Hidetomo Nagai
A new type of multi-soliton solution to the ultradiscrete Toda equation is proposed. The solution can be transformed into another expression of solution in a perturbation form. A direct proof of the solution is also given.
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We propose an ultradiscrete analogue of Plücker relation specialized for soliton solutions. It is expressed by an ultradiscrete permanent which is obtained by ultradiscretizing the permanent, that is, the signature-free determinant. Using this relation, we also show soliton solutions to the ultradiscrete KP equation and the ultradiscrete two-dimensional Toda lattice equation respectively.
We propose new type of discrete and ultradiscrete soliton equations, which admit extended soliton solution called periodic phase soliton solution. The discrete equation is derived from the discrete DKP equation and the ultradiscrete one is obtained by applying the ultradiscrete limit. The soliton solutions have internal freedom and change their shape periodically during propagation. In particular, the ultradiscrete solution reduces into the solution to the ultradiscrete hungry Lotka-Volterra equation in a special case.
Ultradiscrete soliton equations and Bäcklund transformation for a generalized soliton solution are presented. The equations include the ultradiscrete KdV equation or the ultradiscrete Toda equation in a special case. We also express the solution by the ultradiscrete permanent, which is defined by ultradiscretizing the signature-free determinant, that is, the permanent. Moreover, we discuss a relation between Bäcklund transformations for discrete and ultradiscrete KdV equations.
We propose a new type of soliton equation, which is obtained from the generalized discrete BKP equation. The obtained equation admits two types of soliton solutions. The signs of amplitude and velocity of the soliton solution are opposite to the other. We also propose the ultradiscrete analogues of them. The ultradiscrete equation also admits the similar properties. In particular it behaves the original Box-Ball system in a special case.
We define a function by means of the minimum weight flow on a planar graph and prove that this function solves the ultradiscrete Toda molecule equation, its Bäcklund transformation and the two dimensional Toda molecule equation. The method we employ in the proof can be considered as fundamental to the integrability of ultradiscrete soliton equations.
We propose an ultradiscrete analogue of the vertex operator in the case of the ultradiscrete KP equation--several other ultradiscrete equations--which maps N-soliton solutions to N+1-soliton ones.
We propose a recursive representation of solutions to an ultradiscrete analogue of the discrete KP hierarchy, which is the master equation of discrete soliton equations. We also propose a class of solutions which can be used to start the recursion. Finally, as an application, we discuss the compatibility condition of ultradiscrete soliton equations.
We propose an ultradiscrete analogue of the vertex operator in the case of the ultradiscrete KdV equation, which maps N-soliton solutions to N+1-soliton ones.
A nonautonomous version of the ultradiscrete hungry Toda lattice with a finite lattice boundary condition is derived by applying reduction and ultradiscretization to a nonautonomous two-dimensional discrete Toda lattice. It is shown that the derived ultradiscrete system has a direct connection to the box-ball system with many kinds of balls and finite carrier capacity. Particular solutions to the ultradiscrete system are constructed by using the theory of some sort of discrete biorthogonal polynomials.
This is a review article on a tropical geometric realization of the ultradiscrete periodic Toda lattice (UD-pTL). Time evolution of the UD-pTL is translated into an addition on the Picard group of its spectral curve, which is a tropical hyperelliptic curve of arbitrary genus depending on the system size. The addition on the Picard group can be realized by using intersection of several tropical plane curves, one of which is the spectral curve. In addition, the tropical eigenvector map, which maps a point in the phase space of the UD-pTL into a set of points on the spectral curve, can also be re…
The discrete Toda lattice preserves the eigenvalues of tridiagonal matrices, and convergence of dependent variables to the eigenvalues can be proved under appropriate conditions. We show that the ultradiscrete Toda lattice preserves invariant factors of a certain bidiagonal matrix over a principal ideal domain, and prove convergence of dependent variables to invariant factors using properties of box and ball system. Using this fact, we present a new method for computing the Smith normal form of a given matrix.
Ultradiscretization with negative values is a long-standing problem and several attempts have been made to solve it. Among others, we focus on the symmetrized max-plus algebra, with which we ultradiscretize the discrete sine-Gordon equation. Another ultradiscretization of the discrete sine-Gordon equation has already been proposed by previous studies, but the equation and the solutions obtained here are considered to directly correspond to the discrete counterpart. We also propose a noncommutative discrete analogue of the sine-Gordon equation, reveal its relations to other integrable systems i…
We propose the functions defined by the maximum of a discrete quadratic form and satisfying the ultradiscrete KdV equation. These functions includes not only soliton solutions but also pseudo-periodic solutions. In the proof, we employ some facts of discrete convex analysis.
