In this note concerning integrals involving the logarithm of the Riemann Zeta function, we extend some treatments given in previous pioneering works on the subject and introduce a more general set of Lorentz measures. We first obtain two new equivalent formulations of the Riemann Hypothesis (RH). Then with a special choice of the measure we formulate the RH as a ``hidden symmetry'', a global symmetry which connects the region outside the critical strip with that inside the critical strip. The Zeta function with all the primes appears as argument of the Zeta function in the critical strip. We then illustrate the treatment by a simple numerical experiment. The representation we obtain go a little more in the direction to believe that RH may eventually be true.
We use expansions with functions related to some special functions such as Hermite or Laguerre to get some conjectural expansions of the Riemann Zeta function in the critical strip involving a set of polynomials which have their zeros on the line Re(s)=1/2..
We use the Prime Number Theorem to prove the existence of zero-free strips for the Riemann-zeta function. Precisely, we prove that there exists $δ>0$ for which if $0\leq r<δ$ then $ζ(s)\neq 0$ for Re$(s)>1-r$.
We estimate large and small values of $|ζ(ρ')|$, where $ρ'$ runs over critical points of the zeta function in the right half of the critical strip, that is, the points where $ζ'(ρ')=0$ and $1/2<\Re ρ'<1$.
Assuming the Riemann Hypothesis, we provide effective upper and lower estimates for $\left|ζ(s)\right|$ right to the critical line. As an application we make explicit Titchmarsh's conditional bound for the Mertens function and Montgomery--Vaughan's conditional bound for the number of $k$-free numbers.
By using new power inequalities we give an elementary proof of an important relation for the Riemann zeta-function |ζ(1-s)| <= |ζ(s)| in the strip 0< Re s<1/2,\ |\Im s| >= 12. Moreover, we establish a sufficient condition of the validity of the Riemann hypothesis in terms of the derivative with respect to Re s of |ζ(s)|^2 and conjecture its necessity.
We rewrite the zero-counting formula within the critical strip of the Riemann zeta function as a cumulative density distribution; this subsequently allows us to formally derive an integral expression for the Li coefficients associated with the Riemann xi-function which, in particular, indicate that their positivity criterion is obeyed, whereby entailing the criticality of the non-trivial zeros. We conjecture the validity of this and related expressions without the need for the Riemann Hypothesis and also offer a physical interpretation of the result and discuss the Hilbert-Polya approach.
We prove that the integer part of the reciprocal of the tail of $ζ(s)$ at a rational number $s=\frac{1}{p}$ for any integer with $p \geq 5$ or $s=\frac{2}{p}$ for any odd integer with $p \geq 5$ can be described essentially as the integer part of an explicit quantity corresponding to it. To deal with the case when $s=\frac{2}{p},$ we use a result on the finiteness of integral points of certain curves over $\mathbb{Q}$.
In a recent article a breakthrough was made in quantum computer science which established the existence of a phenomenon commonly known as $\mathsf{MIP}^\ast = \mathsf{RE}$. We show that the existence of this phenomenon implies that the supremum of the real parts of the zeroes of the Riemann zeta function is less than one. Our main tool is an assertion about the representation theory of the rank two free group that we refer to as the charged mean ergodic theorem. Our method also involves the construction of novel modular functions we refer to as complete electromagnetic functions.
The Riemann Hypothesis is reformulated as statements about eigenvalues of some matrices entries of which are defined via Taylor coefficient of the zeta function. These eigenvalues demonstrate interesting visual patterns allowing one to state a number of conjectures.
Based on an equivalence relation that was established recently on exponential sums, in this paper we study the class of functions that are equivalent to the Riemann zeta function in the half-strip $\{s\in\mathbb{C}:\operatorname{Re}s>1\}$. In connection with this class of functions, we first determine the value of the maximum abscissa from which the images of any function in it cannot take a prefixed argument. The main result shows that each of these functions experiments a vortex-like behavior in the sense that the main argument of its images varies indefinitely near the vertical line $\opera…
We define a sequence of real functions which coincide with Li's coefficients at one and which allow us to extend Li's criterion for the Riemann Hypothesis to yield a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of zero-free strips inside the critical strip $0<\Re(z)<1$. We study some of the properties of these functions, including their oscillatory behaviour.
