We construct an universal enveloping algebra associated to the ternary extension of Lie (super)algebras called Lie algebra of order three. A Poincaré-Birkhoff-Witt theorem is proven is this context. It this then shown that this universal enveloping algebra can be endowed with a structure of Hopf algebra. The study of the dual of the universal enveloping algebra enables to define the parameters of the transformation of a Lie algebra of order three. It turns out that these variables are the variables which generate the three-exterior algebra.
The theory of ternary semigroups, groups and algebras is reformulated in the abstract arrow language. Then using the reversing arrow ansatz we define ternary comultiplication, bialgebras and Hopf algebras and investigate their properties. The main property "to be binary derived" is considered in detail. The co-analog of Post theorem is formulated. It is shown that there exist 3 types of ternary coassociativity, 3 types of ternary counits and 2 types of ternary antipodes. Some examples are also presented.
General concept of ternary algebras is introduced in this article, along with several examples of its realization. Universal envelope of such algebras is defined, as well as the concept of tri-modules over ternary algebras. The universal differential calculus on these structures is then defined and its basic properties investigated.
The main purpose of this paper is to study non-commutative ternary Nambu-Poisson algebras and their Hom-type version. We provide construction results dealing with tensor product and direct sums of two (non-commutative) ternary (Hom-)Nambu-Poisson algebras. Moreover, we explore twisting principle of (non-commutative) ternary Nambu-Poisson algebras along with an algebra morphism that lead to construct (non-commutative) ternary Hom-Nambu-Poisson algebras. Furthermore, we provide examples and a 3-dimensional classification of non-commutative ternary Nambu-Poisson algebras.
We construct explicitly groups associated to specific ternary algebras which extend the Lie (super)algebras (called Lie algebras of order three). It turns out that the natural variables which appear in this construction are variables which generate the three-exterior algebra. An explicit matrix representation of a group associated to a peculiar Lie algebra of order three is constructed considering matrices with entry which belong to the three exterior algebra.
A 3-bracket variant of the Virasoro-Witt algebra is constructed through the use of su(1,1) enveloping algebra techniques. The Leibniz rules for 3-brackets acting on other 3-brackets in the algebra are discussed and verified in various situations.
We consider several ternary algebras relevant to physics. We compare and contrast the quantal versions of the algebras, as realized through associative products of operators, with their classical counterparts, as realized through classical Nambu brackets. In some cases involving infinite algebras, we show the classical limit may be obtained by a contraction of the quantal algebra, and then explicitly realized through classical brackets. We illustrate this classical-contraction method by the Virasoro-Witt example.
The Calabi-Yau spaces with SU(m) holonomy can be studied by the algebraic way through the integer lattice where one can construct the Newton reflexive polyhedra or the Berger graphs. Our conjecture is that the Berger graphs can be directly related with the $n$-ary algebras. To find such algebras we study the n-ary generalization of the well-known binary norm division algebras, ${\mathbb R}$, ${\mathbb C}$, ${\mathbb H}$, ${\mathbb O}$, which helped to discover the most important "minimal" binary simple Lie groups, U(1), SU(2) and G(2). As the most important example, we consider the case $n=3$,…
To construct ternary "quaternions" following Hamilton we must introduce two "imaginary "units, $q_1$ and $q_2$ with propeties $q_1^n=1$ and $q_2^m=1$. The general is enough difficult, and we consider the $m=n=3$. This case gives us the example of non-Abelian groupas was in Hamiltonian quaternion. The Hamiltonian quaternions help us to discover the $SU(2)=S^3$ group and also the group $L(2,C)$. In ternary case we found the generalization of U(3) which we called $TU(3)$ group and also we found the the SL(3,C) group. On the matrix language we are going from binary Pauly matrices to three dimensio…
We re-examine the appearance of semiheaps and (para-associative) ternary algebras in quantum mechanics. In particular, we review the construction of a semiheap on a Hilbert space and the set of bounded operators on a Hilbert space. The new aspect of this work is a discussion of how symmetries of a quantum system induce homomorphisms of the relevant semiheaps and ternary algebras.
In this paper, we proved the generalized Hyers-Ulam stability of homomorphisms in $C^*$- ternary algebras and of derivations on $C^*$-ternary algebras for the following Cauchy- Jensen functional equation $$3f\bigg(\frac{x+y+z}{3}\bigg)=2f\bigg(\frac{x+y}{2}\bigg)+f(z).$$ These were applied to investigate isomorphisms between $C^*$-ternary algebras.
In this paper we construct ternary $q$-Virasoro-Witt algebras which $q$-deform the ternary Virasoro-Witt algebras constructed by Curtright, Fairlie and Zachos using $su(1,1)$ enveloping algebra techniques. The ternary Virasoro-Witt algebras constructed by Curtright, Fairlie and Zachos depend on a parameter and are not Nambu-Lie algebras for all but finitely many values of this parameter. For the parameter values for which the ternary Virasoro-Witt algebras are Nambu-Lie, the corresponding ternary $q$-Virasoro-Witt algebras constructed in this article are also Hom-Nambu-Lie because they are obt…
Algebraic relations that characterize quantum statistics (Bose-Einstein statistic, Fermi-Dirac statistic, supersymmetry, parastatistic, anyonic statistic, ...) are reformulated herein in terms of a new algebraic structure, which we call para-algebra.
