We give a new solution of the "homotopy periods" problem, as highlighted by Sullivan, which places explicit geometrically meaningful formulae first dating back to Whitehead in the context of Quillen's formalism for rational homotopy theory and Koszul-Moore duality. Geometrically, we show that homotopy groups are rationally given by "generalized linking/intersection invariants" of cochain data. Moreover, we give a method for determining when two maps from $S^n$ to $X$ are homotopic after allowing for multiplication by some integer. For applications, we investigate wedges of spheres and homogeneous spaces (where homotopy is given by classical linking numbers), and configuration spaces (where homotopy is given by generalized linking numbers); also we propose a generalization of the Hopf invariant one question.
In this article, we investigate the functors from modules to modules that occur as the summands of tensor powers and the functors from modules to Hopf algebras that occur as natural coalgebra summands of tensor algebras. The main results provide some explicit natural coalgebra summands of tensor algebras. As a consequence, we obtain some decompositions of Lie powers over the general linear groups.
This paper considers a class of coalgebras over the Barratt-Eccles operad and shows that they classify Z-completions of pointed, reduced simplicial sets. As a consequence, they encapsulate the homotopy types of nilpotent simplicial sets. This result is a direct generalization of Quillen's result characterizing rational homotopy types via cocommutative coalgebras.
We prove that the simplicial cocommutative coalgebra of singular chains on a connected topological space determines the homotopy type rationally and one prime at a time, without imposing any restriction on the fundamental group. In particular, the fundamental group and the homology groups with coefficients in arbitrary local systems of vector spaces are completely determined by the natural algebraic structure of the chains. The algebraic structure is presented as the class of the simplicial cocommutative coalgebra of chains under a notion of weak equivalence induced by a functor from coalgebra…
We show nilpotency and completeness results for the homotopy automorphisms of a marked n-stage for an unstable coalgebra. These objects figure in the moduli problem of unstable coalgebras. Our theorems extend classical work of Dror, Zabrodsky, Maruyama and Møller.
This paper constructs model structures on the categories of coalgebras and pointed irreducible coalgebras over an operad. The underlying chain-complex is assumed to be unbounded and the results for bounded coalgebras over an operad are derived from the unbounded case.
We study extensively the homotopy theory of coalgebras. By coalgebras, we mean the full theory of coalgebras: with counits and not necessarily locally conilpotent. For example $\mathcal E_\infty$-coalgebras, $\mathcal A_\infty$-coalgebras, $\mathcal L_\infty$-coalgebras etc. To do so, we define the category of complete curved algebras -- where the notion of quasi-isomorphims does not make sense -- and endow it with a model category structure, equivalent to that of the category of coalgebras.
We develop a new, intrinsic, computationally friendly approach to Lie coalgebras through graph coalgebras, which are new and likely to be of independent interest. Our graph coalgebraic approach has advantages both in finding relations between coalgebra elements and in having explicit models for linear dualities. As a result, proofs in the realm of Lie coalgebras are often simpler to give through graph coalgebras than through classical methods, and for some important statements we have only found proofs in the graph coalgebra setting. For applications, we investigate the word problem for Lie co…
Generalizing work of Doi and of Idrissi, we define a coHochschild homology theory for chain coalgebras over any commutative ring and prove its naturality with respect to morphisms of chain coalgebras up to strong homotopy. As a consequence we obtain that if the comultiplication of a chain coalgebra $C$ is itself a morphism of chain coalgebras up to strong homotopy, then the coHochschild complex $\cohoch (C)$ admits a natural comultiplicative structure. In particular, if $K$ is a reduced simplicial set and $C_{*}K$ is its normalized chain complex, then $\cohoch (C_{*}K)$ is naturally a homotopy…