The paper deals with the analytic entire function Chi(s) closely related to Riemann Zeta Function Zeta(s). A formula is obtained for Chi(s) essentially within the so-called critical strip. This is achieved by applying Cauchy integral formula to an infinite loop encircling the critical strip. In the obtained formula a remarkable role is played by a special type of complex function known as Incomplete Gamma Function. Numerical examples verifying the obtained formula are included.
The Riemann Hypothesis can be reformulated as statements about the eigenvalues of certain matrices whose entries are defined in terms of the Taylor coefficients of the zeta function. These eigenvalues exhibit interesting visual patterns allowing one to state a number of conjectures. The Hankel matrices introduced here are obtained, by rearranging of columns, from Toeplitz matrices whose eigenvalues were considered in arXiv:0707.1983 . The present paper is a continuation of that publication.
We have done a statistical analysis of some properties of the contour lines Im$(ζ(s))$ = 0 of the Riemann zeta function. We find that this function is broken up into strips whose average width on the critical line does not appear to vary with height. We also compute the position of the primary zero for the lowest 200 strips, and find that this probability distribution also appears to be scale invariant.
Assuming the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis, we provide explicit upper bounds for moduli of $\log{\mathcal{L}(s)}$ and $\mathcal{L}'(s)/\mathcal{L}(s)$ in the neighbourhood of the 1-line when $\mathcal{L}(s)$ are the Riemann, Dirichlet and Dedekind zeta-functions. To do this, we generalize Littlewood's well known conditional result to functions in the Selberg class with a polynomial Euler product, for which we also establish a suitable convexity estimate. As an application we provide conditional and effective estimate for the Mertens function.
We initiate the study of spectral zeta functions $ζ_{X}$ for finite and infinite graphs $X$, instead of the Ihara zeta function, with a perspective towards zeta functions from number theory and connections to hypergeometric functions. The Riemann hypothesis is shown to be equivalent to an approximate functional equation of graph zeta functions. The latter holds at all points where Riemann's zeta function $ζ(s)$ is non-zero. This connection arises via a detailed study of the asymptotics of the spectral zeta functions of finite torus graphs in the critcal strip and estimates on the real part of …
Recently, we have established the generalized Li criterion equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis, viz. demonstrated that the sums over all non-trivial Riemann function zeroes k_n,a=Sum_(/rho)(1-(1-((/rho-a)/(/rho+a-1))^n) for any real a not equal to 1/2 are non-negative if and only if the Riemann hypothesis holds true, and proved the relation k_n,a=n*(1-2a)/(n-1)!*d^n/dz^n((z-a)^(n-1)*ln(ξ(z))) taken at z=1-a. Assuming that the function /zeta(s) is non-vanishing for Re(s)>1/2+/Delta, where real 0</Delta<1/2, using this relation together with the functional equation for the /xi-function and the …
Assume the Riemann hypothesis. On the right-hand side of the critical strip, we obtain an asymptotic formula for the discrete mean square of the Riemann zeta-function over imaginary parts of its zeros.
The Legendre type relation for the counting function of ordinary twin primes is reworked in terms of the inverse of the Riemann zeta function. Its analysis sheds light on the distribution of the zeros of the Riemann zeta function in the critical strip and their links to primes and the twin prime problem.
We investigate the distribution of the Riemann zeta-function on the line $\Re(s)=σ$. For $\tfrac 12 < σ\le 1$ we obtain an upper bound on the discrepancy between the distribution of $ζ(s)$ and that of its random model, improving results of Harman and Matsumoto. Additionally, we examine the distribution of the extreme values of $ζ(s)$ inside of the critical strip, strengthening a previous result of the first author. As an application of these results we obtain the first effective error term for the number of solutions to $ζ(s) = a$ in a strip $\tfrac12 < σ_1 < σ_2 < 1$. Previously in the strip …
Assuming the Riemann Hypothesis, we make use of the recently discovered \cite{CLV} extremal majorants and minorants of prescribed exponential type for the function $\log\left(\tfrac{4 + x^2}{(α-1/2)^2 + x^2}\right)$ to find upper and lower bounds with explicit constants for $\log|ζ(α+ it)|$ in the critical strip, extending the work of Chandee and Soundararajan \cite{CS}.
