Anjan Kundu
A class of inhomogeneous nonlinear Schrödinger equations (NLS), claiming to be novel integrable systems with rich properties continues appearing in PhysRev and PRL. All such equations are shown to be not new but equivalent to the standard NLS, which trivially explains their integrability features.
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We extend the reduction group method to the Lax-Darboux schemes associated with nonlinear Schrödinger type equations. We consider all possible finite reduction groups and construct corresponding Lax operators, Darboux transformations, hierarchies of integrable differential-difference equations, integrable partial difference systems and associated scalar partial difference equations.
Two integrable differential-difference equations are derived from a (2+1)-dimensional modified Heisenberg ferromagnetic equation and a resonant nonlinear Schröinger equation respectively. Multi-soliton solutions of the resulted semi-discrete systems are given through Hirota's bilinear method. Elastic and inelastic interaction behavior between two solitons are studied through the asymptotic analysis. Dynamics of two-soliton solutions are shown with graphs.
Integrable boundary conditions for the nonlinear Schrödinger hierarchy
研究半直线上非线性薛定谔方程层次的可积边界条件，发现奇数阶方程允许含时间反演的新边界条件，并证明其可积性及构造孤子解。
We show that a recently given nonautonomous nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLSE) can be transformed into the autonomous NLSE.
In this paper, we investigate a general integrable nonlocal coupled nonlinear schrödinger (NLS) system with the the parity-time (PT) symmetry, which contains not only the nonlocal self-phase modulation and the nonlocal cross-phase modulation, but also the nonlocal four-wave mixing terms. This nonlocal coupled NLS system is a nonlocal version of a coupled NLS system. The general Nth Darboux transformation for the nonlocal coupled NLS equation is constructed. By using the Darboux transformation, its soliton solutions are obtained.
In this note we discuss the global dynamics of an integrable nonlocal NLS on $\mathbb{R}$, which has been the object of recent investigation by integrable systems methods. We prove two results which are in striking contrast with the case of the local cubic focusing NLS on $\mathbb{R}$. First, finite time blow-up solutions exist with arbitrarily small initial data in $H^s(\mathbb{R})$, for any $s\geqslant0$. On the other hand, the solitons of the local NLS, which are also solutions of the nonlocal equation, are unstable by blow-up for the latter.
Superpositions of hierarchies of integrable equations are also integrable. The superposed equations, such as the Hirota equations in the AKNS hierarchy, cannot be considered as new integrable equations. Furthermore if one applies the Hirota bilinear method to these equations one obtains the same $N$-soliton solutions of the generating equation which differ only by the dispersion relations. Similar discussions can be made for the locally and nonlocally reduced equations as well. We give, as an example, AKNS system of equations in $(1+1)$-dimensions.
We formulate and study an integrable model of Nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS)-type through its Lax representation, where one of the Lax operators is quadratic and the other has a rational dependence on the spectral parameter. We discuss the associated spectral problem, the Riemann-Hilbert problem formulation, the conserved quantities, as well as a generalisation for symmetric spaces. In addition we explore the possibilities for modelling with higher order NLS (HNLS) integrable equations and in particular, the relevance of the proposed system.
This paper develops two approaches to Lax-integrbale systems with spatiotemporally varying coefficients. A technique based on extended Lax Pairs is first considered to derive variable-coefficient generalizations of various Lax-integrable NLPDE hierarchies recently introduced in the literature. As illustrative examples, we consider generalizations of the NLS and DNLS equations, as well as a PT-symmetric version of the NLS equation. It is demonstrated that the techniques yield Lax- or S-integrable NLPDEs with both time- AND space-dependent coefficients which are thus more general than almost all…
We present some nonlocal integrable systems by using the Ablowitz-Musslimani nonlocal reductions. We first present all possible nonlocal reductions of nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) and modified Korteweg-de Vries (mKdV) systems. We give soliton solutions of these nonlocal equations by using the Hirota method. We extend the nonlocal NLS equation to nonlocal Fordy-Kulish equations by utilizing the nonlocal reduction to the Fordy-Kulish system on symmetric spaces. We also consider the super AKNS system and then show that Ablowitz-Musslimani nonlocal reduction can be extended to super integrable equa…
We study two integrable systems associated with the coupled NLS equation: the integrable defect system and the integrable boundary systems. Regarding the first one, we present a type I defect condition, which is described by a Bäcklund transformation frozen at the defect location. For the resulting defect system, we prove its integrability both by showing the existence of an infinite set of conserved quantities and by implementing the classical $r$-matrix method. Regarding the second one, we present some new integrable boundary conditions for the coupled NLS equation by imposing suitable reduc…
Two types of integrable coupled nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equations are derived by using Zakharov-Shabat (ZS) dressing method.The Lax pairs for the coupled NLS equations are also investigated using the ZS dressing method. These give new types of the integrable coupled NLS equations with certain additional terms. Then, the exact solutions of the new types are obtained. We find that the solution of these new types do not always produce a soliton solution even they are the kind of the integrable NLS equations.
