We derive tight quadratic inequalities for all kinds of hybrid separable-inseparable $n$-particle density operators on an arbitrary dimensional space. This methodology enables us to truly derive a tight quadratic inequality as tests for full $n$-partite entanglement in various Bell-type correlation experiments on the systems that may not be identified as a collection of qubits, e.g., those involving photons measured by incomplete detectors. It is also proved that when the two measured observables are assumed to precisely anti-commute, a stronger quadratic inequality can be used as a witness of full $n$-partite entanglement.
The partial separability of multipartite qubit density matrixes is strictly defined. We give a reduction way from N-partite qubit density matrixes to bipartite qubit density matrixes, and prove a necessary condition that a N-partite qubit density matrix to be partially separable is its reduced density matrix to satisfy PPT condition.
A new layers method is presented for multipartite separability of density matrices from simple graphs. Full separability of tripartite states is studied for graphs on degree symmetric premise. The models are generalized to multipartite systems by presenting a class of fully separable states arising from partially symmetric graphs.
In this paper, we give out some effective criterions which can be used to judge the separability of multipartite pure states. We obtain the relationship between separability and Schmidt decomposable of multipartite pure states in Theorem1. The first criterion derived from Theorem2 dose not need the Schmidt decomposition which is hard to find for multipartite states. Theorem3 is more profound which can be used to deduce Corollary1 which is one of the main results in [1]. Finally, we give out an algorithm which can be used to judge the separability of multipartite pure states effectively.
A group of symmetric operators are introduced to carry out the separability criterion for bipartite and multipartite quantum states. Every symmetric operator, represented by a symmetric matrix with only two nonzero elements, and their arbitrary linear combinations are found to be entanglement witnesses. By using these symmetric operators, Wootters' separability criterion for two-qubit states can be generalized to bipartite and multipartite systems in arbitrary dimensions.
The recent proposed realignment separability criterion for mixed is analyzed. We identify the essential part of this criterion is a swap operator followed by a partial transposition. Then we analyze the separability criterion of permutation indices of the density matrix for multipartite state which is a generalization of the realignment criterion. We give a method to solve the equivalence problem of the separability criterion of permutation indices of the density matrix. For tripartite state, we show the non-trivial separability criteria are either partial transposition criterion or realignmen…
We derive a combinatorial criterion for detecting k-separability of N-partite Dicke states. The criterion is efficiently computable and implementable without full state tomography. We give examples in which the criterion succeeds, where known criteria fail.
In this Letter we find the new criteria of separability of multipartite qubit density matrixes. Especially, we discuss in detail the criteria of separability for tripartite qubit density matrixes. We find the sufficient and necessary conditions of separability for tripartite qubit density matrixes, and give two corollaries. The second corollary can be taken as the criterion of existence of entanglement for tripartite qubit density matrixes. In concrete application, its steps are quite simple and easy to operate. Some examples, discussions and the generalization to more high dimensional multipa…
We generalize the definition of strong positive partial transpose (SPPT) to the multipartite system. The tripartite case was first considered by X.-Y. Yu and H. Zhao [ Int. J. Theor. Phys.,54, 292, (2015)]. In this extension, unfortunately, desired properties such as the PPT of SPPT states the separability of super and pure SPPT states are not preserved. In contrast, this paper provides an alternative generalization to multipartite cases with these properties preserved. We also provide sufficient conditions for the separability of SPPT states.
We present separability criteria for both bipartite and multipartite quantum states. These criteria include the criteria based on the correlation matrix and its generalized form as special cases. We show by detailed examples that our criteria are more powerful than the positive partial transposition criterion, the realignment criterion and the criteria based on the correlation matrices.
In this paper, we discuss the partial separability and its criteria problems of multipartite qubit mixed-states. First we strictly define what is the partial separability of a multipartite qubit system. Next we give a reduction way from N-partite qubit density matrixes to bipartite qubit density matrixes, and prove a necessary condition that a N-partite qubit mixed-state to be partially separable is its reduction to satisfy the PPT condition. PACC numbers: 03.67.Mn; 03.65.Ud; 03.67.Hk
We introduce algebraic sets in the products of complex projective spaces for the mixed states in multipartite quantum systems as their invariants under local unitary operations. The algebraic sets have to be the union of the linear subspaces if the state is separable. Some examples are studied based on our criterion
We propose a sufficient and necessary separability criterion for pure states in multipartite and high dimensional systems. Its main advantage is operational and computable. The obvious expressions of this criterion can be given out by the coefficients of components of the pure state. In the end, we simply mention a principle method how to define and obtain the measures of entanglement in multipartite and high dimensional systems.