We establish a uniform approximation result for the Taylor polynomials of the xi function of Riemann which is valid in the entire complex plane as the degree grows. In particular, we identify a domain growing with the degree of the polynomials on which they converge to Riemann's xi function. Using this approximation we obtain an estimate of the number of "spurious zeros" of the Taylor polynomial which are outside of the critical strip, which leads to a Riemann - von Mangoldt type of formula for the number of zeros of the Taylor polynomials within the critical strip. Super-exponential convergen…
We construct a vector field E from the real and imaginary parts of an entire function xi (z) which arises in the quantum statistical mechanics of relativistic gases when the spatial dimension d is analytically continued into the complex z plane. This function is built from the Gamma and Riemann zeta functions and is known to satisfy the functional identity xi (z) = xi (1-z). E satisfies the conditions for a static electric field. The structure of E in the critical strip is determined by its behavior near the Riemann zeros on the critical line Re (z) = 1/2, where each zero can be assigned a + o…
The paper describes a method for calculating values of Riemann's Zeta function within the critical strip 0< σ <1 and on its boundary. The approach is based on the "Alternating Zeta function" η(s). The actual Riemann Zeta function ζ(s) is easily obtained from η(s). The obtained accuracy, within certain limits of the described method is discussed. A decent scientific calculator suffices to carry out the involved computations.
We prove that any non-zero complex values $z_1,\ldots,z_n$ can be approximated by the following integral shifts of the Riemann zeta-function $ζ(s+id_1τ),\ldots,ζ(s+id_nτ)$ for infinitely many $τ$, provided $d_1,\ldots,d_n\in\mathbb{N}$ and $s$ is a fixed complex number lying in the right open half of the critical strip.
An alternative way of looking at the Riemann hypothesis from the viewpoint of mathematical control theory is considered. A control theoretic transfer function is constructed by inverting the values of the Riemann zeta-function from which the unstable pole at s=1 has been stripped off. A series expansion is developed for the impulse response of the control system via inverse Laplace transformation. If the series converges and the unproved growth conjecture of the impulse response is true, then the Riemann hypothesis is also true.
In the present paper, we study large values of Dirichlet $L$- functions inside the critical strip. For every $1/2<σ<1$, we show that for $q$ sufficiently large, there exists a non-principal character $χ$ modulo $q$ and a constant $c(σ)>0$ such that $\log \vert L(σ,χ)\vert \gg c(σ)(\log q)^{1-σ}(\log\log q)^{-σ}$. This matches the believed prediction for these values which was previously known only for the Riemann zeta function since Montgomery, or conditionally on GRH for quadratic $L$- functions due to Lamzouri. In a recent work involving the author, a new implementation of the resonance meth…
The celebrated Riemann-Siegel formula compares the Riemann zeta function on the critical line with its partial sums, expressing the difference between them as an expansion in terms of decreasing powers of the imaginary variable $t$. Siegel anticipated that this formula could be generalized to include the Hardy-Littlewood approximate functional equation, valid in any vertical strip. We give this generalization for the first time. The asymptotics contain Mordell integrals and an interesting new family of polynomials.
The aim of this article is to investigate how various Riemann Hypotheses would follow only from properties of the prime numbers. To this end, we consider two classes of $L$-functions, namely, non-principal Dirichlet and those based on cusp forms. The simplest example of the latter is based on the Ramanujan tau arithmetic function. For both classes we prove that if a particular trigonometric series involving sums of multiplicative characters over primes is $O(\sqrt{N})$, then the Euler product converges in the right half of the critical strip. When this result is combined with the functional eq…
The finite Dirichlet series from the title are defined by the condition that they vanish at as many initial zeroes of the zeta function as possible. It turned out that such series can produce extremely good approximations to the values of Riemann's zeta function inside the critical strip. In addition, the coefficients of these series have remarkable number-theoretical properties discovered in large scale high accuracy numerical experiments. So far no theoretical explanation to the observed phenomena was found.
In this note we define L-functions of finite graphs and study the particular case of finite cycles in the spirit of a previous paper that studied spectral zeta functions of graphs. The main result is a suggestive equivalence between an asymptotic functional equation for these L-functions and the corresponding case of the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis. We also establish a relation between the positivity of such functions and the existence of real zeros in the critical strip of the classical Dirichlet L-functions with the same character.