A unifying scheme based on an ancestor model is proposed for generating a wide range of integrable discrete and continuum as well as inhomogeneous and hybrid models. They include in particular discrete versions of sine-Gordon, Landau-Lifshitz, nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS), derivative NLS equations, Liouville model, (non-)relativistic Toda chain, Ablowitz-Ladik model etc. Our scheme introduces the possibility of building a novel class of integrable hybrid systems including multi-component models like massive Thirring, discrete self trapping, two-mode derivative NLS by combining different descend…
The reductions of the multi-component nonlinear Schrodinger (MNLS) type models related to C.I and D.III type symmetric spaces are studied. We pay special attention to the MNLS related to the sp(4), so(10) and so(12) Lie algebras. The MNLS related to sp(4) is a three-component MNLS which finds applications to Bose-Einstein condensates. The MNLS related to so(12) and so(10) Lie algebras after convenient Z_6 or Z_4 reductions reduce to three and four-component MNLS showing new types of chi ^(3)-interactions that are integrable. We briefly explain how these new types of MNLS can be integrated by t…
A nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation was recently found by the authors and shown to be an integrable infinite dimensional Hamiltonian equation. Unlike the classical (local) case, here the nonlinearly induced "potential" is $PT$ symmetric thus the nonlocal NLS equation is also $PT$ symmetric. In this paper, new {\it reverse space-time} and {\it reverse time} nonlocal nonlinear integrable equations are introduced. They arise from remarkably simple symmetry reductions of general AKNS scattering problems where the nonlocality appears in both space and time or time alone. They are integr…
We examine statistical properties of integrable turbulence in the defocusing and focusing regimes of one-dimensional small-dispersion nonlinear Schrodinger equation (1D-NLSE). Specifically, we study the 1D-NLSE evolution of partially coherent waves having Gaussian statistics at time t=0. Using short time asymptotic expansions and taking advantage of the scale separation in the semi-classical regime we obtain a simple explicit formula describing an early stage of the evolution of the fourth moment of the random wave field amplitude, a quantitative measure of the "tailedness" of the probability …
Noncommutative NLS systems: Darboux--Bäcklund transformations and integrable discretisations
研究非线性薛定谔型系统的非交换类似物和可积离散化，构造Darboux–Bäcklund变换和晶格方程，并导出非交换变形系统的Lax表示。
The discrete symmetry's dressing chains of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLS) and Davey-Stewartson equations (DS) are consider. The modified NLS (mNLS) equation and the modified DS (mDS) equations are obtained. The explicitly reversible Backlund auto-transformations for the mNLS and mDS equations are constructed. We demonstrate discrete symmetry's conjugate chains of the KP and DS models. The two-dimensional generalization of the P4 equation are obtained.
The integrable inhomogeneous extension of the Lakshmanan-Myrzakulov equation is constructed by using the prolongation structure theory. The corresponding L-equivalent counterpart is also given, which is the (2+1)-dimensional generalized NLSE.
