The Hamiltonian approach to the General Relativity and the Standard Model is studied in the context of its consistency with the Newton law, the Higgs effect, the Hubble cosmological evolution and the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation physics.
The version of the Higgs potential is proposed, where its constant parameter is replaced by the dynamic zeroth Fourier harmonic of the very Higgs field. In this model, the extremum of the Coleman--Weinberg effective potential obtained from the unit vacuum--vacuum transition amplitude immediately predicts mass of Higgs field and removes tremendous vacuum cosmological density.
We show that the relativity principles unambiguously treat the Planck epoch, in the General Relativity, as the present-day one. It was shown that there are initial data of the Electro-Weak epoch compatible with supposition that all particles in the Universe are final products of decays of primordial Higgs particles and W-, Z-vector bosons created from vacuum at the instant treated as the "Big-Bang".
The groupoid approach to noncommutative unification of general relativity with quantum mechanics is compared with the canonical gravity quantization. It is shown that by restricting the corresponding noncommutative algebra to its (commutative) subalgebra, which determines the space-time slicing, an algebraic counterpart of superspace (space of 3-metrics) can be obtained. It turns out that when this space-time slicing emerges the universe is already in its commutative regime. We explore the consequences of this result.
A underlying dynamical structure for both relativity and quantum theory-``superrelativity'' has been proposed in order to overcome the well known incompatibility between these theories. The relationship between curvature of spacetime (gravity) and curvature of the projective Hilbert space of pure quantum states is established as well.
A quantum-mechanical Hamiltonian with a gravitational potential is derived in the framework of local times. This Hamiltonian is the one used by E. H. Lieb (Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 22(1990), 1-49) in his explanation of stability and instability of cold stars. Our procedure deriving the Hamiltonian is based on an analysis of the process of the observation with the background of the notion of quantum-mechanical local times compatible with general theory of relativity.
We construct a model unifying general relativity and quantum mechanics in a broader structure of noncommutative geometry. The geometry in question is that of a transformation groupoid given by the action of a finite group G on a space E. We define the algebra of smooth complex valued functions on the groupoid, with convolution as multiplication, in terms of which the groupoid geometry is developed. Owing to the fact that the group G is finite the model can be computed in full details. We show that by suitable averaging of noncommutative geometric quantities one recovers the standard space-time…
The purpose of this contribution is to provide an introduction for a general physics audience to the recent results of Emile Grgin that unifies quantum mechanics and relativity into the same mathematical structure. This structure is the algebra of quantions, a non-division algebra that is the natural framework for electroweak theory on curved space-time. Similar with quaternions, quantions preserve the core features of associativity and complex conjugation while giving up the unnecessarily historically biased property of division. Lack of division makes possible structural unification with rel…
A Lagrangian depending on geometric variables (metric, affine connection, gauge group generators) is given which maintains compatibility with General Relativity. It generates the dynamics for Electromagnetism and other Gauge Fields along with Gravitation, at the time it gives a geometric foundation for the stress-energy tensor of continuous matter. The geometric-invariance principle under this integration is exposed and the resulting field equations are obtained. The theory is developed over the tangent space of a four-dimensional real manifold and the generators become those from the Homogeno…
The covariance group for general relativity, the diffeomorphisms, is replaced by a group of coordinate transformations which contains the diffeomorphisms as a proper subgroup. The larger group is defined by the assumption that all observers will agree whether any given quantity is conserved. Alternatively, and equivalently, it is defined by the assumption that all observers will agree that the general relativistic wave equation describes the propagation of light. Thus, the group replacement is analogous to the replacement of the Lorentz group by the diffeomorphisms that led Einstein from speci…
In Gen. Rel. Grav. (36, 111-126 (2004); in press, gr-qc/0410010) we have proposed a model unifying general relativity and quantum mechanics based on a noncommutative geometry. This geometry was developed in terms of a noncommutative algebra A defined on a transformation groupoid given by the action of a group G on a space E. Owing to the fact that G was assumed to be finite it was possible to compute the model in full details. In the present paper we develop the model in the case when G is a noncompact group. It turns out that also in this case the model works well. The case is important since…
There is a deep interrelationship of the General Theory of Relativity and weak interactions in the model of Expansive Nondecelerative Universe. This fact allows an independent determination of the mass of vector bosons Z and W, as well as the time of separation of electromagnetic and weak interactions.
