Martin Dybendal Nielsen, Jabob Riis Folkenberg, Niels Asger Mortensen
A single-mode all-silica photonic crystal fiber with an effective area of 600 square-micron and low bending loss is demonstrated. The fiber is characterized in terms of attenuation, chromatic dispersion and modal properties.
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We demonstrate an interferometric fiber-optic bending/micro-displacement sensor based on a plastic dual-core fiber with one end coated with a silver mirror. The two fiber cores are first excited with the same laser beam, the light in each core is then back-reflected at the mirror-coated fiber-end, and, finally, the light from the two cores is made to interfere at the coupling end. Bending of the fiber leads to shifting interference fringes that can be interrogated with a slit and a single photodetector. We find experimentally that the resolution of our bending sensor is ~3x10-4 m-1 for sensing…
Principal modes of multimode fibers resisting fiber bending
针对光纤弯曲引发模式耦合限制多模光纤应用的问题，本研究通过拓展Wigner-Smith算符识别出可抗显著弯曲的弯曲主模，经数值模拟验证其适用于任意弯曲，为相关光通信及内窥镜等应用提供支撑。
We report a high performance nodeless hollow-core anti-resonant fiber with a broadband guidance from 1050 nm to >1900 nm, a transmission attenuation of 200 dB/km, and a low bending loss of 0.25 dB/m for a 5 cm radius at wavelength of 1550 nm.
We introduce a system capable of focusing light through a multimode fiber in 37ms, one order of magnitude faster than demonstrated in previous reports. As a result, the focus spot can be maintained during significant bending of the fiber, opening numerous opportunities for endoscopic imaging and energy delivery applications. We measure the transmission matrix of the fiber by projecting binary-amplitude computer generated holograms using a digital micromirror device and a field programmable gate array controller. The system shows two orders of magnitude enhancements of the focus spot relative t…
Compact omnidirectional multicore fiber-based vector bending sensor
提出一种基于非对称多芯光纤的紧凑型全向矢量弯曲传感器，通过监测波长偏移和光功率变化，可在0°至360°范围内高精度测量弯曲方向与幅度，对小角度弯曲（低于1°）高度敏感。
We report a silica glass nested capillary anti-resonant nodeless fiber with transmission and low bending sensitivity in the mid-infrared around 4000 nm. The fiber is characterized in terms of transmission over 1700-4200 nm wavelengths, revealing a mid-infrared 3500-4200 nm transmission window, clearly observable for a 12 m long fiber. Bending loss around 4000 nm is 0.5 dB/m measured over 3 full turns with 40 mm radius, going up to 5 dB/m for full turns with 15 mm radius. Our results provide experimental evidence of hollow-core silica fibers in which nested, anti-resonant capillaries provide hi…
This paper describes a mode locking technique based on enhanced polarization dependent loss (PDL). The method utilizes a bent single mode fiber (SMF28) coil to induce sufficient PDL at 2 \(μ\)m wavelength region. Significant PDL in SMF28 coils is enabled since the light is much more weakly guided. A passively mode-locked thulium doped all-fiber laser is demonstrated using this simple device with polarization controllers as mode locker. The results indicate a moderate amount of 1 dB is sufficient to initiate and sustain stable mode-locking operation. We believe, to the best of our knowledge, th…
Higher-Order Modes Are More Robust: The Origin of Bending Insensitivity in Multimode Fibers and Its Exploitation for Imaging
本文从模式耦合理论出发，证明并验证了高阶模式比低阶模式具有更强的弯曲鲁棒性，并基于弯曲扰动与输入场无关的特性，提出物理启发的双编码器神经网络，显著提升多模光纤成像系统的抗弯曲能力。
The performance of mid-infrared erbium doped fiber lasers has dramatically improved in the last few years. In this paper we present a numerical model that provides valuable insight into the dynamics of a dual-wavelength pumped fiber laser that can operate on the 3.5 micron and 2.8 micron bands. This model is a much needed tool for optimizing and understanding the performance of these laser systems. Comparisons between simulation and experimental results for three different systems are presented.