The perturbed NLS equation is asymptotically integrable if the zero-order approximation to the solution is a single soliton. It is not integrable for any other zero-order solution. In the standard application of a Normal Form expansion, integrability is recovered if, from second order onwards, the perturbation obeys algebraic constraints. In general, these are not satisfied. As a result, the Normal Form is not asymptotically integrable; its solution, the zero-order approximation, loses the simple structure of the solution of the unperturbed equation. This work exploits the freedom in the pertu…
By using the prolongation structure theory proposed by Morris, we give a (2+1)-dimensional integrable inhomogeneous Heisenberg Ferromagnet models, namely, the inhomogeneous Myrzakulov I equation. Through the motion of space curves endowed with an additional spatial variable, its geometrical equivalent counterpart is also presented.
Treating an integrable quad-equation along with its two generalised symmetries as a compatible system allows one to construct an auto-Bäcklund transformation for solutions of the related NLS-type system. A fixed periodic reduction of the quad-equation yields a quasi-periodic reduction of its generalised symmetries that turn them into differential constraints compatible with the NLS-type system.
Two integrable $U(1)$-invariant peakon equations are derived from the NLS hierarchy through the tri-Hamiltonian splitting method. A Lax pair, a recursion operator, a bi-Hamiltonian formulation, and a hierarchy of symmetries and conservation laws are obtained for both peakon equations. These equations are also shown to arise as potential flows in the NLS hierarchy by applying the NLS recursion operator to flows generated by space translations and $U(1)$-phase rotations on a potential variable. Solutions for both equations are derived using a peakon ansatz combined with an oscillatory temporal p…
It is well known that the nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation is a very important integrable equation. Ablowitz and Musslimani introduced and investigated an integrable nonlocal NLS equation through inverse scattering transform. Very recently, we proposed an integrable nonlocal modified Korteweg-de Vries equation (mKdV) which can also be found in a paper of Ablowitz and Musslimani. We have constructed the Darboux transformation and soliton solutions for the nonlocal mKdV equation. In this paper, we will investigate further the nonlocal mKdV equation. We will give its exact solutions including…
Through the Hasimoto map, various dynamical systems can be mapped to different integrodifferential generalizations of Nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) family of equations some of which are known to be integrable. Two such continuum limits, corresponding to the inhomogeneous XXX Heisenberg spin chain [Balakrishnan, J. Phys. C 15, L1305 (1982)] and that of a thin vortex filament moving in a superfluid with drag [Shivamoggi, Eur. Phys. J. B 86, 275 (2013) 86; Van Gorder, Phys. Rev. E 91, 053201 (2015)], are shown to be particular non-holonomic deformations (NHDs) of the standard NLS system involving g…
In this paper we investigate integrable models from the perspective of information theory, exhibiting various connections. We begin by showing that compressible hydrodynamics for a one-dimesional isentropic fluid, with an appropriately motivated information theoretic extension, is described by a general nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equation. Depending on the choice of the enthalpy function, one obtains the cubic NLS or other modified NLS equations that have applications in various fields. Next, by considering the integrable hierarchy associated with the NLS model, we propose higher order inform…
We present nonlocal integrable reductions of super AKNS coupled equations. By the use of nonlocal reductions of Ablowitz and Musslimani we find new super integrable equations. In particular we introduce nonlocal super NLS equations and the nonlocal super mKdV equations.
Addition of higher nonlinear terms to the well known integrable nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equations, keeping the same linear dispersion (LD) usually makes the system nonintegrable. We present a systematic method through a novel Eckhaus-Kundu hierarchy, which can generate higher nonlinearities in the NLS and derivative NLS equations preserving their integrability. Moreover, similar nonlinear integrable extensions can be made again in a hierarchical way for each of the equations in the known integrable NLS and derivative NLS hierarchies with higher order LD, without changing their LD.