We construct generalized solutions to the ultradiscrete KdV equation, including the so-called negative solition solutions. The method is based on the ultradiscretization of soliton solutions to the discrete KdV equation with gauge transformation. The conserved quantities of the ultradiscrete KdV equation are shown to be constructed in a similar way to those for the box-ball system.
We solve the direct scattering problem for the ultradiscrete Korteweg de Vries (udKdV) equation, over $\mathbb R$ for any potential with compact (finite) support, by explicitly constructing bound state and non-bound state eigenfunctions. We then show how to reconstruct the potential in the scattering problem at any time, using an ultradiscrete analogue of a Darboux transformation. This is achieved by obtaining data uniquely characterising the soliton content and the `background' from the initial potential by Darboux transformation.
The tropical (ultradiscrete) periodic Toda lattice is a dynamical system derived from a time-discretized version of the periodic Toda lattice through a limiting procedure called tropicalization. We propose a new formulation for this dynamical system with a representation by two-colored strips. Based on this formulation, a family of its commuting time evolutions is constructed.
We construct $N$-soliton solution for the non-autonomous discrete-time Toda lattice equation, which is a generalization of the discrete-time Toda equation such that the lattice interval with respect to time is an arbitrary function in time.
Our previous results on the N-soliton interaction in the adiabatic approximation have been extended. It is shown that the complex Toda chain (CTC) model is an universal one in the sense that it describes the N-soliton train interactions for all NLEE from the NLS hierarchy. We derive the perturbed CTC system and show that the small perturbations affect only the center of mass motion and the global phase of the N-soliton train. A special reduction of CTC known as the Toda chain with indefinite metric describes the interaction of the sine-Gordon solitons and anti-solitons. The peculiarities of th…
Using the Karpman-Solov'ev method we derive the equations for the 2-soliton adiabatic interaction for solitons of the modified nonlinear Schrodinger equation (MNSE). Then we generalize these equations to the case of N interacting solitons with almost equal velocities and widths. On the basis of this result we prove that the N MNSE-soliton train interaction (N>2) can be modeled by the completely integrable complex Toda chain (CTC). This is an argument in favor of universality of the complex Toda chain which was previously shown to model the soliton train interaction for nonlinear Schrodinger so…
We describe the interaction pattern in the $x$-$y$ plane for a family of soliton solutions of the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) equation, $(-4u_{t}+u_{xxx}+6uu_x)_{x}+3u_{yy}=0$. Those solutions also satisfy the finite Toda lattice hierarchy. We determine completely their asymptotic patterns for $y\to \pm\infty$, and we show that all the solutions (except the one-soliton solution) are of {\it resonant} type, consisting of arbitrary numbers of line solitons in both aymptotics; that is, arbitrary $N_-$ incoming solitons for $y\to -\infty$ interact to form arbitrary $N_+$ outgoing solitons for $y\t…
A soliton cellular automaton associated with crystals of symmetric tensor representations of the quantum affine algebra U'_q(A^{(1)}_M) is introduced. It is a crystal theoretic formulation of the generalized box-ball system in which capacities of boxes and carriers are arbitrary and inhomogeneous. Scattering matrices of two solitons coincide with the combinatorial R matrices of U'_q(A^{(1)}_{M-1}). A piecewise linear evolution equation of the automaton is identified with an ultradiscrete limit of the nonautonomous discrete KP equation. A class of N soliton solutions is obtained through the ult…
The Toda lattice hierarchy with self-consistent sources and their Lax representation are derived. We construct a forward Darboux transformation (FDT) with arbitrary functions of time and a generalized forward Darboux transformation (GFDT) for Toda lattice with self-consistent sources (TLSCS), which can serve as a non-auto-Backlund transformation between TLSCS with different degrees of sources. With the help of such DT, we can construct many type of solutions to TLSCS, such as rational solution, solitons, positons, negetons, and soliton-positons, soliton-negatons, positon-negatons etc., and stu…
A deautonomized version of the two-dimensional Toda lattice equation is presented. Its ultra-discrete analogue and soliton solutions are also discussed.