We describe a general methods to localize any sort of k-separability and therefore also the corresponding partial entanglement in genuinely multipartite mixed quantum states. Our methods are based exclusively on the known twopartite methods and some systematic procedures of combinatorial nature. Our methods are formalized in an algorithmic-like fashion and therefore they are easily implementable in a computer environments and might be effectively used for studying numerically these questions for sufficiently small systems
A family of separability criteria based on correlation matrix (tensor) is provided. Interestingly, it unifies several criteria known before like e.g. CCNR or realignment criterion, de Vicente criterion and derived recently separability criterion based on SIC POVMs. It should be stressed that, unlike the well known Correlation Matrix Criterion or criterion based on Local Uncertainty Relations, the new criteria are linear in the density operator and hence one may find new classes of entanglement witnesses and positive maps. Interestingly, there is a natural generalization to multipartite scenari…
We study the norms of the Bloch vectors for arbitrary $n$-partite quantum states. A tight upper bound of the norms is derived for $n$-partite systems with different individual dimensions. These upper bounds are used to deal with the separability problems. Necessary conditions are presented for $\mathbf m$-separable states in $n$-partite quantum systems. Based on the upper bounds, classification of multipartite entanglement is illustrated with detailed examples.
In this paper we present the necessary and sufficient conditions of separability for multipartite pure states. These conditions are very simple, and they don't require Schmidt decomposition or tracing out operations. We also give a necessary condition for a local unitary equivalence class for a bipartite system in terms of the determinant of the matrix of amplitudes and explore a variance as a measure of entanglement for multipartite pure states.
Using a recently introduced framework, we derive criteria for quantum k-separability, which are very easily computed. In the case k = 2, our criteria are equally strong to the best methods known so far, while in all other cases there are currently no comparable criteria known. We also show how the criteria can be implemented experimentally.
We present a generalized partial transposition separability criterion for the density matrix of a multipartite quantum system. This criterion comprises as special cases the famous Peres-Horodecki criterion and the recent realignment criterion in [O. Rudolph, quant-ph/0202121] and [K. Chen, L.A. Wu, quant-ph/0205017]. It involves only straightforward matrix manipulations and is easy to apply. A quantitative measure of entanglement based on this criterion is also obtained.
We investigate classification and detection of entanglement of multipartite quantum states in a very general setting, and obtain efficient $k$-separability criteria for mixed multipartite states in arbitrary dimensional quantum systems. These criteria can be used to distinguish $n-1$ different classes of multipartite inseparable states and can detect many important multipartite entangled states such as GHZ states, W states, anti W states, and mixtures thereof. They detect $k$-nonseparable $n$-partite quantum states which have previously not been identified. Here $k=2,3,\cdots,n$. No optimizati…
Recently, Braunstein et al. [1] introduced normalized Laplacian matrices of graphs as density matrices in quantum mechanics and studied the relationships between quantum physical properties and graph theoretical properties of the underlying graphs. We provide further results on the multipartite separability of Laplacian matrices of graphs. In particular, we identify complete bipartite graphs whose normalized Laplacian matrix is multipartite entangled under any vertex labeling. Furthermore, we give conditions on the vertex degrees such that there is a vertex labeling under which the normalized …
By combining a parameterized Hermitian matrix, the realignment matrix of the bipartite density matrix $ρ$ and the vectorization of its reduced density matrices, we present a family of separability criteria, which are stronger than the computable cross norm or realignment (CCNR) criterion. With linear contraction methods, the proposed criteria can be used to detect the multipartite entangled states that are biseparable under any bipartite partitions. Moreover, we show by examples that the presented multipartite separability criteria can be more efficient than the corresponding multipartite real…
The reduction criterion is a well known necessary condition for separable states, and states violating this condition are entangled and also 1-distillable. In this paper we introduce a new set of necessary conditions for separability of multipartite states, obtained from a set of positive but not completely positive maps. These conditions can be thought of as generalisations of the reduction criterion to multipartite systems. We use tripartite Werner states as an example to investigate the entanglement detecting powers of some of these new conditions, and we also look at what these conditions …