In this article, we describe the construction of graded $q$-differential algebra with ternary differential satisfying the property $d^3=0$ and the $q$-Leibniz rule. Our starting point is coordinate first order differential calculus on some complex algebra and the corresponding bimodule of second order differentials.
The purpose of this paper is to investigate ternary multiplications constructed from a binary multiplication, linear twisting maps and a trace function. We provide a construction of ternary Hom-Nambu and Hom-Nambu-Lie algebras starting from a binary multiplication of a Hom-Lie algebra and a trace function satisfying certain compatibility conditions involving twisting maps. We show that mutual position of kernels of twisting maps and the trace play important role in this context, and provide examples of Hom-Nambu-Lie algebras obtained using this construction.
In this note, we introduce a notion of multi-parameter formal deformations of ternary hom-Nambu-Lie algebras. Within this framework, we construct formal deformations of the three-dimensional Jacobian determinant and of the cross-product in four-dimensional Euclidean space. We also conclude that the previously defined ternary q-Virasoro-Witt algebra is a formal deformation of the ternary Virasoro-Witt algebra.
This paper generalizes the operadic construction of the Connes-Kreimer Hopf algebra of rooted trees by Moerdijk. Examples of Hopf algebras obtained in this way include the Loday-Ronco Hopf algebra of planar binary trees and the Brouder-Frabetti pruning Hopf algebra. In some examples we obtain a natural pre-Lie or dendriform algebra structure on the dual Hopf algebra. v2: Proof in section 8 corrected. v3: more corrections.
The wave equation generalizing the Dirac operator to the Z3-graded case is introduced, whose diagonalization leads to a sixth-order equation. It intertwines not only quark and anti-quark state as well as the "u" and "d" quarks, but also the three colors, and is therefore invariant under the product group Z2 x Z2 x Z3. The solutions of this equation cannot propagate because their exponents always contain non-oscillating real damping factor. We show how certain cubic products can propagate nevertheless. The model suggests the origin of the color SU(3) symmetry and of the SU(2) x U(1) that arise …
Parabosonic algebra in finite or infinite degrees of freedom is considered as a $\mathbb{Z}_{2}$-graded associative algebra, and is shown to be a $\mathbb{Z}_{2}$-graded (or: super) Hopf algebra. The super-Hopf algebraic structure of the parabosonic algebra is established directly without appealing to its relation to the $osp(1/2n)$ Lie superalgebraic structure. The notion of super-Hopf algebra is equivalently described as a Hopf algebra in the braided monoidal category ${}_{\mathbb{CZ}_{2}}\mathcal{M}$. The bosonisation technique for switching a Hopf algebra in the braided monoidal category $…
We give a universal construction of families of Hopf $P$-algebras for any Hopf operad $P$. As a special case, we recover the Connes-Kreimer Hopf algebra of rooted trees.
A concise study of ternary and cubic algebras with $Z_3$ grading is presented. We discuss some underlying ideas leading to the conclusion that the discrete symmetry group of permutations of three objects, $S_3$, and its abelian subgroup $Z_3$ may play an important role in quantum physics. We show then how most of important algebras with $Z_2$ grading can be generalized with ternary composition laws combined with a $Z_3$ grading. We investigate in particular a ternary, $Z_3$-graded generalization of the Heisenberg algebra. It turns out that introducing a non-trivial cubic root of unity, $j = e^…
The aim of this paper is to show that there is a Hopf structure of the parabosonic and parafermionic algebras and this Hopf structure can generate the well known Hopf algebraic structure of the Lie algebras, through a realization of Lie algebras using the parabosonic (and parafermionic) extension of the Jordan Schwinger map. The differences between the Hopf algebraic and the graded Hopf superalgebraic structure on the parabosonic algebra are discussed.
In this paper we are going to find a rooted tree representation from universal Hopf algebra of renormalization (in Connes-Marcolli's approach in the study of renormalizable Quantum Field Theories under the scheme minimal subtraction in dimensional regularization). With attention to this new picture, interesting relations between this specific Hopf algebra and some important Hopf algebras of rooted trees and also Hopf algebra of (quasi-) symmetric functions are obtained. And moreover a new interpretation from universal singular frame, based on Hall rooted trees, is deduced such that it can be a…
Hom-alternative and Hom-Jordan algebras are shown to give rise to Hom-Nambu algebras of arities 2^{k+1} + 1. The class of n-ary Hom-Maltsev algebras is studied. Multiplicative n-ary Hom-Nambu-Lie algebras are shown to be n-ary Hom-Maltsev algebras. Examples of ternary Hom-Maltsev algebras that are not ternary Hom-Nambu-Lie algebras are given. Ternary Hom-Maltsev algebras are shown to arise from composition algebras.
This paper introduces the braidings of dendriform algebras and tridendriform algebras. By studying free braided dendriform algebras, we obtain braidings of the Hopf algebras of Loday and Ronco of planar binary rooted trees. We also give a variation of the braiding of Foissy for the noncommutative Connes-Kreimer (a.k.a the Foissy-Holtkamp) Hopf algebra of planar rooted forests so that the well-known isomorphism between this Hopf algebra and the Loday-Ronco Hopf algebra is extended to the braided context. As free braided tridendriform algebras, we also give braided extension of the Hopf algebra …