We study the Eckmann-Hilton dual of the little disks algebra structure on iterated loop spaces: With the right definitions, every $n$-fold suspension is a coalgebra over the little $n$-disks operad. This structure induces non-trivial cooperations on the rational homotopy groups of an $n$-fold suspension. We describe the Eckmann-Hilton dual of the Browder bracket, which is a cooperation that forms an obstruction for an $n$-fold suspension to be an $(n+1)$-fold suspension, i.e. if this cooperation is non-zero then the space is not an $(n+1)$-fold suspension. We prove several results in equivaria…
Given a $C_\infty$ coalgebra $C_*$, a strict dg Hopf algebra $H_*$, and a twisting cochain $τ:C_* \rightarrow H_*$ such that $Im(τ) \subset Prim(H_*)$, we describe a procedure for obtaining an $A_\infty$ coalgebra on $C_* \otimes H_*$. This is an extension of Brown's work on twisted tensor products. We apply this procedure to obtain an $A_\infty$ coalgebra model of the chains on the free loop space $LM$ based on the $C_\infty$ coalgebra structure of $H_*(M)$ induced by the diagonal map $M \rightarrow M \times M$ and the Hopf algebra model of the based loop space given by $T(H_*(M)[-1])$. When …
Motivated by rational homotopy theory, we study a representable presheaf of groups $\mathbf{\mathfrak{P}}$ on the homotopy category of cocommutative differential graded coalgebras, its Lie algebraic counterpart and its linear representations. We prove a Tannaka type reconstruction theorem that $\mathbf{\mathfrak{P}}$ can be recovered from the dg-category of its linear representations along with the forgetful dg-functor to the underlying dg-category of chain complexes.
The category of simplicial R-coalgebras over a presheaf of commutative unital rings on a small Grothendieck site is endowed with a left proper, simplicial, cofibrantly generated model category structure where the weak equivalences are the local weak equivalences of the underlying simplicial presheaves. This model category is naturally linked to the R-local homotopy theory of simplicial presheaves and the homotopy theory of simplicial R-modules by Quillen adjunctions. We study the comparison with the R-local homotopy category of simplicial presheaves in the special case where R is a presheaf of…
We show that a version of the cube axiom holds in cosimplicial unstable coalgebras and cosimplicial spaces equipped with a resolution model structure. As an application, classical theorems in unstable homotopy theory are extended to this context.
We define a simplicial enrichment on the category of differential graded Hopf cooperads (the category of dg Hopf cooperads for short). We prove that our simplicial enrichment satisfies, in part, the axioms of a simplicial model category structure on the category of dg Hopf cooperads. We use this simplicial model structure to define a model of mapping spaces in the category of dg Hopf cooperads and to upgrade results of the literature about the homotopy automorphism spaces of dg Hopf cooperads by dealing with simplicial monoid structures. The rational homotopy theory of operads implies that the…
Anick proved that every q-mild Hopf algebra up to homotopy is isomorphic to a primitively-generated chain Hopf algebra. We provide a new proof, that involves extensive use of the Bockstein spectral sequence.
A non-connected neither of finite type Hopf algebra $\mathcal{F}_{0}$ is defined over $\mathbb{Z}/ 2\mathbb{Z}$ and its hom dual turns out to be a tensor product of polynomial algebras. Certain quotient Hopf algebras include the Steenrod and Dyer-Lashof algebras. This setting provides a map between the Steenrod coalgebra and a direct limit of Dyer-Lashof coalgebras.
By using homotopy transfer techniques in the context of rational homotopy theory, we show that if $C$ is a coalgebra model of a space $X$, then the $A_\infty$-coalgebra structure in $H_*(X;\mathbb{Q})\cong H_*(C)$ induced by the higher Massey coproducts provides the construction of the Quillen minimal model of $X$. We also describe an explicit $L_\infty$-structure on the complex of linear maps ${\rm Hom}(H_*(X; \mathbb{Q}), π_*(ΩY)\otimes\mathbb{Q})$, where $X$ is a finite nilpotent CW-complex and $Y$ is a nilpotent CW-complex of finite type, modeling the rational homotopy type of the mapping …
This paper shows that a functorial version of the "higher diagonal" of a space used to compute Steenrod squares actually contains far more topological information --- including (in some cases) the space's integral homotopy type.