The concept of causal nonseparability has been recently introduced, in opposition to that of causal separability, to qualify physical processes that locally abide by the laws of quantum theory, but cannot be embedded in a well-defined global causal structure. While the definition is unambiguous in the bipartite case, its generalisation to the multipartite case is not so straightforward. Two seemingly different generalisations have been proposed, one for a restricted tripartite scenario and one for the general multipartite case. Here we compare the two, showing that they are in fact inequivalen…
We settle the so-called degree conjecture for the separability of multipartite quantum states, which are normalized graph Laplacians, first given by Braunstein {\it et al.} [Phys. Rev. A \textbf{73}, 012320 (2006)]. The conjecture states that a multipartite quantum state is separable if and only if the degree matrix of the graph associated with the state is equal to the degree matrix of the partial transpose of this graph. We call this statement to be the strong form of the conjecture. In its weak version, the conjecture requires only the necessity, that is, if the state is separable, the corr…
We present two sets of computable entanglement measures for multipartite systems where each subsystem can have different degrees of freedom (so-called qudits). One set, called 'separability' measure, reveals which of the subsystems are separable/entangled. For that we have to extend the concept of k-separability for multipartite systems to a novel unambiguous separability concept which we call γ_k-separability. The second set of entanglement measures reveals the 'kind' of entanglement, i.e. if it is bipartite, tripartite, ..., n-partite entangled and is denoted as the 'physical' measure. We sh…
We propose a method of constructing the separability criteria for multipartite quantum states on the basis of entanglement witnesses. The entanglement witnesses are obtained by finding the maximal expectation values of Hermitian operators and then optimizing over all possible Hermitian operators. We derive a set of tripartite separability criteria for the four-qubit Greenberger--Horne--Zeilinger (GHZ) diagonal states. The derived criterion set contains four criteria that are necessary and sufficient for the tripartite separability of the highly symmetric four-qubit GHZ diagonal states; the cri…
We give a new separability criterion, a necessary condition for separability of $N$-partite quantum states. The criterion is based on the Bloch representation of a $N$-partite quantum state and makes use of multilinear algebra, in particular, the matrization of tensors. Our criterion applies to {\it arbitrary} $N$-partite quantum states in $\mathcal{H}=\mathcal{H}^{d_1}\otimes \mathcal{H}^{d_2} \otimes ... \otimes \mathcal{H}^{d_N}.$ The criterion can test whether a $N$-partite state is entangled and can be applied to different partitions of the $N$-partite system. We provide examples that sho…
We study the normal form of multipartite density matrices. It is shown that the correlation matrix (CM) separability criterion can be improved from the normal form we obtained under filtering transformations. Based on CM criterion the entanglement witness is further constructed in terms of local orthogonal observables for both bipartite and multipartite systems.
We use the generalized concurrence approach to investigate the general multipartite separability problem. By extending the preconcurrence matrix formalism to arbitrary multipartite systems, we show that the separability problem can be formulated equivalently as a pure matrix analysis problem that consists in determining whether a given set of symmetric matrices is simultaneously unitarily congruent to hollow matrices, i.e., to matrices whose main diagonal is only composed of zeroes.
A new interpretation offers a consistent conceptual basis for nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. The violation of Bell's inequality is explained by maintaining realism, inductive inference and Einstein separability.
We study the relation between distillability of multipartite states and violation of Bell's inequality. We prove that there exist multipartite bound entangled states (i.e. non-separable, non-distillable states) that violate a multipartite Bell inequality. This implies that (i) violation of Bell's inequality is not a sufficient condition for distillability and (ii) some bound entangled states cannot be described by a local hidden variable model.
The purpose of this paper is to obtain a sufficient and necessary condition as a criteria to test whether an arbitrary multipartite state is entangled or not. Based on the tensor expression of a multipartite pure state, the paper shows that a state is separable iff $| \mathbf{C}(ρ)| $ =0 for pure states and iff $C(ρ)$ vanishes for mixed states.