We prove that the Riemann zeta-function $ζ(σ+ it)$ has no zeros in the region $σ\geq 1 - 1/(5.573412 \log|t|)$ for $|t|\geq 2$. This represents the largest known zero-free region within the critical strip for $3.06\cdot10^{10} < |t|<\exp(10151.5)$. Our improvements result from determining some favorable trigonometric polynomials having particular properties, and from analyzing the error term in the method of Kadiri. We also improve an upper bound in a question of Landau regarding nonnegative trigonometric polynomials.
We show that the analytic continuations of Helson zeta functions $ ζ_χ(s)= \sum_1^{\infty}χ(n)n^{-s} $ can have essentially arbitrary poles and zeroes in the strip $ 21/40 < \Re s < 1 $ (unconditionally), and in the whole critical strip $ 1/2 < \Re s <1 $ under Riemann Hypothesis.
We prove that the Riemann zeta-function $ζ(σ+ it)$ has no zeros in the region $σ\geq 1 - 1/(55.241(\log|t|)^{2/3} (\log\log |t|)^{1/3})$ for $|t|\geq 3$. In addition, we improve the constant in the classical zero-free region, showing that the zeta-function has no zeros in the region $σ\geq 1 - 1/(5.558691\log|t|)$ for $|t|\geq 2$. We also provide new bounds that are useful for intermediate values of $|t|$. Combined, our results improve the largest known zero-free region within the critical strip for $3\cdot10^{12} \leq |t|\leq \exp(64.1)$ and $|t| \geq \exp(1000)$.
We show that there are an infinite number of Riemann zeros on the critical line, enumerated by the positive integers $n=1,2,\dotsc$, whose ordinates can be obtained as the solution of a new transcendental equation that depends only on $n$. Under weak assumptions, we show that the number of such zeros already saturates the counting formula for the numbers of zeros on the entire critical strip. These results thus constitute a concrete proposal toward verifying the Riemann hypothesis. We perform numerical analyses of the exact equation, and its asymptotic limit of large ordinate. The starting poi…
Normalized exponential sums are entire functions of the form $$ f(z)=1+H_1e^{w_1z}+\cdots+H_ne^{w_nz}, $$ where $H_1,\ldots, H_n\in\C$ and $0<w_1<\ldots<w_n$. It is known that the zeros of such functions are in finitely many vertical strips $S$. The asymptotic number of the zeros in the union of all these strips was found by R. E. Langer already in 1931. In 1973, C. J. Moreno proved that there are zeros arbitrarily close to any vertical line in any strip $S$, provided that $1,w_1,\ldots,w_n$ are linearly independent over the rational numbers. In this study the asymptotic number of zeros in eac…
We prove a central limit theorem for the real and imaginary part and the absolute value of the Riemann zeta-function sampled along a vertical line in the critical strip with respect to an ergodic transformation similar to the Boolean transformation. This result complements a result by Steuding who has proven a strong law of large numbers for the same system. As a side result we state a general central limit theorem for a class of unbounded observables on the real line over the same ergodic transformation. The proof is based on the transfer operator method.