We demonstrate an amplitude-based micro-displacement sensor that uses a plastic photonic bandgap Bragg fiber with one end coated with a silver layer. The reflection intensity of the Bragg fiber is characterized in response to different displacements (or bending curvatures). We note that the Bragg reflector of the fiber acts as an efficient mode stripper for the wavelengths near the edge of the fiber bandgap, which makes the sensor extremely sensitive to bending or displacements at these wavelengths. Besides, by comparison of the Bragg fiber sensor to a sensor based on a regular multimode fiber…
Hollow-core negative curvature fibers can confine light within air core and have small nonlinearity and dispersion and high damage threshold, thereby attracting a great deal of interest in the field of hollow core fibers. However, reducing the loss of hollow-core negative curvature fibers is a serious problem. On this basis, three new types of fibers with different nested tube structures are proposed in the near-infrared spectral regions and compared in detail with a previously proposed hollow-core negative curvature fiber. We used finite-element method for numerical simulation studies of thei…
We theoretically investigate collision of optical beams travelling in opposite directions through a centrosymmetric photorefractive crystal biased by a spatially non-uniform voltage. We analytically predict the fusion of counterpropagating solitons in conditions in which the applied voltage is rapidly modulated along the propagation axis, so that self-bending is suppressed by the "restoring symmetry" mechanism. Moreover, when the applied voltage is slowly modulated, we predict that the modified self-bending allows conditions in which the two beams fuse together, forming a curved light-channel …
Lensless flexible fiber-bundle based endoscopes allow imaging at depths beyond the reach of conventional microscopes with a minimal footprint. These multicore fibers provide a simple solution for widefield fluorescent imaging when the target is adjacent to the fiber facet. However, they suffer from a very limited working distance and out-of-focus background. Here, we carefully study the dynamic speckle illumination patterns generated by bending a commercial fiber-bundle, and show that they can be exploited to allow extended working distance and background rejection, using a super-resolution fl…
Directly accessing the middle infrared, the molecular functional group spectral region, via supercontinuum generation processes based on turn-key fiber lasers offers the undeniable advantage of simplicity and robustness. Recently, the assessment of the coherence of the mid-IR dispersive wave in silicon nitride waveguides, pumped at telecom wavelength, established an important first step towards mid-IR frequency comb generation based on such compact systems. Yet, the spectral reach and efficiency still fall short for practical implementation. Here, we experimentally demonstrate for the first ti…
We numerically demonstrate self-similar propagation of parabolic optical pulses through a highly nonlinear and passive specialty photonic bandgap fiber at 2.8 micron. In this context, we have proposed a scheme endowed with a rapidly varying, but of nearly-mean-zero longitudinal dispersion and modulated nonlinear profile in order to achieve self-similarity of the formed parabolic pulse propagating over longer distances. To implement the proposed scheme, we have designed a segmented bandgap fiber with suitably tapered counterparts to realize such customized dispersion with chalchogenide glass ma…
Ultra-precise, sub-picometer tunable free spectral range in a parabolic microresonator induced by optical fiber bending
本研究通过受控弯曲光纤制造抛物线轮廓的SNAP微谐振器，实现窄至1皮米的均匀自由光谱范围，并可在1.09至1.72皮米范围内以±0.01皮米精度连续调谐，适用于可调谐低重复率光学频率梳和延迟线。
Even though submicron silicon waveguides have been proposed for dense integration of photonic devices, to date the lightwave circuits on the market mainly rely on waveguides with micron-scale core dimensions. These larger waveguides feature easier fabrication, higher reliability and better interfacing to optical fibres. Single-mode operation with large core dimensions is obtained with low lateral refractive index contrast. Hence, the main limitation in increasing the level of integration and in reducing the cost of micron-scale waveguide circuits is their mm- to cm-scale minimum bending radius…
TF-UNet: Resolving Complex Speckles for Single-Shot Reconstruction of 512^2-Matrix Images Using a Micron-Sized Optical Fiber
TF-UNet通过微米级光学纤维实现512²矩阵图像单次成像，利用物理启发的架构提升图像重建精度与保真度。
Tunable supercontinuum in multimode fiber via bending-induced dispersion modification
本文提出通过弯曲诱导局部色散修改高阶模以调控超连续谱，保持空间模不变，实现宽频带可调超连续光源，同时保持光束质量。