Integrable discretisations of the noncommutative NLS equation
本文利用 Darboux 变换的兼容性条件，导出了非交换非线性 Schrödinger 方程的可积离散化，并构建了非交换 Adler--Yamilov 型系统和离散 Toda 方程及其 Bäcklund 变换。
A new integrable discrete system is constructed and studied, based on the algebraization of the difference operator. The model is named the discrete generalized nonlinear Schrodinger (GNLS) equation for which can be reduced to classical discrete nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equation. To show the complete integrability of the discrete GNLS equation, the recursion operator, symmetries and conservation quantities are obtained. Furthermore, all of reductions for the discrete GNLS equation are given and the discrete NLS equation is obtained by one of the reductions. At the same time, the recursion o…
Generalised reversible transformations and the inhomogeneous nonlinear Schrödinger equation hierarchy
本文提出广义可逆变换，将聚焦/散焦非齐次NLSE层级映射到含线性势的NLSE层级，直接获得加速暗/亮孤子，并发现色散与非线性系数的新约束，统一了非等谱与等谱逆散射问题框架。
Integrable and nonintegrable discrete nonlinear Schrödinger equations (NLS) are significant models to describe many phenomena in physics. Recently, Ablowitz and Musslimani introduced a class of reverse space, reverse time and reverse space-time nonlocal integrable equations, including nonlocal NLS, nonlocal sine-Gordon equation and nonlocal Davey-Stewartson equation etc. And, the integrable nonlocal discrete NLS has been exactly solved by inverse scattering transform. In this paper, we study a nonintegrable discrete nonlocal NLS which is direct discretization version of the reverse space nonlo…
In this article, we construct novel explicit solutions for nonlinear Schrödinger systems with spatially inhomogeneous nonlinearity by means of the Lie symmetry method. We focus the attention to solutions with non-trivial phase, which have been scarcely considered in the related literature. To get started, the theoretical method based on Lie symmetries is exposed, thus reducing the problem to the integrability of an ODE. The non-trivial phase introduces a singular term into the ODE. Then, the method is used to construct new families of analytical solutions. Some illustrative examples are provid…
In this paper, we study integrable multilayer spin systems, namely, the multilayer M-LIII equation. We investigate their relation with the geometric flows of interacting curves and surfaces in some space $R^{n}$. Then we present their the Lakshmanan equivalent counterparts. We show that these equivalent counterparts are, in fact, the vector nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE). It is well-known that the vector NLSE is equivalent to the $Γ$-spin system. Also, we have presented the transformations which give the relation between solutions of the $Γ$-spin system and the multilayer M-LIII equatio…
We propose integrable discretizations of derivative nonlinear Schroedinger (DNLS) equations such as the Kaup-Newell equation, the Chen-Lee-Liu equation and the Gerdjikov-Ivanov equation by constructing Lax pairs. The discrete DNLS systems admit the reduction of complex conjugation between two dependent variables and possess bi-Hamiltonian structure. Through transformations of variables and reductions, we obtain novel integrable discretizations of the nonlinear Schroedinger (NLS), modified KdV (mKdV), mixed NLS, matrix NLS, matrix KdV, matrix mKdV, coupled NLS, coupled Hirota, coupled Sasa-Sats…
We treat the lattice sine-Gordon equation and two of its generalised symmetries as a compatible system. Elimination of shifts from the two symmetries of the lattice sine-Gordon equation yields an integrable NLS-type system. An auto-Bäcklund transformation and a superposition formula for the NLS-type system is obtained by elimination of shifts from the lattice sine-Gordon equation and its down-shifted version. We use the obtained formulae to calculate a superposition of two and three elementary solutions.
Auxiliary systems for matrix nonisospectral equations, including coupled NLS with external potential and KdV with variable coefficients, were introduced. Explicit solutions of nonisospectral equations were constructed using the GBDT version of the Bäcklund-Darboux transformation.
Whitham-Broer-Kaup Systems in Multi-dimensions: Quantum and Resonant NLS Connections
该研究概述了量子及共振非线性薛定谔方程与Whitham-Broer-Kaup型系统的关联，构建了n+1维Whitham-Broer-Kaup系统新扩展并推导了相关可积相似约化。
Using a bidifferential graded algebra approach to integrable partial differential or difference equations, a unified treatment of continuous, semi-discrete (Ablowitz-Ladik) and fully discrete matrix NLS systems is presented. These equations originate from a universal equation within this framework, by specifying a representation of the bidifferential graded algebra and imposing a reduction. By application of a general result, corresponding families of exact solutions are obtained that in particular comprise the matrix soliton solutions in the focusing NLS case. The solutions are parametrised i…
A non-isospectral linear problem for an integrable 2+1 generalization of the non linear Schrödinger equation, which includes dispersive terms of third and fourth order, is presented. The classical symmetries of the Lax pair and the related reductions are carefully studied. We obtain several reductions of the Lax pair that yield in some cases non-isospectral problems in 1+1 dimensions.
