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arXiv quant-ph/0608221quant-phhep-thmath-phmath.MP
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具有超强库仑场的狄拉克哈密顿量

Dirac Hamiltonian with superstrong Coulomb field

B. L. Voronov, D. M. Gitman, I. V. Tyutin

备注：
44 pages, LaTex file, to be published in Teor.Mat.Fiz. (Theor.Math.Phys.)
发表信息：
Theor.Math.Phys.150:34-72,2007
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摘要：

研究了相对论性Dirac粒子在点电荷$Ze$库仑场中运动的量子力学问题。在文献中，经常宣称，对于超过所谓的临界电荷的电荷值，不存在对这样的系统的量子力学描述，所述临界电荷具有$% Z=α^{-1}=137$，这是基于下限态能量的标准表达式在超临界电荷处产生复数值的事实。我们表明，从数学的角度来看，没有问题，在定义一个自伴哈密顿量的任何值的电荷。更重要的是，通过临界电荷的转变不会导致系统的数学描述中的任何质的变化。超临界电荷的一个特殊特征是自伴哈密顿量的非唯一性，但这种非唯一性也是电荷值小于临界值（以及大于具有$Z=(\sqrt{3}% /2)α^{-1}=118$的亚临界电荷）的特征。我们提出的频谱和（广义）本征函数的所有自伴哈密顿。所使用的方法是对称算子的自伴扩张理论的方法和Krein方法的指导功能。构建的单粒子量子力学与多粒子效应可能至关重要的超强库仑场中电子的真实物理之间的关系是一个悬而未决的问题。

英文摘要：

We consider the quantum-mechanical problem of a relativistic Dirac particle moving in the Coulomb field of a point charge $Ze$. In the literature, it is often declared that a quantum-mechanical description of such a system does not exist for charge values exceeding the so-called critical charge with $% Z=α^{-1}=137$ based on the fact that the standard expression for the lower bound state energy yields complex values at overcritical charges. We show that from the mathematical standpoint, there is no problem in defining a self-adjoint Hamiltonian for any value of charge. What is more, the transition through the critical charge does not lead to any qualitative changes in the mathematical description of the system. A specific feature of overcritical charges is a non uniqueness of the self-adjoint Hamiltonian, but this non uniqueness is also characteristic for charge values less than the critical one (and larger than the subcritical charge with $Z=(\sqrt{3}% /2)α^{-1}=118$). We present the spectra and (generalized) eigenfunctions for all self-adjoint Hamiltonians. The methods used are the methods of the theory of self-adjoint extensions of symmetric operators and the Krein method of guiding functionals. The relation of the constructed one-particle quantum mechanics to the real physics of electrons in superstrong Coulomb fields where multiparticle effects may be of crucial importance is an open question.

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