While dissipative soliton operation has successfully improved the pulse energy of 1 μm and 1.5 μm fiber lasers to tens of nanojoules, it is still hard to scale the pulse energy of dissipative solitons at 2 μm due to the anomalous dispersion of the gain fiber. Based on theoretical simulation, we analyze intracavity dynamics of dissipative solitons (DSs) and propose that gain fiber should be condensed to short length in order to scale the pulse energy of 2 μm DSs. The simulation predicts pulse energy of over 10 nJ for 2 μm dissipative solitons, comparable to that achieved in the 1 μm and 1.5 μm …
Tunable 300 W single-frequency 2 micron fiber amplifier
该研究提出了一种可调300 W单频2微米光纤放大器，通过结合铥和钬掺杂光纤，实现2050 nm以上波长的高功率输出，并达到55%的效率。
Modeling the 3-micron Class Er-Doped Fluoride Fiber Laser with a Cubic Energy Transfer Rate Dependence
本文提出具有三次原子粒子数依赖的能量转移模型，用统一光谱参数准确复现多种掺铒氟化物光纤激光器的功率、效率及波长红移。
We report numerically designed highly nonlinear all glass chalcogenide microstructured optical fiber for efficient generation of light around 6 micron through degenerate four wave mixing by considering continuous wave CO laser of 5 to 10 Watts power emitting at 5.6 micron as the pump. By tuning the pump wavelength, pump power, fiber dispersion and nonlinear properties, narrow and broad band mid-IR all-fiber light source could be realized. Parametric amplification of more than 20 decibel is achievable for the narrow band source at 6.46 micron with a maximum power conversion efficiency of 33 per…
We report on detailed in-situ distributed temperature measurements inside a high power fiber amplifier. The deducted thermal load and the TMI-threshold of a commercial LMA fiber with 25 micron core and 400 micron cladding was measured at various seed wavelengths. By matching these results with detailed simulations we show that photodarkening has a negligible impact on the thermal load and, therefore, on the TMI threshold in this fiber.
Compact, Reconfigurable Optical Delay Line on a Bent Silica Fiber
本研究提出了一种基于弯曲二氧化硅光纤的可重构慢光延迟线，通过机械调控实现纳秒级延迟调节，适用于光子波束成形等应用。
A complete integrated table-top facility for the study of high-$Q$ Whispering Gallery Modes in solid and liquid micro-cavities is described, with emphasis on the in situ fabrication of reliable tapered fibers of sub-micron waist sizes for coupling light into time-dependent liquid micro-cavities. The experimental parameters have been chosen to get nearly adiabatic tapers, with their waist size consistent with the theoretical model. The oscillations in the transmitted power during fiber tapering are monitored to check the coupling of higher order modes and identify the point when the fiber is su…
Mismatch reconstruction theory for unknown measurement matrix in imaging through multimode fiber bending
本文提出失配重建理论，通过构建新测量矩阵解决多模光纤弯曲成像中测量矩阵未知的问题，实验验证了低噪声下的重建成功与算法鲁棒性。
Design of a mid-wave IR (MWIR) broad-band fiber-based light source exploiting four-wave mixing (FWM) in a meter long suitably designed highly nonlinear (NL) chalcogenide microstructured optical fiber (MOF) is reported. This superior FWM bandwidth (BW) was obtained through precise tailoring of the fibers dispersion profile so as to realize positive quartic dispersion at the pump wavelength. We consider an Erbium (Er3+) doped continuous wave (CW) ZBLAN fiber laser emitting at 2.8 micron as the pump source with an average power of 5 W. Amplification factor as high as 25 dB is achievable in the 3 …
We experimentally compare the optical bandwidth of a conventional single-mode fiber (SMF) with 3 different photonic crystal fibers (PCF) all optimized for visible applications. The spectral attenuation, single-turn bend loss, and mode-field diameters (MFD) are measured and the PCF is found to have a significantly larger bandwidth than the SMF for an identical MFD. It is shown how this advantage can be utilized for realizing a larger MFD for the PCF while maintaining a bending resistant fiber.
We present an approach for two-dimensional (2D) imaging through a single single-mode or multimode fiber without the need for scanners. A random scattering medium placed next to the distal end of the fiber is used to encode the collected light from every imaged pixel with a different random spectral signature. 2D objects illuminated by a white-light source are then imaged from a single measured spectrum at the fiber's proximal end. The technique is insensitive to fiber bending, an advantage for endoscopic applications.
We study the class of endlessly single-mode all-silica photonic crystal fibers with a triangular air-hole cladding. We consider the sensibility to longitudinal nonuniformities and the consequences and limitations for realizing low-loss large-mode area photonic crystal fibers. We also discuss the dominating scattering mechanism and experimentally we confirm that both macro and micro-bending can be the limiting factor.
