Ingo Peschel, Jize Zhao
The largest eigenvalue of the reduced density matrix for quantum chains is shown to have a simple physical interpretation and power-law behaviour in critical systems. This is verified numerically for XXZ spin chains.
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We prove that any multiple-copy entanglement transformation [S. Bandyopadhyay, V. Roychowdhury, and U. Sen, Phys. Rev. A \textbf{65}, 052315 (2002)] can be implemented by a suitable entanglement-assisted local transformation [D. Jonathan and M. B. Plenio, Phys. Rev. Lett. \textbf{83}, 3566 (1999)]. Furthermore, we show that the combination of multiple-copy entanglement transformation and the entanglement-assisted one is still equivalent to the pure entanglement-assisted one. The mathematical structure of multiple-copy entanglement transformations then is carefully investigated. Many interestin…
We introduce the single-copy entanglement as a quantity to assess quantum correlations in the ground state in quantum many-body systems. We show for a large class of models that already on the level of single specimens of spin chains, criticality is accompanied with the possibility of distilling a maximally entangled state of arbitrary dimension from a sufficiently large block deterministically, with local operations and classical communication. These analytical results -- which refine previous results on the divergence of block entropy as the rate at which EPR pairs can be distilled from many…
The paper is temporarily withdrawn by the authors.
We study the degree to which quantum entanglement survives when a three-qubit entangled state is copied by using local and non-local processes, respectively, and investigate iterating quantum copying for the three-qubit system. There may exist inter-three-qubit entanglement and inter-two-qubit entanglement for the three-qubit system. We show that both local and non-local copying processes degrade quantum entanglement in the three-particle system due to a residual correlation between the copied output and the copying machine. We also show that the inter-two-qubit entanglement is preserved bette…
We introduce entanglement measures to describe entanglement in a three-particle system and apply it to studying broadcasting of entanglement in three-particle GHZ state. We show that entanglement of three-qubit GHZ state can be partially broadcasted with the help of local or non-local copying processes. It is found that non-local cloning is much more efficient than local cloning for the broadcasting of entanglement.
We demonstrate that multiple copies of a bipartite entangled pure state may serve as a catalyst for certain entanglement transformations while a single copy cannot. Such a state is termed a "multiple-copy catalyst" for the transformations. A trade-off between the number of copies of source state and that of the catalyst is also observed. These results can be generalized to probabilistic entanglement transformations directly.
We examine the powers of entanglement-assisted transformation and multiple-copy entanglement transformation. First, we find a sufficient condition of when a given catalyst is useful in producing another specific target state. As an application of this condition, for any non-maximally entangled bipartite pure state and any integer $n$ not less than 4, we are able to explicitly construct a set of $n\times n$ quantum states which can be produced by using the given state as a catalyst. Second, we prove that for any positive integer $k$, entanglement-assisted transformation with $k\times k$-dimensi…
One of the main challenges of quantum information is the reliable verification of quantum entanglement. The conventional detection schemes require repeated measurement on a large number of identically prepared systems. This is hard to achieve in practice when dealing with large-scale entangled quantum systems. In this letter we develop a novel method by formulating verification as a decision procedure, i.e. entanglement is seen as the ability of quantum system to answer certain "yes-no questions". We show that for a variety of large quantum states even a single copy suffices to detect entangle…
An optimal local conversion strategy between any two pure states of a bipartite system is presented. It is optimal in that the probability of success is the largest achievable if the parties which share the system, and which can communicate classically, are only allowed to act locally on it. The study of optimal local conversions sheds some light on the entanglement of a single copy of a pure state. We propose a quantification of such an entanglement by means of a finite minimal set of new measures from which the optimal probability of conversion follows.
