Probability representation entropy (tomographic entropy) of arbitrary quantum state is introduced. Using the properties of spin tomogram to be standard probability distribution function the tomographic entropy notion is discussed. Relation of the tomographic entropy to Shannon entropy and von Neumann entropy is elucidated.
We investigate the advantages of extracting the degree of entanglement in bipartite systems directly from tomograms, as it is the latter that are readily obtained from experiments. This would provide a superior alternative to the standard procedure of assessing the extent of entanglement between subsystems after employing the machinery of state reconstruction from the tomogram. The latter is both cumbersome and involves statistical methods, while a direct inference about entanglement from the tomogram circumvents these limitations. In an earlier paper, we had identified a procedure to obtain a…
A review of probability representation of quantum states in given for optical and photon number tomography approaches. Explicit connection of photon number tomogram with measurable by homodyne detector optical tomogram is obtained. New integral relations connecting Hermite polynomials of two variables with Laguerre polynomials are found. Examples of generic Gaussian photon states (squeezed and correlated states) are studied in detail.
Tomograms are obtained as probability distributions and are used to reconstruct a quantum state from experimentally measured values. We study the evolution of tomograms for different quantum systems, both finite and infinite dimensional. In realistic experimental conditions, the quantum states are exposed to the ambient environment and hence subject to effects like decoherence and dissipation, which are dealt with here, consistently, using the formalism of open quantum systems. This is extremely relevant from the perspective of experimental implementation and issues related to state reconstruc…
Glauber coherent states of quantum systems are reviewed. We construct the tomographic probability distributions of the oscillator states. The possibility to describe quantum states by tomographic probability distributions (tomograms) is presented on an example of coherent states of parametric oscillator. The integrals of motion linear in the position and momentum are used to explicitly obtain the tomogram evolution expressed in terms of trajectories of classical parametric oscillator
Extensive theoretical and experimental investigations on multipartite systems close to an avoided energy-level crossing reveal interesting features such as the extremisation of entanglement. Conventionally, the estimation of entanglement directly from experimental observation involves either one of two approaches: Uncertainty-relation-based estimation that captures the linear correlation between relevant observables, or rigorous but error-prone quantum state reconstruction on tomograms obtained from homodyne measurements. We investigate the behaviour, close to avoided crossings, of entanglemen…
Tomographic probability representation of multimode electromagnetic field states in the scheme of center-of-mass tomography is reviewed. Both connection of the field state Wigner function and observable Weyl symbols with the center-of-mass tomograms as well as connection of Grönewold kernel with the center-of-mass tomographic kernel determining the noncommutative product of the tomograms are obtained. The dual center-of-mass tomogram of the photon states are constructed and the dual tomographic kernel is obtained. The models of other generalised center-of-mass tomographies are discussed. Examp…
Within the framework of the probability representation of quantum mechanics, we study a superposition of generic Gaussian states associated to symmetries of a regular polygon of n sides; in other words, the cyclic groups (containing the rotational symmetries) and dihedral groups (containing the rotational and inversion symmetries). We obtain the Wigner functions and tomographic probability distributions (symplectic and optical tomograms) determining the density matrices of the states explicitly as the sums of Gaussian terms. The obtained Wigner functions demonstrate nonclassical behavior, i.e.…
The continuous quantum measurement within the probability representation of quantum mechanics is discussed. The partial classical propagator of the symplectic tomogram associated to a particular measurement outcome is introduced, for which the representation of a continuous measurement through the restricted path integral is applied. The classical propagator for the system undergoing a non-selective measurement is derived by summing these partial propagators over the entire outcome set. The elaborated approach is illustrated by considering non-selective position measurement of a quantum oscill…
We obtain the tomogram of squeezed correlated states of a quantum parametric damped oscillator in an explicit form. We study the damping within the framework of the Caldirola--Kanai model and chose the parametric excitation in the form of a very short pulse simulated by a delta-kick of frequency; the squeezing phenomenon is reviewed. The cases of strong and weak damping are investigated.
We introduce quantum tomography on locally compact Abelian groups $G$. A linear map from the set of quantum states on the $C^*$-algebra $A(G)$ generated by the projective unitary representation of $G$ to the space of characteristic functions is constructed. The dual map determining symbols of quantum observables from $A(G)$ is derived. Given a characteristic function of a state the quantum tomogram consisting a set of probability distributions is introduced. We provide three examples in which $G={\mathbb R}$ (the optical tomography), $G={\mathbb Z}_n$ (corresponding to measurements in mutually…
In this work, the operator-sum representation of a quantum process is extended to the probability representation of quantum mechanics. It is shown that each process admitting the operator-sum representation is assigned a kernel, convolving of which with the initial tomogram set characterizing the system state gives the tomographic state of the transformed system. This kernel, in turn, is broken into the kernels of partial operations, each of them incorporating the symbol of the evolution operator related to the joint evolution of the system and an ancillary environment. Such a kernel decomposi…
