κ$ curves for small $κ$, we show that the energy of a deterministic curve from one boundary point A of a simply connected domain D to another boundary point B, is equal to the energy of its time-reversal ie. of the same curve but viewed as going from B to A in D.
Suppose that D is a planar Jordan domain and x and y are distinct boundary points of D. Fix κ\in (4,8) and let η be an SLE_κprocess from x to y in D. We prove that the law of the time-reversal of ηis, up to reparameterization, an SLE_κprocess from y to x in D. More generally, we prove that SLE_κ(ρ_1;ρ_2) processes are reversible if and only if both ρ_i are at least κ/2-4, which is the critical threshold at or below which such curves are boundary filling. Our result supplies the missing ingredient needed to show that for all κ\in (4,8) the so-called conformal loop ensembles CLE_κ are canonicall…
In this article we show the convergence of a loop ensemble of interfaces in the FK Ising model at criticality, as the lattice mesh tends to zero, to a unique conformally invariant scaling limit. The discrete loop ensemble is described by a canonical tree glued from the interfaces, which then is shown to converge to a tree of branching SLEs. The loop ensemble contains unboundedly many loops and hence our result describes the joint law of infinitely many loops in terms of SLE type processes, and the result gives the full scaling limit of the FK Ising model in the sense of random geometry of the …
We consider a particular type of $\sqrt{8/3}$-Liouville quantum gravity surface called a doubly marked quantum disk (equivalently, a Brownian disk) decorated by an independent chordal SLE$_6$ curve $η$ between its marked boundary points. We obtain descriptions of the law of the quantum surfaces parameterized by the complementary connected components of $η([0,t])$ for each time $t \geq 0$ as well as the law of the left/right $\sqrt{8/3}$-quantum boundary length process for $η$.
It is known that a backward Schramm--Loewner evolution (SLE) is coupled with a free boundary Gaussian free field (GFF) with boundary perturbation to give conformal welding of quantum surfaces. Motivated by a generalization of conformal welding for quantum surfaces with multiple marked boundary points, we propose a notion of multiple backward SLE. To this aim, we investigate the commutation relation between two backward Loewner chains, and consequently, we find that the driving process of each backward Loewner chain has to have a drift term given by logarithmic derivative of a partition functio…
This article pertains to the classification of multiple Schramm-Loewner evolutions (SLE). We construct the pure partition functions of multiple SLE$(κ)$ with $κ\in (0,4]$ and relate them to certain extremal multiple SLE measures, thus verifying a conjecture from [BBK05, KP16]. We prove that the two approaches to construct multiple SLEs - the global, configurational construction of [KL07, Law09a] and the local, growth process construction of [BBK05, Dub07, Gra07, KP16] - agree. The pure partition functions are closely related to crossing probabilities in critical statistical mechanics models. W…
Particular boundary correlation functions of conformal field theory are needed to answer some questions related to random conformally invariant curves known as Schramm-Loewner evolutions (SLE). In this article, we introduce a correspondence and establish its fundamental properties, which are used in the companion articles [JJK16, KP16] for explicitly solving two such problems. The correspondence associates Coulomb gas type integrals to vectors in a tensor product representation of a quantum group, a q-deformation of the Lie algebra sl2. We show that desired properties of the functions are guar…
We consider a coupling of the Gaussian free field with slit holomorphic stochastic flows, called ($δ,σ$)-SLE, which contains known SLE processes (chordal, radial, and dipolar) as particular cases. In physical terms, we study a free boundary conformal field theory with one scalar bosonic field, where Green's function is assumed to have some general regular harmonic part. We establish which of these models allow coupling with ($δ,σ$)-SLE, or equivalently, when the correlation functions induce local ($δ,σ$)-SLE martingales (martingale observables).
Contour lines of the two-dimensional discrete Gaussian free field
我们证明了离散高斯自由场的弦轮廓线收敛于SLE（4）的形式。具体地说，有一个常数λ> 0，使得当h是离散高斯自由场在Jordan域上的插值时-边界值-λ在一个边界弧上，λ在互补弧上-当域变大时，连接这些弧端点的h的零级线收敛到SLE（4）。相反，如果在互补弧上的边界值是-a < 0 on the first arc and b >0，则收敛到SLE（4;a/lambda-1，b/lambda-1），即SLE（4）的变体。
Fix constants χ>0 and θ\in [0,2π), and let h be an instance of the Gaussian free field on a planar domain. We study flow lines of the vector field e^{i(h/χ+θ)} starting at a fixed boundary point of the domain. Considering all θ\in [0,2π), one obtains a family of curves that look locally like SLE_κ, with κ\in (0,4), where χ= 2/κ^{1/2} - κ^{1/2}/2, which we interpret as the rays of a random geometry with purely imaginary curvature. We extend the fundamental existence and uniqueness results about these paths to the case that the paths intersect the boundary. We also show that flow lines of differ…
We consider the dimer model on piecewise Temperleyan, simply connected domains, on families of graphs which include the square lattice as well as superposition graphs. We focus on the spanning tree $\mathcal{T}_δ$ associated to this model via Temperley's bijection, which turns out to be a Uniform Spanning Tree with singular alternating boundary conditions. Generalising the work of the second author with Peltola and Wu \cite{LiuPeltolaWuUST} we obtain a scaling limit result for $\mathcal{T}_δ$. For instance, in the simplest nontrivial case, the limit of $\mathcal{T}_δ$ is described by a pair of…