We show that two ways of manipulation of quantum entanglement, namely, entanglement-assisted local transformation [D. Jonathan and M. B. Plenio, Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 83}, 3566 (1999)] and multiple-copy transformation [S. Bandyopadhyay, V. Roychowdhury, and U. Sen, Phys. Rev. A {\bf 65}, 052315 (2002)], are equivalent in the sense that they can asymptotically simulate each other's ability to implement a desired transformation from a given source state to another given target state with the same optimal success probability. As a consequence, this yields a feasible method to evaluate the optimal…
Entanglement, one of the central mysteries of quantum mechanics, plays an essential role in numerous applications of quantum information theory. A natural question of both theoretical and experimental importance is whether universal entanglement detection is possible without full state tomography. In this work, we prove a no-go theorem that rules out this possibility for any non-adaptive schemes that employ single-copy measurements only. We also examine in detail a previously implemented experiment, which claimed to detect entanglement of two-qubit states via adaptive single-copy measurements …
We show that in some cases, catalyst-assisted entanglement transformation cannot be implemented by multiple-copy transformation for pure states. This fact, together with the result we obtained in [R. Y. Duan, Y. Feng, X. Li, and M. S. Ying, Phys. Rev. A 71, 042319 (2005)] that the latter can be completely implemented by the former, indicates that catalyst-assisted transformation is strictly more powerful than multiple-copy transformation. For purely probabilistic setting we find, however, these two kinds of transformations are geometrically equivalent in the sense that the sets of pure states …
The phenomenon of quantum entanglement marks one of the furthest departures from classical physics and is indispensable for quantum information processing. Despite its fundamental importance, the distribution of entanglement over long distances trough photons is unfortunately hindered by unavoidable decoherence effects. Entanglement distillation is a means of restoring the quality of such diluted entanglement by concentrating it into a pair of qubits. Conventionally, this would be done by distributing multiple photon pairs and distilling the entanglement into a single pair. Here, we turn aroun…
We show that inseparability of quantum states can be partially broadcasted (copied, cloned) with the help of local operations, i.e. distant parties sharing an entangled pair of spin 1/2 states can generate two pairs of partially nonlocally entangled states using only local operations. This procedure can be viewed as an inversion of quantum purification procedures.
Entanglement shared among multiple parties presents complex challenges for the characterisation of different types of entanglement. One of the most fundamental insights is the fact that some mixed states can feature entanglement across every possible cut of a multipartite system yet can be produced via a mixture of states separable with respect to different partitions. To distinguish states that genuinely cannot be produced from mixing such partition-separable states, the term genuine multipartite entanglement was coined. All these considerations originate in a paradigm where only a single cop…
Entanglement Meter: Estimation of entanglement with single copy in Interferometer
本文提出在干涉仪中使用单份拷贝测量纠缠，通过干涉可见度直接度量双粒子态的纠缠，并展示如何实验性地测量互预测性及纠缠见证算子。
We investigate the problem of copying pure two-qubit states of a given degree of entanglement in an optimal way. Completely positive covariant quantum operations are constructed which maximize the fidelity of the output states with respect to two separable copies. These optimal copying processes hint at the intricate relationship between fundamental laws of quantum theory and entanglement.
The single-copy entanglement of a given many-body system is defined [J. Eisert and M. Cramer, Phys. Rev. A. 72, 042112 (2005)] as the maximal entanglement deterministically distillable from a bipartition of a single specimen of that system. For critical (gapless) spin chains, it was recently shown that this is exactly half the von Neumann entropy [R. Orus, J. I. Latorre, J. Eisert, and M. Cramer, Phys. Rev. A 73, 060303(R) (2006)], itself defined as the entanglement distillable in the asymptotic limit: i.e. given an infinite number of copies of the system. It is an open question as to what the…
Multi-copy activation of genuine multipartite entanglement in continuous-variable systems
本文研究连续变量系统中真多体纠缠的多副本激活现象，提供非高斯态激活实例，并证明协方差矩阵双可分性判据对高斯态不充分。
Asymptotic quantification of entanglement with a single copy
本文研究了纠缠测试与提纯的渐近性能，通过广义量子Sanov定理证明了纠缠测试与提纯的度量一致，利用反向相对熵量化纠缠性能。
Detecting entanglement of non-Gaussian continuous-variable states from single-copy homodyne measurements
提出一种基于单次零差测量和p3-PPT判据的协议，通过U统计量估计部分转置矩，实现非高斯连续变量纠缠检测，并给出纠缠负性的下界。