Taking a hint from Dirac's large number hypothesis, we note the existence of cosmologically combined conservation laws that work to cosmologically long time. We thus modify Einstein's theory of general relativity with fixed gravitation constant $G$ to a theory for varying $G$, with a tensor term arising naturally from the derivatives of $G$ in place of the cosmological constant term usually introduced \textit{ad hoc}. The modified theory, when applied to cosmology, is consistent with Dirac's large number hypothesis, and gives a theoretical Hubble's relation not contradicting the observational …
In this paper, starting from vortices we are finally lead to a treatment of Fermions as Kerr-Newman type Black Holes wherein we identify the horizon at the particle's Compton wavelength periphery. A naked singularity is avoided and the singular processes inside the horizon of the Black Hole are identified with Quantum Mechanical effects within the Compton wavelength. Inertial mass, gravitation, electromagnetism and even QCD type interactions emerge from such a description including relative strengths and also other features like the anomalous gyromagnetic ratio, the discreteness of the charge,…
We investigate the transformation laws of coordinates in generalizations of special relativity with two observer-independent scales. The request of covariance leads to simple formulas if one assumes noncanonical Poisson brackets, corresponding to noncommuting spacetime coordinates.
Starting from a Lagrangian we perform the full constraint analysis of the Hamiltonian for General relativity in the tetrad-connection formulation for an arbitrary value of the Immirzi parameter and solve the second class constraints, presenting the theory with a Hamiltonian composed of first class constraints which are the generators of the gauge symmetries of the action. In the time gauge we then recover Barbero's formulation of gravity.
Beginning from the Ashtekar formulation of canonical general relativity, we derive a physical Hamiltonian written in terms of (classical) loop gravity variables. This is done by gauge-fixing the gravitational fields within a complex of three-dimensional cells such that curvature and torsion vanish within each cell. The resulting theory is holographic, with the bulk dynamics being captured completely by degrees of freedom living on cell boundaries. Quantization is readily obtainable by existing methods.
The General Relativity formulated with the aid of the spin connection coefficients is considered in the finite space geometry of similarity with the Dirac scalar dilaton. We show that the redshift evolution of the General Relativity describes the vacuum creation of the matter in the empty Universe at the electroweak epoch and the dilaton vacuum energy plays a role of the dark energy.
The Hamiltonian formulation of general relativity on a null surface is established in the teleparallel geometry. No particular gauge conditons on the tetrads are imposed, such as the time gauge condition. By means of a 3+1 decomposition the resulting Hamiltonian arises as a completely constrained system. However, it is structurally different from the the standard Arnowitt-Deser-Misner (ADM) type formulation. In this geometrical framework the basic field quantities are tetrads that transform under the global SO(3,1) and the torsion tensor.
A general recipe to define, via Noether theorem, the Hamiltonian in any natural field theory is suggested. It is based on a Regge-Teitelboim-like approach applied to the variation of Noether conserved quantities. The Hamiltonian for General Relativity in presence of non-orthogonal boundaries is analysed and the energy is defined as the on-shell value of the Hamiltonian. The role played by boundary conditions in the formalism is outlined and the quasilocal internal energy is defined by imposing metric Dirichlet boundary conditions. A (conditioned) agreement with previous definitions is proved. …
In this paper we provide an action related to a certain sector of general relativity where the algebra of Hamiltonian constraints forms a first class system. This action is a Dirac-consistent stand-alone action with two physical degrees of freedom per point. In this paper we provide the steps necessary to transform this new action to and from the associated sectors of the Ashtekar theory and a certain antecedent of the pure spin connection formulation by Capovilla, Dell and Jacobson.
I illustrate a simple hamiltonian formulation of general relativity, derived from the work of Esposito, Gionti and Stornaiolo, which is manifestly 4d generally covariant and is defined over a finite dimensional space. The spacetime coordinates drop out of the formalism, reflecting the fact that they are not related to observability. The formulation can be interpreted in terms of Toller's reference system transformations, and provides a physical interpretation for the spinnetwork to spinnetwork transition amplitudes computable in principle in loop quantum gravity and in the spin foam models.