We study the distribution of large (and small) values of several families of $L$-functions on a line $\text{Re(s)}=σ$ where $1/2<σ<1$. We consider the Riemann zeta function $ζ(s)$ in the $t$-aspect, Dirichlet $L$-functions in the $q$-aspect, and $L$-functions attached to primitive holomorphic cusp forms of weight $2$ in the level aspect. For each family we show that the $L$-values can be very well modeled by an adequate random Euler product, uniformly in a wide range. We also prove new $Ω$-results for quadratic Dirichlet $L$-functions (predicted to be best possible by the probabilistic model) …
Riemann Hypothesis: a special case of the Riesz and Hardy-Littlewood wave and a numerical treatment of the Baez-Duarte coefficients up to some billions in the k-variable
In this paper, we provide explicit upper and lower bounds for the argument of the Riemann zeta-function and its antiderivatives in the critical strip under the assumption of the Riemann hypothesis. This extends the previously known bounds for these quantities on the critical line (and sharpens the error terms in such estimates). Our tools come not only from number theory, but also from Fourier analysis and approximation theory. An important element in our strategy is the ability to solve a Fourier optimization problem with constraints, namely, the problem of majorizing certain real-valued even…
This paper studies zeta functions of the form $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} χ(n) n^{-s}$, with $χ$ a completely multiplicative function taking only unimodular values. We denote by $σ(χ)$ the infimum of those $α$ such that the Dirichlet series $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} χ(n) n^{-s}$ can be continued meromorphically to the half-plane $\operatorname{Re} s>α$, and denote by $ζ_χ(s)$ the corresponding meromorphic function in $\operatorname{Re} s>σ(χ)$. We construct $ζ_χ(s)$ that have $σ(χ)\le 1/2$ and are universal for zero-free analytic functions on the half-critical strip $1/2<\operatorname{Re} s <1$, with zero…
We show that the analytic continuations of Helson zeta functions $ ζ_χ(s)= \sum_1^{\infty}χ(n)n^{-s} $ can have essentially arbitrary poles and zeroes in the strip $ 21/40 < \Re s < 1 $ (unconditionally), and in the whole critical strip $ 1/2 < \Re s <1 $ under Riemann Hypothesis for the function $ χ$ taking values in cubic roots of unity. If the sets are symmetric with respect to the real axis, the same can be achieved with $ χ$ taking values $ \pm 1 $.
In recent years L-functions and their analytic properties have assumed a central role in number theory and automorphic forms. In this expository article, we describe the two major methods for proving the analytic continuation and functional equations of $L$-functions: the method of integral representations, and the method of Fourier expansions of Eisenstein series. Special attention is paid to technical properties, such as boundedness in vertical strips; these are essential in applying the converse theorem, a powerful tool that uses analytic properties of L-functions to establish cases of Lang…
In this paper, we show that Riemann hypothesis (concerning zeros of the zeta function in the critical strip) is equivalent to the analytic continuation of Euler products obtained by restricting the Euler zeta product to suitable subsets $M_k$, $k\geq 1$ of the set of prime numbers. Each of these Euler product defines so a partial zeta function $ζ_{k}(s)$ equal to a Dirichlet series of the form $\sum ε(n)/n^s$, with coefficients $ε(n)$ equal to 0 or 1 as n belongs or not to the population of integers generated by $M_k$. We show that usual formulas of the arithmetic adapt themselves to such popu…
Let $S(σ,t)=\frac{1}π\argζ(σ+it)$ be the argument of the Riemann zeta-function at the point $σ+it$ in the critical strip. For $n\geq 1$ and $t>0$, we define \begin{equation*} S_{n}(σ,t) = \int_0^t S_{n-1}(σ,τ) \,dτ+ δ_{n,σ\,}, \end{equation*} where $δ_{n,σ}$ is a specific constant depending on $σ$ and $n$. Let $0\leq β<1$ be a fixed real number. Assuming the Riemann hypothesis, we establish lower bounds for the maximum of $S_n(σ,t+h)-S_n(σ,t)$ near the critical line, on the interval $T^β\leq t \leq T$ and in a small range of $h$. This improves some results of the first author and generalizes a…
We improve Montgomery's $Ω$-results for $|ζ(σ+it)|$ in the strip $1/2<σ<1$ and give in particular lower bounds for the maximum of $|ζ(σ+it)|$ on $\sqrt{T}\le t \le T$ that are uniform in $σ$. We give similar lower bounds for the maximum of $|\sum_{n\le x} n^{-1/2-it}|$ on intervals of length much larger than $x$. We rely on our recent work on lower bounds for maxima of $|ζ(1/2+it)|$ on long intervals, as well as work of Soundararajan, Gál, and others. The paper aims at displaying and clarifying the conceptually different combinatorial arguments that show up in various parts of the proofs.
The main aim of this paper is twofold. First we generalize, in a novel way, most of the known non-vanishing results for the derivatives of the Riemann zeta function by establishing the existence of an infinite sequence of regions in the right half-plane where these derivatives cannot have any zeros; and then, in the rare regions of the complex plane that do contain zeros of the k-th derivative of the zeta function, we describe a unexpected phenomenon, which implies great regularities in their zero distributions. In particular, we prove sharp estimates for the number of zeros in each of these n…