Genuine multipartite entanglement (GME) is considered a powerful form of entanglement since it corresponds to those states that are not biseparable, i.e.\ a mixture of partially separable states across different bipartitions of the parties. In this work we study this phenomenon in the multiple-copy regime, where many perfect copies of a given state can be produced and controlled. In this scenario the above definition leads to subtle intricacies as biseparable states can be GME-activatable, i.e.\ several copies of a biseparable state can display GME. We show that the set of GME-activatable stat…
Efficient entanglement-assisted discrimination of a class of many-copy indistinguishable sets
本文研究含不可扩展乘积基态与纯纠缠态的多拷贝局部不可区分集合，利用低代价 Schmidt 秩纠缠构造高效区分协议，建立局部不可区分性层级并提出安全信息锁定方案。
A quantum state transformation can be generally approximated by single- and two-qubit gates. This, however, does not hold with noisy intermediate-scale quantum technologies due to the errors appearing in the gate operations, where errors of two-qubit gates such as controlled-NOT and SWAP operations are dominated. In this work, we present a cost efficient single-copy certification for a realization of a two-qubit gate in the presence of depolarization noise, where it is aimed to identify if the realization is noise-free, or not. It is shown that entangled resources such as entangled states and …
How best one can recycle a given quantum resource, mitigating the various difficulties involved in its preparation and preservation, is of considerable importance for ensuring efficient applications in quantum technology. Here we demonstrate quantitatively the resource theoretic advantage of reusing a single copy of a two-qubit entangled state towards information processing. To this end, we consider a scenario of sequential entanglement detection of a given two-qubit state by multiple independent observers on each of the two spatially separated wings. In particular, we consider equal numbers o…
Although the realization of useful quantum computers poses significant challenges, swift progress in emerging quantum technologies is making this goal realistically approachable. In this context, one of the essential resources is quantum entanglement, which allows for quantum computations outperforming their classical counterparts. However, the task of entanglement detection is not always straightforward for several reasons. One of the main challenges is that standardly-used methods rapidly become unfeasible when dealing with quantum states containing more than a few qubits. Typically, this is…
Quantum technologies lead to a variety of applications that outperform their classical counterparts. In order to build a quantum device it must be verified that it operates below some error threshold. Recently, because of technological developments which allow for the experimental realization of quantum states with increasing complexity, these tasks must be applied to large multi-qubit states. However, due to the exponentially-increasing system size, tasks like quantum entanglement verification become hard to carry out in such cases. Here we develop a generic framework to translate any entangl…
Experimental verification of multi-copy activation of genuine multipartite entanglement
本文通过实验验证了从两份双分离三量子比特态中激活真实多体纠缠的可能性，挑战了量子资源的传统观念。
We consider the problem of how to manipulate the entanglement properties of a general two-particle pure state, shared between Alice and Bob, by using only local operations at each end and classical communication between Alice and Bob. A method is developed in which this type of problem is found to be equivalent to a problem involving the cutting and pasting of certain shapes along with a certain colouring problem. We consider two problems. Firstly we find the most general way of manipulating the state to obtain maximally entangled states. After such a manipulation the entangled state |11>+|22>…
We show how an unknown mixed quantum state's entanglement can be quantified by a suitable, local parity measurement on its two-fold copy.
A solution to 2-copy distillability of Werner states
研究维纳态双拷贝可蒸馏性问题，通过证明任意维度维纳态双拷贝可蒸馏当且仅当单拷贝可蒸馏，回答了长期问题，是确定非正定部分转置态是否可蒸馏的重要一步。
We present a way of experimentally determining the concurrence in terms of the expectation values of local observables for arbitrary multipartite pure states. In stead of the joint measurements on two copies of a state in the experiment for two-qubit systems [S. P. Walborn et al. Nature (London)440, 20(2006)], we only need one copy of the state in every measurement for any arbitrary dimensional multipartite systems, avoiding the preparation of twin states or the imperfect copy of the state.
Quantum entanglement of pure states is usually quantified via the entanglement entropy, the von Neumann entropy of the reduced state. Entanglement entropy is closely related to entanglement distillation, a process for converting quantum states into singlets, which can then be used for various quantum technological tasks. The relation between entanglement entropy and entanglement distillation has been known only for the asymptotic setting, and the meaning of entanglement entropy in the single-copy regime has so far remained open. Here we close this gap by considering entanglement catalysis. We …
Experimental single-copy distillation of quantumness from higher-dimensional entanglement
本文以双量子三态Werner态为例，实验演示了利用单拷贝局域滤波操作从高维纠缠态中恢复量子性，并首次实验认证其贝尔非局域性、激活量子隐形传态与密集编码能力及增强量子可操控性。