This document contains a description of physics entirely based on a geometric presentation: all of the theory is described giving only a pseudo-riemannian manifold (M, g) of dimension n > 5 for which the g tensor is, in studied domains, almost everywhere of signature (-, -, +, ..., +). No object is added to this space-time, no general principle is supposed. The properties we impose to some domains of (M, g) are only simple geometric constraints, essentially based on the concept of "curvature". These geometric properties allow to define, depending on considered cases, some objects (frequently d…
Well-posedness of the initial (boundary) value problem is an essential property, both of meaningful physical models and of numerical applications. To prove well-posedness of wave-type equations their level of hyperbolicity is an essential ingredient. We develop helpful tools and classify a large class of Hamiltonian versions of Einstein's equations with live gauge conditions with respect to their hyperbolicity. Finally we find a symmetric hyperbolic Hamiltonian formulation that allows for gauge conditions which are similar to the puncture gauge.
A collection of requirements to the General Relativity that follow from the WMAP observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation anisotropy as an inertial frame are discussed. These obligations include the separation of both the CMB frame from the diffeomorphisms and the diffeo-invariant cosmic evolution from the local scalar metric component in the manner compatible with the canonical Hamiltonian approach to the Einstein--Hilbert theory with the energy constraints. The solution of these constraints in classical and quantum theories and a fit of units of measurements are discussed in…
The problem of formulating a manifest covariant Hamiltonian theory of General Relativity in the presence of source fields is addressed, by extending the so-called "DeDonder-Weyl" formalism to the treatment of classical fields in curved space-time. The theory is based on a synchronous variational principle for the Einstein equation, formulated in terms of superabundant variables. The technique permits one to determine the continuum covariant Hamiltonian structure associated with the Einstein equation. The corresponding continuum Poisson bracket representation is also determined. The theory reli…
A system of two interacting protofields with generic parameters is unstable with respect to unceasing cycles of nonlinear squeeze (reduction) to randomly chosen centres and reverse extension which form the causally probabilistic process of quantum beat observed as elementary particle (quant-ph/9902015). Here we show that the emerging wave-particle duality, space, and time lead to the equations of special relativity and quantum mechanics thus providing their causal extension and unification. Relativistic inertial mass (energy) is universally defined as the temporal rate (frequency) of the chaot…
The indefinite sign of the Hamiltonian constraint means that solutions to Einstein's equations must achieve a delicate balance--often among numerically large terms that nearly cancel. If numerical errors cause a violation of the Hamiltonian constraint, the failure of the delicate balance could lead to qualitatively wrong behavior rather than just decreased accuracy. This issue is different from instabilities caused by constraint-violating modes. Examples of stable numerical simulations of collapsing cosmological spacetimes exhibiting local mixmaster dynamics with and without Hamiltonian constr…
In this paper we obtain a 2+2 double null Hamiltonian description of General Relativity using only the (complex) SO(3) connection and the components of the complex densitised self-dual bivectors. We carry out the general canonical analysis of this system and obtain the first class constraint algebra entirely in terms of the self-dual variables. The first class algebra forms a Lie algebra and all the first class constraints have a simple geometrical interpretation.
We show in this article how the usual hamiltonian formalism of General Relativity should be modified in order to allow the inclusion of the Euclidean classical solutions of Einstein's equations. We study the effect that the dynamical change of signature has on the superspace and we prove that it induces a passage of the signature of the supermetric from ($-+++++$) to ($+-----$). Next, all these features are more particularly studied on the example of minisuperspaces. Finally, we consider the problem of quantization of the Euclidean solutions. The consequences of different choices of boundary c…
In this work, a method for solving the constraints of general relativity is presented, where first all geometrical objects are written in terms of a set of orthonormal triads and a flat Weitzenbock connection, which depends on the triads and on a flat spin connection. It is shown that the hamiltonian constraint can be reduced from a second order equation to a first order one. Even though the order of the equation is reduced, we do not get any extra equations to solve by this procedure. A conformal decomposition is also presented.
