The most general possible central extensions of two whole families of Lie algebras, which can be obtained by contracting the special pseudo-unitary algebras su(p,q) of the Cartan series A_l and the pseudo-unitary algebras u(p,q), are completely determined and classified for arbitrary p,q. In addition to the su(p,q) and u({p,q}) algebras, whose second cohomology group is well known to be trivial, each family includes many non-semisimple algebras; their central extensions, which are explicitly given, can be classified into three types as far as their properties under contraction are involved. A closed expression for the dimension of the second cohomology group of any member of these families of algebras is given.
The families of quasi-simple or Cayley--Klein algebras associated to antihermitian matrices over R, C and H are described in a unified framework. These three families include simple and non-simple real Lie algebras which can be obtained by contracting the pseudo-orthogonal algebras so(p,q) of the Cartan series $B_l$ and $D_l$, the special pseudo-unitary algebras su(p,q) in the series $A_l$, and the quaternionic pseudo-unitary algebras sq(p,q) in the series $C_l$. This approach allows to study many properties for all these Lie algebras simultaneously. In particular their non-trivial central ext…
Harmonic functions of the three dimensional Lie groups defined on certain manifolds related to the Lie groups themselves and carrying all their unitary representations are explicitly constructed. The realisations of these Lie groups are shown to be related with each other by either natural operations as real forms or Inönü-Wigner contractions.
For an infinite dimensional Lie group $G$ modelled on a locally convex Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$, we prove that every smooth projective unitary representation of $G$ corresponds to a smooth linear unitary representation of a Lie group extension $G^{\sharp}$ of $G$. (The main point is the smooth structure on $G^{\sharp}$.) For infinite dimensional Lie groups $G$ which are 1-connected, regular, and modelled on a barrelled Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$, we characterize the unitary $\mathfrak{g}$-representations which integrate to $G$. Combining these results, we give a precise formulation of the co…
We establish a Gelfand-Naimark-Segal construction which yields a correspondence between cyclic unitary representations and positive definite superfunctions of a general class of $\mathbb Z_2^n$-graded Lie supergroups.
For a broad class of Frechet-Lie supergroups we prove that there exists a correspondence between positive definite smooth superfunctions and matrix coefficients of unitary representations. We also give a characterization of linear functionals on the corresponding universal enveloping algebra which correspond to matrix coefficients of analytic unitary representations.
We examine from an algebraic point of view some families of unitary group representations that arise in mathematical physics and are associated to contraction families of Lie groups. The contraction families of groups relate different real forms of a reductive group and are continuously parametrized, but the unitary representations are defined over a parameter subspace that includes both discrete and continuous parts. Both finite- and infinite-dimensional representations can occur, even within the same family. We shall study the simplest nontrivial examples, and use the concepts of algebraic f…
We study the unitary representations of the non-compact real forms of the complex Lie superalgebra sl(n|m). Among them, only the real form su(p,q|m) (p+q=n) admits nontrivial unitary representations, and all such representations are of the highest-weight type (or the lowest-weight type). We extend the standard oscillator construction of the unitary representations of non-compact Lie superalgebras over standard Fock spaces to generalised Fock spaces which allows us to define the action of oscillator determinants raised to non-integer powers. We prove that the proposed construction yields all th…
In this paper fundamental Wigner coefficients are determined algebraically by considering the eigenvalues of certain generalized Casimir invariants. Here this method is applied in the context of both type 1 and type 2 unitary representations of the Lie superalgebra gl(mjn). Extensions to the non-unitary case are investigated. A symmetry relation between two classes of Wigner coefficients is given in terms of a ratio of dimensions.
For a locally convex Lie group with the Trotter property, we prove that the space of k-times differentiable vectors of a unitary representation is equal to the intersection of domains of k-fold products of the Lie algebra action. The result also holds for continuous representations of locally exponential groups on metrizable locally convex spaces. As an application, we extend a key stability theorem in the representation theory of Lie supergroups beyond the Banach case.