We apply the Acyclicity Theorem of Hess, Kerdziorek, Riehl, and Shipley (recently corrected by Garner, Kedziorek, and Riehl) to establishing the existence of model category structure on categories of coalgebras over comonads arising from simplicial adjunctions, under mild conditions on the adjunction and the associated comonad. We study three concrete examples of such adjunctions where the left adjoint is comonadic and show that in each case the component of the derived counit of the comparison adjunction at any fibrant object is an isomorphism, while the component of the derived unit at any 1…
The search for higher homotopy Hopf algebras (known today as A_\infty-bialgebras) began in 1996 during a conference at Vassar College honoring Jim Stasheff in the year of his 60th birthday. In a talk entitled "In Search of Higher Homotopy Hopf Algebras", I indicated that a DG Hopf algebra could be thought of as some (unknown) higher homotopy structure with trivial higher order structure and deformed using a graded version of Gerstenhaber and Schack's bialgebra deformation theory. In retrospect, the bi(co)module structure encoded in Gerstenhaber and Schack's differential defining deformation co…
In this paper we explore new relations between Algebraic Topology and the theory of Hopf Algebras. For an arbitrary topological space $X$, the loop space homology $H_*(ΩΣX; \coefZ)$ is a Hopf algebra. We introduce a new homotopy invariant of a topological space $X$ taking for its value the isomorphism class (over the integers) of the Hopf algebra $H_*(ΩΣX; \coefZ)$. This invariant is trivial if and only if the Hopf algebra $H_*(ΩΣX; \coefZ)$ is isomorphic to a Lie-Hopf algebra, that is, to a primitively generated Hopf algebra. We show that for a given $X$ these invariants are obstructions to t…
Let F denote the homotopy fiber of a map f:K-->L of 2-reduced simplicial sets. Using as input data the strongly homotopy coalgebra structure of the chain complexes of K and L, we construct a small, explicit chain algebra, the homology of which is isomorphic as a graded algebra to the homology of GF, the simplicial (Kan) loop group on F. To construct this model, we develop machinery for modeling the homotopy fiber of a morphism of chain Hopf algebras. Essential to our construction is a generalization of the operadic description of the category DCSH of chain coalgebras and of strongly homotopy c…
A geometric approach to the stable homotopy groups of spheres is developed in this paper, based on the Pontryagin-Thom construction. The task of this approach is to obtain an alternative proof of the Hill-Hopkins-Ravenel theorem [H-H-R] on Kervaire invariants in all dimensions, except, possibly, a finite number of dimensions. In the framework of this approach, the Adams theorem on the Hopf invariant is studied, for all dimensions with the exception of 15, 31, 63, 127. The new approach is based on the methods of geometric topology.
Unstable coalgebras over the Steenrod algebra form a natural target category for singular homology with prime field coefficients. The realization problem asks whether an unstable coalgebra is isomorphic to the homology of a topological space. We study the moduli space of such realizations and give a description of this in terms of cohomological invariants of the unstable coalgebra. This is accomplished by a thorough comparative study of the homotopy theories of cosimplicial unstable coalgebras and of cosimplicial spaces.