We discuss the concept of Lax-Darboux scheme and illustrate it on well known examples associated with the Nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equation. We explore the Darboux links of the NLS hierarchy with the hierarchy of Heisenberg model, principal chiral field model as well as with differential-difference integrable systems (including the Toda lattice and differential-difference Heisenberg chain) and integrable partial difference systems. We show that there exists a transformation which formally diagonalises all elements of the Lax-Darboux scheme simultaneously. It provides us with generating func…
Yang--Baxter maps of KdV, NLS and DNLS type on division rings
本研究构造了除环上与KdV、NLS及导数NLS方程相关的非交换Yang--Baxter方程集合论解，证明部分映射的Liouville可积性与约化性质，并通过非交换Darboux矩阵重分解构造验证解。
Comment on "Space-time shifted solitons and solution interactions for a generalized nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger equation"
本文审视Zhou和Yu关于空时平移非局域NLS方程可积性的论断，指出仅当无时间反演（$\lambda=1, t_0=0$）时相容，$\lambda=-1$情形不能由标准NLS系统导出，并讨论平移等价性及修正Hirota方程。
Integrable discretisations for a class of coupled (super) nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) type of equations are presented. The class corresponds to a Lax operator with entries in a Grassmann algebra. Elementary Darboux transformations are constructed. As a result, Grassmann generalisations of the Toda lattice and the NLS dressing chain are obtained. The compatibility (Bianchi commutativity) of these Darboux transformations leads to integrable Grassmann generalisations of the difference Toda and NLS equations. The resulting systems will have discrete Lax representations provided by the set of two c…
The soliton solution of the integrable coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLS) of Manakov type is investigated by using Zakharov-Shabat (ZS) scheme. We get the bright N-solitons solution by solving the integrable uncoupled NLS of Manakov type. We also find that there is an elastic collision of the bright N-solitons.
We consider an integrable generalization of the nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation that was recently derived by one of the authors using bi-Hamiltonian methods. This equation is related to the NLS equation in the same way that the Camassa Holm equation is related to the KdV equation. In this paper we: (a) Use the bi-Hamiltonian structure to write down the first few conservation laws. (b) Derive a Lax pair. (c) Use the Lax pair to solve the initial value problem. (d) Analyze solitons.
We construct multi-soliton solutions of the n-component vector nonlinear Schrödinger equation on the half-line subject to two classes of integrable boundary conditions (BCs): the homogeneous Robin BCs and the mixed Neumann/Dirichlet BCs. The construction is based on the approach of dressing the integrable BCs: soliton solutions are generated in preserving the integrable BCs at each step of the Darboux-dressing process. Under the Robin BCs, examples, including boundary-bound solitons, are explicitly derived; under the mixed Neumann/Dirichlet BCs, the boundary can act as a polarizer that tunes d…
We conjecture an integrability and linearizability test for dispersive Z^2-lattice equations by using a discrete multiscale analysis. The lowest order secularity conditions from the multiscale expansion give a partial differential equation of the form of the nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equation. If the starting lattice equation is integrable then the resulting NLS equation turns out to be integrable, while if the starting equation is linearizable we get a linear Schrodinger equation. On the other hand, if we start with a non-integrable lattice equation we may obtain a non-integrable NLS equati…
Inverse scattering transform for continuous and discrete space-time shifted integrable equations
本文研究了具有偏移与反射组合的非局部可积方程，详细分析了时间、空间及时空偏移的NLS和mKdV方程的连续与半离散逆散射变换，并构造了相应的单孤子解。
An integrable extension of the well known nonlinear Schroedinger (NLS) equation to a higher space-dimension, recently proposed by us, is investigated, exploring its various important aspects. Focusing on the idea of construction its connection with other known models like the Zakharov equation and the Strachan construction is shown. The underlying integrable structures like the Lax pair, the infinite conserved charges and the higher soliton solutions are presented in the explicit form. The related 2D rogue wave model and other applications are focused on.