We establish the Hamiltonian formulation of the teleparallel equivalent of general relativity, without fixing the time gauge condition, by rigorously performing the Legendre transform. The time gauge condition, previously considered, restricts the teleparallel geometry to the three-dimensional spacelike hypersurface. Geometrically, the teleparallel geometry is now extended to the four-dimensional space-time. The resulting Hamiltonian formulation is different from the standard ADM formulation in many aspects, the main one being that the dynamics is now governed by the Hamiltonian constraint H_0…
The Belinkskii, Khalatnikov and Lifshitz conjecture says that as one approaches space-like singularities in general relativity, 'time derivatives dominate over spatial derivatives' so that the dynamics at any spatial point is well captured by an ordinary differential equation. By now considerable evidence has accumulated in favor of these ideas. Starting with a Hamiltonian framework, we provide a formulation of this conjecture in terms of variables that are tailored to non-perturbative quantization. Our formulation serves as a first step in the analysis of the fate of generic space-like singul…
With the aim of deriving symmetric hyperbolic free-evolution systems for GR that possess Hamiltonian structure and allow for the popular puncture gauge condition we analyze the hyperbolicity of Hamiltonian systems. We develop helpful tools which are applicable to either the first order in time, second order in space or the fully second order form of the equations of motion. For toy models we find that the Hamiltonian structure can simplify the proof of symmetric hyperbolicity. In GR we use a special structure of the principal part to prove symmetric hyperbolicity of a formulation that includes…
Phase space of General Relativity is extended to a Poisson manifold by inclusion of the determinant of the metric and conjugate momentum as additional independent variables. As a result, the action and the constraints take a polynomial form. New expression for the generating functional for the Green functions is proposed. We show that the Dirac bracket defines degenerate Poisson structure on a manifold, and a second class constraints are the Casimir functions with respect to this structure. As an application of the new variables, we consider the Friedmann universe.
The main fundamental principles characterizing the vacuum field structure are formulated and the modeling of the related vacuum medium and charged point particle dynamics by means of devised field theoretic tools are analyzed. The work is devoted to studying the vacuum structure, special relativity, electrodynamics of interacting charged point particles and quantum mechanics, and is a continuation of \cite{BPT,BRT1}. Based on the vacuum field theory no-geometry approach, the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian reformulation of some alternative classical electrodynamics models is devised. The Dirac type…
We consider two strongly hyperbolic Hamiltonian formulations of general relativity and their numerical integration with a free and a partially constrained symplectic integrator. In those formulations we use hyperbolic drivers for the shift and in one case also for the densitized lapse. A system where the densitized lapse is an external field allows to enforce the momentum constraints in a holonomically constrained Hamiltonian system and to turn the Hamilton constraint function from a weak to a strong invariant. These schemes are tested in a perturbed Minkowski and the Schwarzschild space-time.…
The present work has a double aim. On the one hand we call attention on the relationship existing between the Ashtekar formalism and other gauge-theoretical approaches to gravity, in particular the Poincaré Gauge Theory. On the other hand we study two kinds of solutions for the constraints of General Relativity, consisting of two mutually independent parts, namely a general three-metric-dependent contribution to the extrinsic curvature $K_{ab}$ in terms of the Cotton-York tensor, and besides it further metric independent contributions, which we analyze in particular in the presence of isotropi…
After reviewing recently suggested operational "principles of the quantumness", I address the problem on whether Quantum Theory (QT) and Special Relativity (SR) are unrelated theories, or instead, if the one implies the other. I show how SR can be indeed derived from causality of QT, within the computational paradigm "the universe is a huge quantum computer", reformulating QFT as a Quantum-Computational Field Theory (QCFT). In QCFT SR emerges from the fabric of the computational network, which also naturally embeds gauge invariance. In this scheme even the quantization rule and the Planck cons…
The Hamiltonian approach to the General Relativity is formulated as a joint nonlinear realization of conformal and affine symmetries by means of the Dirac scalar dilaton and the Maurer-Cartan forms. The dominance of the Casimir vacuum energy of physical fields provides a good description of the type Ia supernova luminosity distance--redshift relation. Introducing the uncertainty principle at the Planck's epoch within our model, we obtain the hierarchy of the Universe energy scales, which is supported by the observational data. We found that the invariance of the Maurer-Cartan forms with respec…
We derive the kinematic Hamiltonian for the so-called "new general relativity" class of teleparallel gravity theories, which is the most general class of theories whose Lagrangian is quadratic in the torsion tensor and does not contain parity violating terms. Our approach makes use of an explicit expression for the flat, in general, nonvanishing spin connection, which avoids the use of Lagrange multipliers, while keeping the theory invariant under local Lorentz transformations. We clarify the relation between the dynamics of the spin connection degrees of freedom and the tetrads. The terms con…