Using the Hilbert-Schmidt (HS) decomposition we suggest new possible choices of Bell operators and entanglement witnesses (EW ) for n (>2) qubits systems for (full/bi) separability. The latter give upper bounds for (full/bi) separability. Also using the HS decomposition, we find explicitly (full/bi) separable forms for some qubits states which give lower bounds for (full/bi) separability. When the lower bounds and upper bounds coincide it means that the EW is optimal. In the case of full separability, the positive transpose method can sometimes give optimal results. As concrete examples, we gi…
We study separability criteria in multipartite quantum systems of arbitrary dimensions by using the Bloch representation of density matrices. We first derive the norms of the correlation tensors and obtain the necessary conditions for separability under partition of tripartite and four-partite quantum states. Moreover, based on the norms of the correlation tensors,we obtain the separability criteria by matrix method. Using detailed examples, our results are seen to be able to detect more entangled states than previous studies. Finally, necessary conditions of separability for multipartite syst…
We present generic Bell inequalities for multipartite multi-dimensional systems. The inequalities that any local realistic theories must obey are violated by quantum mechanics for even-dimensional multipartite systems. A large set of variants are shown to naturally emerge from the generic Bell inequalities. We discuss particular variants of Bell inequalities, that are violated for all the systems including odd-dimensional systems.
The spectral decomposition of all (n,2,2) Bell operators ($2^{2^n}$ in number, $n \ge 2$), as introduced by Werner and Wolf, is done. Its implications on the characterization of Bell operators as probes of entanglement are considered in detail.
A derivation of the full set of Bell inequalities involving correlation functions, for two parties, with binary observables, and three possible local settings. The procedure can be extended straightforwardly to multiparty correlations.
The description of the complex separability structure of quantum states in terms of partially ordered sets has been recently put forward. In this work, we address the question of how to efficiently determine these structures for unknown states. We propose an experimentally accessible and scalable iterative methodology that identifies, on solid statistical grounds, sufficient conditions for non-separability with respect to certain partitions. In addition, we propose an algorithm to determine the minimal partitions (those that do not admit further splitting) consistent with the experimental obse…
A decomposition form is introduced in this report to establish a criterion for the bi-partite separability of Bell diagonal states. A such criterion takes a quadratic form of the coefficients of a given Bell diagonal states and can be derived via a simple algorithmic calculation of its invariants. In addition, the criterion can be extended to a quantum system of higher dimension.
We present a set of Bell inequalities for multiqubit quantum systems. These Bell inequalities are shown to be able to detect multiqubit entanglement better than previous Bell inequalities such as Werner-Wolf-Zukowski- Brukner ones. Computable formulas are presented for calculating the maximal violations of these Bell inequalities for any multiqubit states.
We derive a multipartite generalized Bell inequality which involves the entire range of settings for each of the local observers. Especially, it is applied to show non-local behavior of a six-qubit mixture of Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger correlations stronger than previous Bell inequalities. For certain noise admixture to the correlations an explicit local realistic model exists in the case of a standard Bell experiment. Bell experiments with many local settings reveal the non-locality of the state. It turns out that the new inequality is more stringent than many other Bell inequalities in the …
Recently, a new and powerful separability criterion was introduced in [O. Rudolph, quant-ph/0202121] and [Chen {\it et al.}, quant-ph/0205017]. Composing the main idea behind the above criterion and the necessary and sufficient condition in terms of positive maps, we provide a characterization of separable states by means of linear contractions. The latter need not be positive maps. We extend the idea to multipartite systems, and find that, somewhat suprisingly, partial realigment (unlike partial transposition) can detect genuinely triparite entanglement. We also show that for multipartite sys…
In this work, we present a new class of genuine multipartite Bell inequalities, that is particularly designed for multipartite device-independent (DI) quantum key distribution (QKD), also called DI conference key agreement. We prove the classical bounds of this inequality, discuss how to maximally violate it and show its usefulness by calculating achievable conference key rates via the violation of this Bell inequality. To this end, semidefinite programming techniques based on [Nat. Commun. 2, 238 (2011)] are employed and extended to the multipartite scenario. Our Bell inequality represents a …
Local measurements acting on entangled quantum states give rise to a rich correlation structure in the multipartite scenario. We introduce a versatile technique to build families of Bell inequalities witnessing different notions of multipartite nonlocality for any number of parties. The idea behind our method is simple: a known Bell inequality satisfying certain constraints, for example the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality, serves as the $seed$ to build new families of inequalities for more parties. The constructed inequalities have a clear operational meaning, capturing an essential feat…
Mutually unbiased measurements (MUMs) are generalized from the concept of mutually unbiased bases (MUBs) and include the complete set of MUBs as a special case, but they are superior to MUBs as they do not need to be rank one projectors. We investigate entanglement detection using sets of MUMs and derived separability criteria for $d$-dimensional multipartite systems, and arbitrary high-dimensional bipartitie and multipartite systems. These criteria provide experimental implementation in detecting entanglement of unknown quantum states.