A study of general rogue waves in some integrable reverse time nonlocal nonlinear equations is presented. Specifically, the reverse time nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) and nonlocal Davey-Stewartson (DS) equations are investigated, which are nonlocal reductions from the AKNS hierarchy. By using Darboux transformation (DT) method, several types of rogue waves are constructed. Especially, a unified binary DT is found for this nonlocal DS system, thus the solution formulas for nonlocal DSI and DSII equation can be written in an uniform expression. Dynamics of these rogue waves is separately …
Integrable operators, $\overline{\partial}$-Problems, KP and NLS hierarchy
本文将围道上的可积算子理论推广到光滑边界区域，通过$\overline{\partial}$问题构造预解算子，并用Malgrange一形式证明Hilbert-Carleman行列式生成KP或NLS层级的$\tau$函数。
The local and non-local vector Non-linear Schrodinger Equation (NLSE) with a general cubic non-linearity are considered in presence of a linear term characterized, in general, by a non-hermitian matrix which under certain condition incorporates balanced loss and gain and a linear coupling between the complex fields of the governing non-linear equations. It is shown that the systems posses a Lax pair and an infinite number of conserved quantities and hence integrable. Apart from the particular form of the local and non-local reductions, the systems are integrable when the matrix representing th…
An integrable discretization of the inhomogeneous Ablowitz-Ladik model with a linear force is introduced. Conditions on parameters of the discretization which are necessary for reproducing Bloch oscillations are obtained. In particular, it is shown that the step of the discretization must be comensurable with the period of oscillations imposed by the inhomogeneous force. By proper choice of the step of the discretization the period of oscillations of a soliton in the discrete model can be made equal to an integer number of periods of oscillations in the underline continuous-time lattice.
An integrable generalization of the NLS equation is presented, in which the dynamical complex variable $u(t,x)$ is replaced by a pair of dynamical complex variables $(u_1(t,x),u_2(t,x))$, and $i$ is replaced by a Pauli matrix $J$. Integrability is retained by the addition of a nonlocal term in the resulting 2-component system. A further integrable generalization is obtained which involves a dynamical scalar variable and an additional nonlocal term. For each system, a Lax pair and a bi-Hamiltonian formulation are derived from a zero-curvature framework that is based on symmetric Lie algebras an…
Applying braided Yang-Baxter equation quantum integrable and Bethe ansatz solvable 1D anyonic lattice and field models are constructed. Along with known models we discover novel lattice anyonic and $q$-anyonic models as well as nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLS) and the derivative NLS quantum field models involving anyonic operators, $N$-particle sectors of which yield the well known anyon gases, interacting through $δ$ and derivative $δ$-function potentials.
The integrable vector nonlinear Schrodinger (vector NLS) equation is investigated by using Zakharov-Shabat (ZS) scheme. We get a Lax pair formulation of the vector NLS model. Multi-soliton solution of the equation is also derived by using inverse scattering method of ZS scheme. We also find that there is an elastic and inelastic collision of the bright and dark multi-solitons of the system.
We provide a new natural interpretation of the Lax representation for an integrable system; that is, the spectral problem is the linearized form of a Miura transformation between the original system and a modified version of it. On the basis of this interpretation, we formulate a systematic method of identifying modified integrable systems that can be mapped to a given integrable system by Miura transformations. Thus, this method can be used to generate new integrable systems from known systems through inverse Miura maps; it can be applied to both continuous and discrete systems in 1+1 dimensi…
The inhomogeneity of the media or the external forces usually destroy the integrability of a system. We propose a systematic construction of a class of quantum models, which retains their exact integrability inspite of their explicit inhomogeneity. Such models include variable mass sine-Gordon model, cylindrical NLS, spin chains with impurity, inhomogeneous Toda chain, the Ablowitz-Ladik model etc.
The classical equation of motion of a Davydov model in a coherent state approximation is analyzed using the multiple scales method. An exponentially decaying long range interaction (Kac-Baker model) was included. In the first order, the dominant amplitude has to be a solution of the nonlinear Schroedinger equation (NLS). In the next order, the second amplitude satisfies an inhomogeneous linearized NLS equation, the inhomogeneous term depending only on the dominant amplitude. In order to eliminate possible secular behaviour the dominant amplitude has to satisfy also the next equation in the NLS…
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