We give a complete description of the bounded (i.e. norm continuous) unitary representations of the Fréchet-Lie algebra of all smooth sections, as well as of the LF-Lie algebra of compactly supported smooth sections, of a smooth Lie algebra bundle whose typical fiber is a compact Lie algebra. For the Lie algebra of all sections, bounded unitary irreducible representations are finite tensor products of so-called evaluation representations, hence in particular finite-dimensional. For the Lie algebra of compactly supported sections, bounded unitary irreducible (factor) representations are possibl…
It is well known that the category of super Lie groups (SLG) is equivalent to the category of super Harish-Chandra pairs (SHCP). Using this equivalence, we define the category of unitary representations (UR's) of a super Lie group. We give an extension of the classical inducing construction and Mackey imprimitivity theorem to this setting. We use our results to classify the irreducible unitary representations of semidirect products of super translation groups by classical Lie groups, in particular of the super Poincaré groups in arbitrary dimension. Finally we compare our results with those in…
We prove that the categories of smooth and analytic unitary representations of Banach--Lie supergroups are well-behaved under restriction functors, in the sense that the restriction of a representation to an integral subsupergroup is well-defined. We also prove that the category of analytic representations is isomorphic to a subcategory of the category of smooth representations. These facts are needed as a crucial first step to a rigorous treatment of the analytic theory of unitary representations of Banach--Lie supergroups. They extend the known results for finite dimensional Lie supergroups.…
Let $K$ be a simply connected compact Lie group and $T^{\ast}(K)$ its cotangent bundle. We consider the problem of "quantization commutes with reduction" for the adjoint action of $K$ on $T^{\ast}(K).$ We quantize both $T^{\ast}(K)$ and the reduced phase space using geometric quantization with half-forms. We then construct a geometrically natural map from the space of invariant elements in the quantization of $T^{\ast}(K)$ to the quantization of the reduced phase space. We show that this map is a constant multiple of a unitary map.
The characteristic identity formalism discussed in our recent articles is further utilized to derive matrix elements of type 2 unitary irreducible $gl(m|n)$ modules. In particular, we give matrix element formulae for all gl(m|n) generators, including the non-elementary generators, together with their phases on finite dimensional type 2 unitary irreducible representations. Remarkably, we find that the type 2 unitary matrix element equations coincide with the type 1 unitary matrix element equations for non-vanishing matrix elements up to a phase.
There is a decomposition of a Lie algebra for open matrix chains akin to the triangular decomposition. We use this decomposition to construct unitary irreducible representations. All multiple meson states can be retrieved this way. Moreover, they are the only states with a finite number of non-zero quantum numbers with respect to a certain set of maximally commuting linearly independent quantum observables. Any other state is a tensor product of a multiple meson state and a state coming from a representation of a quotient algebra that extends and generalizes the Virasoro algebra. We expect the…
Using our recent results on eigenvalues of invariants associated to the Lie superalgebra gl(m|n), we use characteristic identities to derive explicit matrix element formulae for all gl(m|n) generators, particularly non-elementary generators, on finite dimensional type 1 unitary irreducible representations. We compare our results with existing works that deal with only subsets of the class of type 1 unitary representations, all of which only present explicit matrix elements for elementary generators. Our work therefore provides an important extension to existing methods, and thus highlights the…
The family of quaternionic quasi-unitary (or quaternionic unitary Cayley--Klein algebras) is described in a unified setting. This family includes the simple algebras sp(N+1) and sp(p,q) in the Cartan series C_{N+1}, as well as many non-semisimple real Lie algebras which can be obtained from these simple algebras by particular contractions. The algebras in this family are realized here in relation with the groups of isometries of quaternionic hermitian spaces of constant holomorphic curvature. This common framework allows to perform the study of many properties for all these Lie algebras simult…
We analyze families of non-autonomous systems of first-order ordinary differential equations admitting a common time-dependent superposition rule, i.e., a time-dependent map expressing any solution of each of these systems in terms of a generic set of particular solutions of the system and some constants. We next study relations of these families, called Lie families, with the theory of Lie and quasi-Lie systems and apply our theory to provide common time-dependent superposition rules for certain Lie families.