Using the Karpman-Solov''ev quasiparticle approach for soliton-soliton interaction I show that the train propagation of N well separated solitons of the massive Thirring model is described by the complex Toda chain with N nodes. For the optical gap system a generalised (non-integrable) complex Toda chain is derived for description of the train propagation of well separated gap solitons. These results are in favor of the recently proposed conjecture of universality of the complex Toda chain.
We study some static multi-soliton configurations in the su(N + 1) Toda models. Such configurations exist for N > 1. We construct explicitly a multi-soliton solution for any N and study conditions for having such solutions. The number of static solitons is limited by the rank of the su(N + 1) Lie algebra. We give some examples of non-static multi-soliton solutions with static components.
Construction of the Lax pairs for the delay Lotka-Volterra and delay Toda lattice equations and their reductions to delay Painleve equations
本文构造延迟Lotka-Volterra和延迟Toda格方程的Lax对及守恒量，通过空间2-周期约化推导延迟Painleve方程，并给出其自洽版本的行列式解。
We have proposed, in our previous papers, a method to characterize integrable discrete soliton equations. In this paper we generalize the method further and obtain a $q$-difference Toda equation, from which we can derive various $q$-difference soliton equations by reductions.
A class of rational solutions of Toda lattice satisfying certain Backlund transformations and a class of mixed rational-soliton solutions (quasisolitons) in wronskian formare obtained using the method of Ablowitz and Satsuma. Also an extended class of rational solutions are found using an appropriate recursion relation. They are also solutions of Boussinesq equation and it is conjectured that there is a larger class of common solutions of both equations.
We use the generalized Cauchy matrix approach to derive the N-soliton solutions for the (2+2)-dimensional Toda lattice.
Using Hirota's method, solitons are constructed for affine Toda field theories based on the simply-laced affine algebras. By considering automorphisms of the simply-laced Dynkin diagrams, solutions to the remaining algebras, twisted as well as untwisted, are deduced.
The solitons of affine Toda field theory are related to the spin-generalised Ruijsenaars-Schneider (or relativistic Calogero-Moser) models. This provides the sought after extension of the correspondence between the sine-Gordon solitons and the Ruijsenaars-Schneider model.
We apply the method of nonlinear steepest descent to compute the long-time asymptotics of the Toda lattice for decaying initial data in the soliton region. In addition, we point out how to reduce the problem in the remaining region to the known case without solitons.
Calculation of solitons derived from quivers
本文通过将每个箭图与非线性可积系统（如KP和Toda层次）的孤子解关联，给出了这些孤子解的显式可计算公式，这些解被视为通过退化拟周期解得到的通用解。
We apply the method of nonlinear steepest descent to compute the long-time asymptotics of the periodic (and slightly more generally of the quasi-periodic finite-gap) Toda lattice for decaying initial data in the soliton region. In addition, we show how to reduce the problem in the remaining region to the known case without solitons.
We study the relation between the group-algebraic approach and the dressing symmetry one to the soliton solutions of the $A_n^{(1)}$ Toda field theory in 1+1 dimensions. Originally solitons in the affine Toda models has been found by Olive, Turok and Underwood. Single solitons are created by exponentials of elements which ad-diagonalize the principal Heisenberg subalgebra. Alternatively Babelon and Bernard exploited the dressing symmetry to reproduce the known expressions for the fundamental tau functions in the sine-Gordon model. In this paper we show the equivalence between these two methods…
The adiabatic N-soliton train interactions for the scalar nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equation and its perturbed versions are well studied. Here we briefly outline how they can be generalized for the higher NLS-type equations and for the multicomponent NLS equations. It is shown that in all these cases the complex Toda chain plays fundamental role.
This is the second part of a series of papers dealing with an extensive class of analytic difference operators admitting reflectionless eigenfunctions. In the first part, the pertinent difference operators and their reflectionless eigenfunctions are constructed from given ``spectral data'', in analogy with the IST for reflectionless Schrödinger and Jacobi operators. In the present paper, we introduce a suitable time dependence in the data, arriving at explicit solutions to a nonlocal evolution equation of Toda type, which may be viewed as an analog of the KdV and Toda lattice equations for the…
We give a new integrable boundary condition in affine Toda theory which is soliton-preserving in the sense that a soliton hitting the boundary is reflected as a soliton. All previously known integrable boundary conditions forced a soliton to be converted into an antisoliton upon reflection. We prove integrability of our boundary condition using a generalization of Sklyanin's formalism.