We consider $d>4$-dimensional space-times which are asymptotically flat at spatial infinity and show that, in the first order framework, the action principle is well-defined \emph{without the need of infinite counter terms.} It naturally leads to a covariant phase space in which the Hamiltonians generating asymptotic symmetries provide the total energy-momentum and angular momentum of the isolated system. This work runs parallel to our previous analysis in four dimensions \cite{aes}. The higher dimensional analysis is in fact simpler because of absence of logarithmic and super translation ambi…
A Hamiltonian analysis of models given by a three-form field with a generic potential coupled to general relativity in four dimensions is performed. This kind of fields are naturally present in string theory and cosmological scenarios. In particular, the action that will be considered has been extensively used during the last years to propose inflationary and dark energy models. Nevertheless, in order to keep the discussion as generic as possible, neither symmetries nor a specific form of the potential for the three-form field will be imposed. Interesting and relevant results about the number …
Despite almost a century's worth of study, it is still unclear how general relativity (GR) and quantum theory (QT) should be unified into a consistent theory. The conventional approach is to retain the foundational principles of QT, such as the superposition principle, and modify GR. This is referred to as `quantizing gravity', resulting in a theory of `quantum gravity'. The opposite approach is `gravitizing QT' where we attempt to keep the principles of GR, such as the equivalence principle, and consider how this leads to modifications of QT. What we are most lacking in understanding which ro…
Einstein's general relativity with both metric and vielbein treated as independent fields is considered, demonstrating the existence of a consistent variational principle and deriving a Hamiltonian formalism that treats the spatial metric and spatial vielbein as canonical coordinates. This results in a Hamiltonian in standard form that consists of Hamiltonian and momentum constraints as well as constraints that generate spatial frame transformations---all appearing as primary, first class constraints on phase space. The formalism encompasses the standard coordinate frame and vielbein approache…
The 3+1 Hamiltonian formulation in the gauge $D_tN=-K$ on the lapse function fixes the direction of time associated with the trace $K$ of the extrinsic curvature tensor. The Hamiltonian equations hereby become hyperbolic. We study this new system for black hole spacetimes that are asymptotically quiescent, which introduces analyticity properties that can be exploited for numerical calculations by compactification in spherical coordinates with complex radius following a Möbius transformation. Conformal flat initial data of two black holes are hereby invariant, and correspond to a turn point in …
The dynamic status of scalar fields is studied in the Hamiltonian approach to the General Relativity. We show that the conformal coupling of the scalar field violates the standard geometrical structure of the Einstein equations in GR and their solutions including the Schwarzschild one and the Newton static interaction. In order to restore the standard geometrical structure of GR, the scalar field is mixed with the scale metric component by the Bekenstein type transformation. This "scalar-scale" mixing converts the conformal coupling scalar field with conformal weight (n= -1) into the minimal c…
This Thesis concerns a thin fluid shell embedded in its own gravitational field. The starting point is a work of Hajicek and Kijowski, where the hamiltonian formalism for shell(s) (with no symmetry) in Einstein gravity is developed. An open problem at the end of that paper is to show how the hamiltonian formalism defines a regular constrained system: the hamiltonian and the constraints must be differentiable functionals on the phase space, so that their Poisson Brackets are well defined objects. On the contrary, some constraints at the shell result to be non differentiable functionals on the p…
We propose a new method of unifying gravity and the Standard Model by introducing a spin-foam model. We realize a unification between an SU(2) Yang-Mills interaction and 3D general relativity by considering a Spin(4) Plebanski action. The theory is quantized a la spin-foam by implementing the analogue of the simplicial constraints for the broken phase of the Spin(4) SO(4) symmetry. A natural 4D extension of the theory is shown. We also present a way to recover 2-point correlation functions between the connections as a first way to implement scattering amplitudes between particle states, aiming…
It is shown that when the Einstein-Hilbert Lagrangian is considered without any non-covariant modifications or change of variables, its Hamiltonian formulation leads to results consistent with principles of General Relativity. The first-class constraints of such a Hamiltonian formulation, with the metric tensor taken as a canonical variable, allow one to derive the generator of gauge transformations, which directly leads to diffeomorphism invariance. The given Hamiltonian formulation preserves general covariance of the transformations derivable from it. This characteristic should be used as th…
We consider a diffeomorphism invariant theory of a gauge field valued in a Lie algebra that breaks spontaneously to the direct sum of the spacetime Lorentz algebra, a Yang-Mills algebra, and their complement. Beginning with a fully gauge invariant action -- an extension of the Plebanski action for general relativity -- we recover the action for gravity, Yang-Mills, and Higgs fields. The low-energy coupling constants, obtained after symmetry breaking, are all functions of the single parameter present in the initial action and the vacuum expectation value of the Higgs.