Using a braid group representation based on the Temperley-Lieb algebra, we construct braid quantum gates that could generate entangled $n$-partite $D$-level qudit states. $D$ different sets of $D^n\times D^n$ unitary representation of the braid group generators are presented. With these generators the desired braid quantum gates are obtained. We show that the generalized GHZ states, which are maximally entangled states, can be obtained directly from these braid quantum gates without resorting to further local unitary transformations. We also point out an interesting observation, namely for a g…
A unitary representation of a, possibly infinite dimensional, Lie group $G$ is called semibounded if the corresponding operators $i\ddπ(x)$ from the derived representation are uniformly bounded from above on some non-empty open subset of the Lie algebra $\g$ of $G$. We classify all irreducible semibounded representations of the groups $\hat\cL_ϕ(K)$ which are double extensions of the twisted loop group $\cL_ϕ(K)$, where $K$ is a simple Hilbert--Lie group (in the sense that the scalar product on its Lie algebra is invariant) and $ϕ$ is a finite order automorphism of $K$ which leads to one of th…
This article contains the last part of the mini-course `Spaces: a perspective view' delivered at the IFWGP2012. Here I deal with the part of the mini-course which centers on the classification questions associated to the simple real Lie groups. I review the original introduction of the Magic Square `a la Freudenthal', putting the emphasis in the role played in this construction by the four normed division algebras ${\mathbb R}, {\mathbb C}, {\mathbb H}, {\mathbb O}$. I then explore the possibility of understanding some simple real Lie algebras as `special unitary' over some algebras ${\mathbb …
In this paper, the Moyal star-product quantization is used to construct the unitary irreducible representations of the Euclidean motion group on 3-dimensions. These unitary representations will come from the representation of its Lie algebra whose operators are defined by the left Moyal star-product multiplication. In fact, these representations of the Lie algebra is the infinitisimal representation. Hence, the exponentiation of these operators gives rise to unitary operators that defines the desired unitary representations.
Reflection positivity originates from one of the Osterwalder-Schrader axioms for constructive quantum field theory. It serves as a bridge between euclidean and relativistic quantum field theory. In mathematics, more specifically, in representation theory, it is related to the Cartan duality of symmetric Lie groups (Lie groups with an involution) and results in a transformation of a unitary representation of a symmetric Lie group to a unitary representation of its Cartan dual. In this article we continue our investigation of representation theoretic aspects of reflection positivity by discussin…
Fialowski and Schlichenmaier constructed examples of global deformations of Lie algebras of vector fields from deforming the underlying variety. We formulate their approach in a conceptual way. Namely, we construct a stack of deformations and a morphism form the moduli stack of stable marked curves. The morphism associates to a family of marked curves the family of Lie algebras obtained by taking the Lie algebra of vertical vector fields on the family where one has extracted the marked points. We show that this morphism is almost a monomorphism by Pursell-Shanks theory.
The Hull-Strominger system for supersymmetric vacua of the heterotic string allows general unitary Hermitian connections with torsion and not just the Chern unitary connection. Solutions on unimodular Lie groups exploiting this flexibility were found by T. Fei and S.T. Yau. The Anomaly flow is a flow whose stationary points are precisely the solutions of the Hull-Strominger system. Here we examine its long-time behavior on unimodular Lie groups with general unitary Hermitian connections. We find a diverse and intricate behavior, which depends very much on the Lie group and the initial data.
A unitary representation of a, possibly infinite dimensional, Lie group $G$ is called semibounded if the corresponding operators $i\ddπ(x)$ from the derived representation are uniformly bounded from above on some non-empty open subset of the Lie algebra $\g$ of $G$. A hermitian Lie group is a central extension of the identity component of the automorphism group of a hermitian Hilbert symmetric space. In the present paper we classify the irreducible semibounded unitary representations of hermitian Lie groups corresponding to infinite dimensional irreducible symmetric spaces. These groups come i…
It is known that the defining relations of the orthosymplectic Lie superalgebra osp(1|2n) are equivalent to the defining (triple) relations of n pairs of paraboson operators $b^\pm_i$. In particular, with the usual star conditions, this implies that the ``parabosons of order p'' correspond to a unitary irreducible (infinite-dimensional) lowest weight representation V(p) of osp(1|2n). Apart from the simple cases p=1 or n=1, these representations had never been constructed due to computational difficulties, despite their importance. In the present paper we give an explicit and elegant constructi…