Affine Toda equations based on simple Lie algebras arise by imposing zero curvature condition on a Lax connection which belongs to the corresponding loop Lie algebra in the principal gradation. In the particular case of $A_n^{(1)}$ Toda models, we exploit the symmetry of the underlying linear problem to calculate the dressing group element which generates arbitrary $N$-soliton solution from the vacuum. Starting from this result we recover the vertex operator representation of the soliton tau functions.
We investigate soliton solutions of the Toda hierarchy on a quasi-periodic finite-gap background by means of the double commutation method and the inverse scattering transform. In particular, we compute the phase shift caused by a soliton on a quasi-periodic finite-gap background. Furthermore, we consider short range perturbations via scattering theory. We give a full description of the effect of the double commutation method on the scattering data and establish the inverse scattering transform in this setting.
We propose a new multi-component two-dimensional Toda lattice hierarchy (mc2dTLH) which includes two-dimensional Toda lattice equation with self-consistent sources (2dTLSCS) as the first non-trivial equation. The Lax representations for this mc2dTLH are presented. We construct a non-auto-Bäcklund Darboux transformation (DT) for 2dTLSCS by applying the method of variation of constant (MVC) to ordinary DT of 2dTLSCS. This non-auto-Bäcklund DT enables us to obtain various solutions such as solitons, rational solutions etc., to 2dTLSCS.
The sets of the integrable lattice equations, which generalize the Toda lattice, are considered. The hierarchies of the first integrals and infinitesimal symmetries are found. The properties of the multi-soliton solutions are discussed.
Binary symmetry constraints are applied to constructing Bäcklund transformations of soliton systems, both continuous and discrete. Construction of solutions to soliton systems is split into finding solutions to lower-dimensional Liouville integrable systems, which also paves a way for separation of variables and exhibits integrability by quadratures for soliton systems. Illustrative examples are provided for the KdV equation, the AKNS system of nonlinear Schrödinger equations, the Toda lattice, and the Langmuir lattice.
We find new solutions, including soliton-like ones, for a special case of non-Abelian loop Toda equations associated with complex general linear groups. We use the method of rational dressing based on an appropriate block-matrix representation suggested by the Z-gradation under consideration. We present solutions in a form of a direct matrix generalization of the Hirota's soliton solution already well-known for the case of Abelian loop Toda systems.
A cellular automaton that is a generalization of the box-ball system with either many kinds of balls or finite carrier capacity is proposed and studied through two discrete integrable systems: nonautonomous discrete KP lattice and nonautonomous discrete two-dimensional Toda lattice. Applying reduction technique and ultradiscretization procedure to these discrete systems, we derive two types of time evolution equations of the proposed cellular automaton, and particular solutions to the ultradiscrete equations.
Transverse linear stability of line solitons for 2D Toda
本文利用Darboux变换在指数加权空间中证明了二维Toda任意尺寸1-线孤子的线性稳定性，并刻画了线性化方程解的主导部分及其由一维阻尼波动方程描述的振幅行为。
We study a (2+1)-dimensional system that can be viewed as an infinite number of O(3) sigma-fields coupled by a nearest-neighbour Heisenberg-like interaction. We reduce the field equations of this model to an integrable system that is closely related to the two-dimensional relativistic Toda chain and the Ablowitz-Ladik equations. Using this reduction we obtain the dark-soliton solutions of our model.
Transparent scalar and pseudoscalar potentials in the one-dimensional Dirac equation play an important role as self-consistent mean fields in 1+1 dimensional four-fermion theories (Gross-Neveu, Nambu-Jona Lasinio models) and quasi-one dimensional superconductors (Bogoliubov-De Gennes equation). Here, we show that they also serve as seed to generate a large class of classical multi-soliton and multi-breather solutions of su(N) affine Toda field theories, including the Lax representation and the corresponding vector. This generalizes previous findings about the relationship between real kinks in…
Soliton time-delays and the semiclassical limit for soliton S-matrices are calculated for non-simply laced Affine Toda Field Theories. The phase shift is written as a sum over bilinears on the soliton conserved charges. The results apply to any two solitons of any Affine Toda Field Theory. As a by-product, a general expression for the number of bound states and the values of the coupling in which the S-matrix can be diagonal are obtained. In order to arrive at these results, a vertex operator is constructed, in the principal gradation, for non-simply laced affine Lie algebras, extending the pr…
We present a class of solutions of the two-dimensional Toda lattice equation, its fully discrete analogue and its ultra-discrete limit. These solutions demonstrate the existence of soliton resonance and web-like structure in discrete integrable systems such as differential-difference equations, difference equations and cellular automata (ultra-discrete equations).