Entanglement detection is essential in quantum information science and quantum many-body physics. It has been proved that entanglement exists almost surely for a random quantum state, while the realizations of effective entanglement criteria usually consume exponential resources, and efficient criteria often perform poorly without prior knowledge. This fact implies a fundamental limitation might exist in the detectability of entanglement. In this work, we formalize this limitation as a fundamental trade-off between the efficiency and effectiveness of entanglement criteria via a systematic meth…
According to holography, entanglement is the building block of spacetime; therefore, drastic changes of entanglement will lead to interesting transitions in the dual spacetime. In this paper, we study the effect of projective measurements on the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK) model's thermofield double state, dual to an eternal black hole in Jackiw-Teitelboim (JT) gravity. We calculate the (Renyi-2) mutual information between the two copies of the SYK model upon projective measurement of a subset of fermions in one copy. We propose a dual JT gravity model that can account for the change of entangleme…
Cryptography without Long-Term Quantum Memory and Global Entanglement: Classical Setups for One-Time Programs, Copy Protection, and Stateful Obfuscation
本文利用仅支持经典查询的预言机与半量子令牌，在无长期量子存储器和全局纠缠条件下构造半量子 OTP、RAM 混淆，并进一步实现长命一次性程序与复制保护。
We study the problem of secret key distillation from bipartite states in the scenario where Alice and Bob can only perform measurements at the single-copy level and classically process the obtained outcomes. Even with these limitations, secret bits can be asymptotically distilled by the honest parties from any two-qubit entangled state, under any individual attack. Our results point out a complete equivalence between two-qubit entanglement and secure key distribution: a key can be established through a one-qubit channel if and only if it allows to distribute entanglement. These results can be …
We consider entanglement distillation under the assumption that the input states are allowed to be correlated among each other. We hence replace the usually considered independent and identically-distributed hypothesis by the weaker assumption of merely having identical reductions. We find that whether a state is then distillable or not is only a property of these reductions, and not of the correlations that are present in the input state. This is shown by establishing an appealing relation between the set of copy-correlated undistillable states and the standard set of undistillable states: Th…
Decisional Monogamy-of-Entanglement for Coset States and Applications to Unclonable Cryptography with Correlated Challenges
该研究强化了相关挑战安全定义，证明其隐含先前SDE概念，构造了满足条件的相关UPO，首次实现了点函数等的plain模型复制保护，解决了相关开放问题。
Noise-robust 1-copy distillation protocol for all distillable Bell-diagonal qutrits
本文提出了一种抗噪声的1拷贝提纯协议，解决贝尔-对角三能级态的可提纯问题，证明违反PPT标准是1可提纯的必要充分条件，并展示了其对量子态白噪声的鲁棒性。
Superactivation and Incompressibility of Genuine Multipartite Entanglement
本文基于真正多体纠缠范式，利用对称性与广义多体可蒸馏性建立超激活的系统判据和定量理论，并证明存在无法约化到单拷贝层面的不可压缩纠缠。
Every dXd bipartite system is shown to have a large family of undistillable states with nonpositive partial transpose (NPPT). This family subsumes the family of conjectured NPPT bound entangled Werner states. In particular, all one-copy undistillable NPPT Werner states are shown to be bound entangled.
We present a detailed theoretical analysis for the distillation of one copy of a mixed two-mode continuous-variable entangled state using beamsplitters and coherent photon-detection techniques, including conventional on-off detectors and photon number resolving detectors. The initial Gaussian mixed-entangled states are generated by transmitting a two-mode squeezed state through a lossy bosonic channel, corresponding to the primary source of errors in current approaches to optical quantum communication. We provide explicit formulas to calculate the entanglement in terms of logarithmic negativit…
In this note we consider the problem of preparing a {\em single} copy of an arbitrary two-qubit mixed state $ρ$ starting from an entangled pure state $ψ$ and using only local operations assisted with classical communication. We present an analytical expression for the minimal amount of pure state entanglement required, and describe the corresponding local strategy. We also examine optimal probabilistic generalizations of the previous process.
We show that the four states a|00>+b|11>, b^*|00>-a^*|11>, c|01>+d|10> and d^*|01>-c^*|10> cannot be discriminated with certainty if only local operations and classical communication (LOCC) are allowed and if only a single copy is provided, except in the case when they are simply |00>, |11>, |01> and |10> (in which case they are trivially distinguishable with LOCC). We go on to show that there exists a continuous range of values of a, b, c and d such that even three states among the above four are not locally distinguishable, if only a single copy is provided. The proof follows from the fact t…