We have recently shown that pseudo-bosonic operators realize concrete examples of finite dimensional nilpotent Lie algebras over the complex field. It has been the first time that such operators were analyzed in terms of nilpotent Lie algebras (under prescribed conditions of physical character). On the other hand, the general classification of a finite dimensional nilpotent Lie algebra $\mathfrak{l}$ may be given via the size of its Schur multiplier involving the so-called corank $t(\mathfrak{l})$ of $\mathfrak{l}$. We represent $\mathfrak{l}$ by pseudo-bosonic ladder operators for $t(\mathfra…
We describe a family of polynomials discovered via a particular recursion relation, which have connections to Chebyshev polynomials of the first and the second kind, and the polynomial version of Pell's equation. Many of their properties are listed in Section 3. We show that these families of polynomials in the variable $t$ satisfy certain second order linear differential equations that may be of interest to mathematicians in conformal field theory and number theory. We also prove that these families of polynomials in the setting of Date-Jimbo-Kashiwara-Miwa algebras when multiplied by a suita…
We introduce a differential geometric framework for describing families of quantum error-correcting codes and for understanding quantum fault tolerance. This work unifies the notion of topological fault tolerance with fault tolerance in other kinds of quantum error-correcting codes. In particular, we use fibre bundles with a natural flat projective connection to study the transformation of codewords under unitary fault-tolerant evolutions. We show that the fault-tolerant logical operations are given by the monodromy group for either of two bundles, both of which have flat projective connection…
We construct algebraic-geometric families of genus one (i.e. elliptic) current and affine Lie algebras of Krichever-Novikov type. These families deform the classical current, respectively affine Kac-Moody Lie algebras. The construction is induced by the geometric process of degenerating the elliptic curve to singular cubics. If the finite-dimensional Lie algebra defining the infinite dimensional current algebra is simple then, even if restricted to local families, the constructed families are non-equivalent to the trivial family. In particular, we show that the current algebra is geometrically…
Important developments in fault-tolerant quantum computation using the braiding of anyons have placed the theory of braid groups at the very foundation of topological quantum computing. Furthermore, the realization by Kauffman and Lomonaco that a specific braiding operator from the solution of the Yang-Baxter equation, namely the Bell matrix, is universal implies that in principle all quantum gates can be constructed from braiding operators together with single qubit gates. In this paper we present a new class of braiding operators from the Temperley-Lieb algebra that generalizes the Bell matr…
The orthosymplectic supergroup OSp(m|2n) and unitary supergroup U(p|q) are studied following a new approach that starts from Harish-Chandra pairs and links the sheaf-theoretical supermanifold approach of Berezin and others with the differential geometry approach of Rogers and others. The matrix elements of the fundamental representation of the Lie supergroup G are expressed in terms of functions on the product supermanifold G_0 x R^{0|N}, with G_0 the underlying Lie group and N the odd dimension of G. This product supermanifold is isomorphic to the supermanifold of G. This leads to a new expre…
The notions of reflection, symmetry, and positivity from quantum field theory are shown to induce a duality operation for a general class of unitary representations of Lie groups. The semisimple Lie groups which have this $c$-duality are identified and they are placed in the context of Harish-Chandra's legacy for the unitary representations program. Our paper begins with a discussion of path space measures, which is the setting where reflection positivity (Osterwalder-Schrader) was first identified as a useful tool of analysis.
We construct families of functions in involution for transverse Poisson structures at nilpotent elements of Lie-Poisson structures on simple Lie algebras by using the argument shift method. Examples show that these families contain completely integrable systems that consist of polynomial functions. We provide a uniform construction of these integrable systems for an infinite family of distinguished nilpotent elements of semisimple type.
We introduce a Banach Lie group $G$ of unitary operators subject to a natural trace condition. We compute the homotopy groups of $G$, describe its cohomology and construct an $S^1$-central extension. We show that the central extension determines a non-trivial gerbe on the action Lie groupoid $G\ltimes \mathfrak{k}$, where $\mathfrak{k}$ denotes the Hilbert space of self-adjoint Hilbert-Schmidt operators. With an eye towards constructing elements in twisted K-theory, we prove the existence of a cubic Dirac operator $\mathbb{D}$ in a suitable completion of the quantum Weil algebra $\mathcal{U}(\…
The paper is about methods of discrete Fourier analysis in the context of Weyl group symmetry. Three families of class functions are defined on the maximal torus of each compact simply connected semisimple Lie group $G$. Such functions can always be restricted without loss of information to a fundamental region $\check F$ of the affine Weyl group. The members of each family satisfy basic orthogonality relations when integrated over $\check F$ (continuous orthogonality). It is demonstrated that the functions also satisfy discrete orthogonality relations when summed up over a finite grid in $\ch…