We present a systematic and detailed review of the application of the method of Hirota and the rational dressing method to abelian Toda systems associated with the untwisted loop groups of complex general linear groups. Emphasizing the rational dressing method, we compare the soliton solutions constructed within these two approaches, and show that the solutions obtained by the Hirota's method are a subset of those obtained by the rational dressing method.
In this paper, we study the bilinear form and the general N-soliton solution for a two-component Hunter-Saxton (2-HS) equation, which is the short wave limit of a twocomponent Camassa-Holm equation. By defining a hodograph transformation based on a conservation law and appropriate dependent variable transformations, we propose a set of bilinear equations which yields the 2-HS equation. Furthermore, we construct the N-soliton solution to the 2-HS equation based on the tau functions of an extended two-dimensional Toda-lattice hierarchy through reductions. One- and two-soliton solutions are calcu…
We consider an integrable conformally invariant two dimensional model associated to the affine Kac-Moody algebra SL(3). It possesses four scalar fields and six Dirac spinors. The theory does not possesses a local Lagrangian since the spinor equations of motion present interaction terms which are bilinear in the spinors. There exists a submodel presenting an equivalence between a U(1) vector current and a topological current, which leads to a confinement of the spinors inside the solitons. We calculate the one-soliton and two-soliton solutions using a procedure which is a hybrid of the dressing…
The so-called conformal affine Toda theory coupled to the matter fields (CATM), associated to the $\hat{sl}(2)$ affine Lie algebra, is studied. The conformal symmetry is fixed by setting a connection to zero, then one defines an off-critical model, the affine Toda model coupled to the matter (ATM). The quantum version of this reduction process is discussed by means of the perturbative Lagrangian viewpoint, showing that the ATM theory is a spontaneously broken and reduced version of the CATM model. We show, using bosonization techniques that the off-critical theory decouples into a sine-Gordon …
This paper can be an overview on solutions in Wronskian/Casoratian form to soliton equations with KdV-type bilinear forms. We first investigate properties of matrices commuting with a Jordan block, by which we derive explicit general solutions to equations satisfied by Wronskian/Casoratian entry vectors, which we call condition equations. These solutions are given according to the coefficient matrix in the condition equations taking diagonal or Jordan block form. Limit relations between these different solutions are described. We take the KdV equation and the Toda lattice to serve as two examp…
We propose a systematic method for constructing integrable delay-difference and delay-differential analogues of known soliton equations such as the Lotka-Volterra, Toda lattice, and sine-Gordon equations and their multi-soliton solutions. It is carried out by applying a reduction and delay-differential limit to the discrete KP or discrete two-dimensional Toda lattice equations. Each of the delay-difference and delay-differential equations has the N-soliton solution, which depends on the delay parameter and converges to an N-soliton solution of a known soliton equation as the delay parameter ap…
We consider deformations of the $SU(3)$ Affine Toda theory (AT) and investigate the integrability properties of the deformed theories. We find that for some special deformations all conserved quantities change to being conserved only asymptotically, {\it i.e.} in the process of the scattering of two solitons these charges do vary in time, but they return, after the scattering, to the values they had prior to the scattering. This phenomenon, which we have called quasi-integrability, is related to special properties of the two-soliton solutions under space-time parity transformations. Some prope…
The relativistic Toda lattice equation is decomposed into three Toda systems, the Toda lattice itself, Bäcklund transformation of Toda lattice and discrete time Toda lattice. It is shown that the solutions of the equation are given in terms of the Casorati determinant. By using the Casoratian technique, the bilinear equations of Toda systems are reduced to the Laplace expansion form for determinants. The $N$-soliton solution is explicitly constructed in the form of the Casorati determinant.
Integrable delay analogues of the two-dimensional Toda lattice equation are presented and their muti-soliton solutions are constructed by applying the delay reduction to the Gram determinant solution.
With the extended logarithmic flow equations and some extended Vertex operators in generalized Hirota bilinear equations, extended bigraded Toda hierarchy(EBTH) was proved to govern the Gromov-Witten theory of orbiford $c_{NM}$ in literature. The generating function of these Gromov-Witten invariants is one special solution of the EBTH. In this paper, the multi-fold Darboux transformations and their determinant representations of the EBTH are given with two different gauge transformation operators. The two Darboux transformations in different directions are used to generate new solutions from k…
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