A new formulation of the Hamiltonian dynamics of the gravitational field interacting with(non-dissipative) thermo-elastic matter is discussed. It is based on a gauge condition which allows us to encode the six degrees of freedom of the ``gravity + matter''-system (two gravitational and four thermo-mechanical ones), together with their conjugate momenta, in the Riemannian metric q_{ij} and its conjugate ADM momentum P^{ij}. These variables are not subject to constraints. We prove that the Hamiltonian of this system is equal to the total matter entropy. It generates uniquely the dynamics once ex…
We investigate the implications of intrinsic time deparameterization on the phase space of the connection representation of canonical gravity in the form of the Ashtekar variables. We find that, much like the metric representation of this formalism, the Hamiltonian constraint now becomes a physical Hamiltonian generating evolution with respect to an intrinsic time. The complete observables for the theory are then constructed. Also, the dynamics in this formulation is cast into a classical master constraint theory.
Two Hamiltonian formulations of General Relativity, due to Pirani, Schild and Skinner (Phys. Rev. 87, 452, 1952) and Dirac (Proc. Roy. Soc. A 246, 333, 1958), are considered. Both formulations, despite having different expressions for constraints, allow one to derive four-dimensional diffeomorphism invariance. The relation between these two formulations at all stages of the Dirac approach to the constrained Hamiltonian systems is analyzed. It is shown that the complete sets of their phase-space variables are related by a transformation which satisfies the ordinary condition of canonicity known…
This letter describes a novel derivation of general relativity by considering the (non)self-consistency of theories whose Hamiltonians are constraints. The constraints, from Hamilton's equations, generate the evolution, while the evolution, in turn, must preserve the constraints. This closure requirement can be used as a selection mechanism for general relativity starting from a very simple set of assumptions. The configuration space is chosen to be a family of $3 \times 3$ positive definite symmetric matrices on some bare 3-manifold. A general Hamiltonian is constructed on this space of matri…
We perform the complete Hamiltonian analysis of the BFCG action for General Relativity. We determine all the constraints of the theory and classify them into the first-class and the second-class constraints. We also show how the canonical formulation of BFCG General Relativity reduces to the Einstein-Cartan and triad canonical formulations. The reduced phase space analysis also gives a 2-connection which is suitable for the construction of a spin-foam basis which will be a categorical generalization of the spin-network basis from Loop Quantum Gravity.
The different forms of the Hamiltonian formulations of linearized General Relativity/spin-two theories are discussed in order to show their similarities and differences. It is demonstrated that in the linear model, non-covariant modifications to the initial covariant Lagrangian (similar to those modifications used in full gravity) are in fact unnecessary. The Hamiltonians and the constraints are different in these two formulations but the structure of the constraint algebra and the gauge invariance derived from it are the same. It is shown that these equivalent Hamiltonian formulations are rel…
We discuss relations between the initial boundary value problem (IBVP) and quasi-local Hamiltonians in GR. The latter have traditionally been based on Dirichlet boundary conditions, which however are shown here to be ill-posed for the IBVP. We present and analyse several other choices of boundary conditions which are better behaved with respect to the IBVP and carry out a corresponding Hamiltonian analysis, using the framework of the covariant phase space method.
A Hamiltonian approach to the equations of general relativity is proposed using the powerful mathematical language of multivector-valued differential forms. In the approach, the gravitational coordinates are the 12 spatial components of the line interval (the vierbein) including their antisymmetric parts, and their 12 conjugate momenta. A feature of the proposed formalism is that it allows Lorentz gauge freedoms to be imposed on the Lorentz connections rather than on the vierbein, which may facilitate numerical integration in some challenging problems. The 40 Hamilton's equations comprise 12 +…
It is shown that the Lax pair equation dL/dt = [L,A] can be given a neat tensorial interpretation for finite-dimensional quadratic Hamiltonians. The Lax matrices L and A are shown to arise from third rank tensors on the configuration space. The second Lax matrix A is related to a connection which characterizes the Hamiltonian system. The Toda lattice system is used to motivate the definition of the Lax pair tensors. The possible existence of solutions to the Einstein equations having the Lax pair property is discussed.