After introducing the partially separable concept, we proved the equivalence between the partial separability of a given $m$-partite subsystem with $m$ qubits and the purity of states of this $m$-partite subsystem for a pure state in multipartite systems with arbitrary finite $n(>m)$ qubits. Furthermore, we give out the operational realizations (corollaries) of our theorem, which are the sufficient and necessary criterions of partial separability of states and can be used to classification of states. Our results are helpful to understand and describe quantum entanglement in multipartite system…
A method for construction of the multipartite Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) type Bell inequalities, for the case of local binary observables, is presented. The standard CHSH-type Bell inequalities can be obtained as special cases. A unified framework to establish all kinds of CHSH-type Bell inequalities by increasing step by step the number of observers is given. As an application, compact Bell inequalities, for eight observers, involving just four correlation functions are proposed. They require much less experimental effort than standard methods and thus is experimentally friendly in mul…
The problem of closing the detection loophole in Bell tests is investigated in the presence of a limited number of efficient detectors using emblematic multipartite quantum states. To this end, a family of multipartite Bell inequalities is introduced basing on local projective measurements conducted by $N-k$ parties and applying a $k$-party Bell inequality on the remaining parties. Surprisingly, we find that most of the studied pure multipartite states involving e.g. cluster states, the Dicke states, and the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states can violate our inequalities with only the use of t…
In this paper, we define the return operator, the cross product operator and the cross Bell bases. Using the cross Bell bases, we give a protocol of teleportation of arbitrary multipartite qubit entanglement, this scheme is a quite natural generalization of the BBCJPW scheme. We find that this teleportation, in fact, is essentially determined by the teleportation of every single unknown qubit state as in the original scheme of BBCJPW. The calculation in detail is given for the case of tripartite qubit.
While entanglement is believed to be an important ingredient in understanding quantum many-body physics, the complexity of its characterization scales very unfavorably with the size of the system. Finding super-sets of the set of separable states that admit a simpler description has proven to be a fruitful approach in the bipartite setting. In this paper we discuss a systematic way of characterizing multiparticle entanglement via various relaxations. We furthermore describe an operational witness construction arising from such relaxations that is capable of detecting every entangled state. Fin…
We introduce a general framework for detecting genuine multipartite entanglement and non full-separability in multipartite quantum systems of arbitrary dimensions based on correlation tensors. Regarding genuine multipartite entanglement our conditions are comparable to previous approaches in the case of qubits while they show particular strength in the relatively unexplored case of higher dimensional systems. In the case of non-full separability our conditions prove to be advantageous in situations where more than two-body correlations are relevant, where most previous conditions turned out to…
In this paper, we present the separability criteria to identify non-$k$-separability and genuine multipartite entanglement in mixed multipartite states using elements of density matrices. Our criteria can detect the non-$k$-separability of Dicke class of states, anti W states and mixtures thereof and higher dimensional W class of states. We then investigate the performance of our criteria by considering $N$-qubit Dicke states with arbitrary excitations added with white noise and mixture of $N$-qudit W state with white noise. We also study the robustness of our criteria against white noise. Fur…
We show that the rich structure of multipartite entanglement can be tested following a device-independent approach. Specifically we present Bell inequalities for distinguishing between different types of multipartite entanglement, without placing any assumptions on the measurement devices used in the protocol, in contrast with usual entanglement witnesses. We first address the case of three qubits and present Bell inequalities that can be violated by W states but not by GHZ states, and vice versa. Next, we devise 'sub-correlation Bell inequalities' for any number of parties, which can provably…
With any state of a multipartite quantum system its separability polytope is associated. This is an algebro-topological object (non-trivial only for mixed states) which captures the localisation of entanglement of the state. Particular examples of separability polytopes for 3-partite systems are explicitly provided. It turns out that this characterisation of entanglement is associated with simulation of arbitrary unitary operations by 1- and 2-qubit gates. A topological description of how entanglement changes in course of such simulation is provided.