In this survey article we discuss certain homotopy coherent enhancements of the coalgebra structure on cellular chains defined by an approximation to the diagonal. Over the rational numbers, $C_\infty$-coalgebra structures control the $\mathbb Q$-complete homotopy theory of spaces, and over the integers, $E_\infty$-coalgebras provide an appropriate setting to model the full homotopy category. Effective constructions of these structures, the focus of this work, carry geometric and combinatorial information which has found applications in various fields including deformation theory, higher categ…
Bousfield and Kan's $\mathbb{Q}$-completion and fiberwise $\mathbb{Q}$-completion of spaces lead to two different approaches to the rational homotopy theory of non-simply connected spaces. In the first approach, a map is a weak equivalence if it induces an isomorphism on rational homology. In the second, a map of connected and pointed spaces is a weak equivalence if it induces an isomorphism between fundamental groups and higher rationalized homotopy groups; we call these maps $π_1$-rational homotopy equivalences. In this paper, we compare these two notions and show that $π_1$-rational homotop…
In this paper we introduce the concept of L-algebras, which can be seen as a generalization of the structure determined by the Eilenberg-Mac lane transformation and Alexander-Whitney diagonal in chain complexes. In this sense, our main result states that L-algebras are endowed with an E-infinity coalgebra struture, like the one determined by the Barrat-Eccles operad in chain complexes. This results implies that the canonical L-algebra of spaces contains as much homotopy information as its usually associated E-infinity coalgebras, suggesting L-algebras as a tool for the study of homotopy types.
We establish a higher Freudenthal suspension theorem and prove that the derived fundamental adjunction comparing spaces with coalgebra spaces over the homotopical iterated suspension-loop comonad, via iterated suspension, can be turned into an equivalence of homotopy theories by replacing spaces with the full subcategory of 1-connected spaces. This resolves in the affirmative a conjecture of Lawson on iterated suspension spaces; that homotopical descent for iterated suspension is satisfied on objects and morphisms---the corresponding iterated desuspension space can be built as the homotopy lim…
We use Cayley-Dickson algebras to produce Hopf elements eta, nu and sigma in the motivic stable homotopy groups of spheres, and we prove via geometric arguments that the the products eta*nu and nu*sigma both vanish. Along the way we develop several basic facts about the motivic stable homotopy ring.
Let $F$ and $k$ be perfect fields. The main goal of this paper is to investigate algebraic models for the Morel-Voevodsky unstable motivic homotopy category $\mathrm{Ho}(F)$ after $\mathbf{H}^{\mathbb{A}^1}k$ localization. More specifically, we extend results of Goerss to the $\mathbb{A}^1$-algebraic topology setting: we study the homotopy theory of the category $s\mathrm{coCAlg}_k(Sm_F)$ of presheaves of simplicial coalgebras over a field $k$ and their $τ$ and $\mathbb{A}^1$-localizations. For $k$ algebraically closed, we show that the unit of the adjunction $k^δ[-]\dashv(-)^{gp}$ determines …
The classical Hopf invariant is an invariant of homotopy classes of maps from $S^{4n-1} $ to $S^{2n}$, and is an important invariant in homotopy theory. The goal of this paper is to use the Koszul duality theory for $E_n$-operads to define a generalization of the classical Hopf invariant. One way of defining the classical Hopf invariant is by defining a pairing between the cohomology of the associative bar construction on the cochains of a space $X$ and the homotopy groups of $X$. In this paper we will give a generalization of the classical Hopf invariant by defining a pairing between the coho…
Let K be a comonad on a model category M. We provide conditions under which the associated category of K-coalgebras admits a model category structure such that the forgetful functor to M creates both cofibrations and weak equivalences. We provide concrete examples that satisfy our conditions and are relevant in descent theory and in the theory of Hopf-Galois extensions. These examples are specific instances of the following categories of comodules over a coring. For any semihereditary commutative ring R, let A be a dg R-algebra that is homologically simply connected. Let V be an A-coring that …
We define a notion of homotopy Segal cooperad in the category of $ E_\infty $-algebras. This model of Segal cooperad that we define in the paper, which we call homotopy Segal $ E_\infty $-Hopf cooperad, covers examples given by the cochain complex of topological operads and provides a framework for the study of the homotopy of such objects. In a first step, we consider a category of Segal $ E_\infty $-Hopf cooperads, which consists of collections of $ E_\infty $-algebras indexed by trees and equipped with coproduct operators, corresponding to tree morphisms, together with facet operators, corr…