We investigate boundary critical phenomena from a quantum information perspective. Bipartite entanglement in the ground state of one-dimensional quantum systems is quantified using the Renyi entropy S_alpha, which includes the von Neumann entropy (alpha=1) and the single-copy entanglement (alpha=infinity) as special cases. We identify the contribution from the boundary entropy to the Renyi entropy, and show that there is an entanglement loss along boundary renormalization group (RG) flows. This property, which is intimately related to the Affleck-Ludwig g-theorem, can be regarded as a conseque…
Lower bounds on entanglement entropy without twin copy
研究利用单副本测量比特串估计量子系统纠缠熵的方法，通过计算经典互信息作为纠缠熵下界，实验表明该方法能有效探索量子模拟器相图并识别临界区域。
We establish that the leading critical scaling of the single-copy entanglement is exactly one half of the entropy of entanglement of a block in critical infinite spin chains in a general setting, using methods of conformal field theory. Conformal symmetry imposes that the single-copy entanglement for critical many-body systems scales as E_1(ρ_L)=(c/6) \log L- (c/6) (π^2/\log L) + O(1/L), where L is the number of constituents in a block of an infinite chain and c corresponds to the central charge. This proves that from a single specimen of a critical chain, already half the entanglement can be …
Low-Fidelity Entanglement Distillation with FIMAX
针对环境噪声导致的纠缠态保真度低、量子技术可靠性不足的问题，本文对比分析了FIMAX与多种双份纠缠蒸馏协议在d=2、d=3低保真度两体态上的表现，发现FIMAX在高噪声场景下性能更优，可提升量子技术的鲁棒性与可扩展性。
Entangled state distillation from single copy mixed states beyond LOCC
本文证明2⊗4系统可通过LOCC提取纯纠缠态，改进高维系统提取条件为m+n≥3d时可分操作能提取施密特秩d的纯纠缠态，还给出三粒子系统结果，表明可分操作严格强于LOCC。
Spin chirality across quantum state copies detects hidden entanglement
通过量子态复制检测隐藏纠缠，利用自旋手性相关子揭示多复制纠缠结构，开发多通道谱分类器识别绑定纠缠态，实验验证其在不同处理器上的有效性。
Various aspects of distillation of noisy entanglement and some associated effects in quantum error correction are considered. In particular we prove that if only one--way classical communication (from Alice to Bob) is allowed and the shared $d \otimes d$ state is not pure then there is a threshold for optimal entanglement fraction $F$ of the state (being an overlap between the shared state and symmetric maximally entangled state) which can be obtained in single copy distillation process. This implies that to get (probabilistically) arbitrary good conclusive teleportation via mixed state at lea…
The distribution of typical bipartite pure states is studied within the framework of state transformation via local operation and classical communication (LOCC). We report the statistics of comparable and incomparable states in different dimensions for single- and multi-copy regimes and establish a connection between state transformation and the difference between the entanglement contents of the initial and the target states. From the analysis of catalyst resources, required to further otherwise impossible LOCC transformations between pairs, we demonstrate a universal pattern in the average a…
Activation of Bell nonlocality refers to the phenomenon that some entangled mixed states that admit a local hidden variable model in the standard Bell scenario nevertheless reveal their nonlocal nature in more exotic measurement scenarios. We present such a scenario that involves broadcasting the local subsystems of a single-copy of a bipartite quantum state to multiple parties, and use the scenario to study the nonlocal properties of the two-qubit isotropic state: \begin{align} \nonumber ρ_α= α\,|Φ^+ \rangle\langle Φ^+|+(1-α)\frac{\mathbb{1}}{4}. \end{align} We present two main results, consi…
An optimal tradeoff between entanglement and copy complexity for state tomography
本文研究量子态层析中每次测量 t 个拷贝时的拷贝复杂度，证明对 t ≤ d² 需 Θ̃(d³/(√t ε²)) 个拷贝，首次给出纠缠与拷贝复杂度之间的平滑最优权衡，并提出基于 Keyl 算法和 Schur-Weyl 采样的两阶段协议。
We consider a single copy of a pure four-partite state of qubits and investigate its behaviour under the action of stochastic local quantum operations assisted by classical communication (SLOCC). This leads to a complete classification of all different classes of pure states of four-qubits. It is shown that there exist nine families of states corresponding to nine different ways of entangling four qubits. The states in the generic family give rise to GHZ-like entanglement. The other ones contain essentially 2- or 3-qubit entanglement distributed among the four parties. The concept of concurren…
There has been a surge of progress in recent years in developing algorithms for testing and learning quantum states that achieve optimal copy complexity. Unfortunately, they require the use of entangled measurements across many copies of the underlying state and thus remain outside the realm of what is currently experimentally feasible. A natural question is whether one can match the copy complexity of such algorithms using only independent---but possibly adaptively chosen---measurements on individual copies. We answer this in the negative for arguably the most basic quantum testing problem: d…
Toward Hop-Independent Fidelity in Quantum Data Centers: Resource Requirements for Entanglement Purification
研究通过黑盒模型分析量子数据中心中多跳分发导致的保真度损失，比较不同纯化协议的资源需求，发现多副本纯化显著提升可行性与效率。
Two-copy distillability of one-copy-undistillable negative-partial-transpose states in every dimension
该研究针对纠缠理论中NPT态的有限副本可蒸馏性问题，以DiVincenzo等人的双参数族为对象，证明了其中特殊态在d≥3时双副本可蒸馏，否定了相关猜想，同时揭示了相邻区域的相反行为，留下部分待解决问题。
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