In this paper a geometric approach toward stable homotopy groups of spheres, based on the Pontrjagin-Thom construction is proposed. From this approach a new proof of Hopf Invariant One Theorem by J.F.Adams for all dimensions except $15,31,63,127$ is obtained. It is proved that for $n>127$ in the stable homotopy group of spheres $Π_n$ there is no elements with Hopf invariant one. The new proof is based on geometric topology methods. The Pontrjagin-Thom Theorem (in the form proposed by R.Wells) about the representation of stable homotopy groups of the real projective infinite-dimensional space (…
Given a good homology theory E and a topological space X, the E-homology of X is not just an E_{*}-module but also a comodule over the Hopf algebroid (E_{*}, E_{*}E). We establish a framework for studying the homological algebra of comodules over a well-behaved Hopf algebroid (A, Gamma). That is, we construct the derived category Stable(Gamma) of (A, Gamma) as the homotopy category of a Quillen model structure on the category of unbounded chain complexes of Gamma-comodules. This derived category is obtained by inverting the homotopy isomorphisms, NOT the homology isomorphisms. We establish the…
OCHA is the homotopy algebra of open-closed strings. It can be defined as a sequence of multilinear operations on a pair of DG spaces satisfying certain relations which include the $L_\infty$ relations in one space and the $A_\infty$ relations in the other. In this paper we show that the OCHA structure is intrinsic to the tensor product of the symmetric and tensor coalgebras. We also show how an OCHA can be obtained from $A_\infty$-extesions and define the {\it universal enveloping} $A_\infty$-algebra of an OCHA as an $A_\infty$-extension of the universal enveloping of its $L_\infty$ part by i…
The transfer of the generating operations of an algebra to a homotopy equivalent chain complex produces higher operations. The first goal of this paper is to describe precisely the higher structure obtained when the unary operations commute with the contracting homotopy. To solve this problem, we develop the Koszul duality theory of operads in the category of modules over a cocommutative Hopf algebra. This gives rise to a simpler category of homotopy algebras and infinity-morphisms, which allows us to get a new description of the homotopy category of algebras over such operads. The main exampl…
The normalized singular chains of a path connected pointed space $X$ may be considered as a connected $E_{\infty}$-coalgebra $\mathbf{C}_*(X)$ with the property that the $0^{\text{th}}$ homology of its cobar construction, which is naturally a cocommutative bialgebra, has an antipode, i.e. it is a cocommutative Hopf algebra. We prove that a continuous map of path connected pointed spaces $f: X\to Y$ is a weak homotopy equivalence if and only if $\mathbf{C}_*(f): \mathbf{C}_*(X)\to \mathbf{C}_*(Y)$ is an $\mathbfΩ$-quasi-isomorphism, i.e. a quasi-isomorphism of dg algebras after applying the cob…
Combinatorial groups together with the groups of natural coalgebra transformations of tensor algebras are linked to the groups of homotopy classes of maps from the James construction to a loop space. This connection gives rise to applications to homotopy theory. The Hopf invariants of the Whitehead products are studied and a rate of exponent growth for the strong version of the Barratt Conjecture is given.
We investigate several interrelated foundational questions pertaining to the study of motivic dga's of Dan-Cohen--Schlank [8] and Iwanari [13]. In particular, we note that morphisms of motivic dga's can reasonably be thought of as a nonabelian analog of motivic cohomology. Just as abelian motivic cohomology is a homotopy group of a spectrum coming from K-theory, the space of morphisms of motivic dga's is a certain limit of such spectra; we give an explicit formula for this limit --- a possible first step towards explicit computations or dimension bounds. We also consider commutative comonoids …
The operads of Poisson and Gerstenhaber algebras are generated by a single binary element if we consider them as Hopf operads (i.e. as operads in the category of cocommutative coalgebras). In this note we discuss in details the Hopf operads generated by a single element of arbitrary arity. We explain why the dual space to the space of $n$-ary operations in this operads are quadratic and Koszul algebras. We give the detailed description of generators, relations and a certain monomial basis in these algebras.