Near-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy of CO2 and N2O with a discretized highly nonlinear fiber
本研究设计基于新型高非线性光纤的全光纤双光梳光谱仪，实现1.55微米到2微米的频率梳高效转换，可精准测量CO₂、N₂O的振转跃迁吸收及碰撞加宽系数，结果匹配HITRAN数据库，还可用于混合气体谱线加宽测量。
An all solid large modearea (LMA) chalcogenide based microstructured core optical fiber (MCOF) is designed and proposed for high power handling in the mid IR spectral regime, covering the entire second transparency window of the atmosphere (3 to 5 microns). The core of the proposed specialty fiber is composed of a few rings of high index rods arranged in a pattern of hexagon. Dependence of effective mode area on the pitch and radius of high index rods are studied. Ultra high effective mode area up to 75000 micron square can be achieved over this specific wavelength range while retaining its si…
We consider large-mode area photonic crystal fibers for visible applications where micro-deformation induced attenuation becomes a potential problem when the effective area A_eff is sufficiently large compared to lambda^2. We argue how a slight increase in fiber diameter D can be used in screening the high-frequency components of the micro-deformation spectrum mechanically and we confirm this experimentally for both 15 and 20 micron core fibers. For typical bending-radii (R~16 cm) the operating band-width increases by ~3-400 nm to the low-wavelength side.
Laser-Induced Deposition of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Suspended Core Optical Fibers
本研究通过激光驱动在悬空核心光纤中首次实现单壁碳纳米管的沉积，为微尺度设备制造和光纤传感器创新提供了新方法。
We investigate supercontinuum generation in several suspended-core soft-glass photonic crystal fibers pumped by an optical parametric oscillator tunable around 1550 nm. The fibers were drawn from lead-bismuth-gallium-cadmium-oxide glass (PBG-81) with a wide transmission window from 0.5-2.7 micron and a high nonlinear refractive index up to 4.3.10^(-19) m^2/W. They have been specifically designed with a microscale suspended hexagonal core for efficient supercontinuum generation around 1550 nm. We experimentally demonstrate two supercontinuum spectra spanning from 1.07-2.31 micron and 0.89-2.46 …
Quasi error-free 10 Gbit/s data transmission is demonstrated over a novel type of 50 micron core diameter photonic crystal fiber with as much as 100 m length. Combined with 850$ nm VCSEL sources, this fiber is an attractive alternative to graded-index multi-mode fibers for datacom applications. A comparison to numerical simulations suggests that the high bit-rate may be partly explained by inter-modal diffusion.
We present a simple lithographic method for fabrication of microresonator devices at the optical fiber surface. First, we undress the predetermined surface areas of a fiber segment from the polymer coating with a focused CO2 laser beam. Next, using the remaining coating as a mask, we etch the fiber in a hydrofluoric acid solution. Finally, we completely undress the fiber segment from coating to create a chain of silica bottle microresonators with nanoscale radius variation (SNAP microresonators). We demonstrate the developed method by fabrication of a chain of five 1 mm long and 30 nm high mic…
SIDE (Super Ifu Deployable Experiment) is proposed as second-generation, common-user instrument for the GTC. It will be a low and intermediate resolution fiber fed spectrograph, highly efficient in multi-object and 3D spectroscopy. The low resolution part (R = 1500, 4000) is called Dual VIS-NIR because it will observe in the VIS and NIR bands (0.4 ~V 1.7 microns) simultaneously. Because of the large number of fibers, a set of ~10 identical spectrographs is needed, each with a mirror collimator, a dichroic and two refractive cameras. The cameras are optimized for 0.4 - 0.95 microns (VIS) and 0.…
We propose and theoretically study a new hollow-core fiber-based curvature sensor with the capability of detecting both bending magnitude and angle (direction). The new sensor relies on a tubular-lattice fiber that encompasses, in its microstructure, tubes with three different thicknesses. By adequately choosing the placement of the tubes within the fiber cross-section, and by exploring the spectral shifts of the fiber transmitted spectrum due to the curvature-induced mode field distributions' displacements, we demonstrate a multi-axis bending sensor. In the proposed sensor, curvature radii an…
We report on a polarization maintaining large mode area photonic crystal fiber. Unlike, previous work on polarization maintaining photonic crystal fibers, birefringence is introduced using stress applying parts. This has allowed us to realize fibers, which are both single mode at any wavelength and have a practically constant birefringence for any wavelength. The fibers presented in this work have mode field diameters from about 4 to 6.5 micron, and exhibit a typical birefringence of 1.5e-4.
A polymer/liquid crystal-based fiber Bragg grating (PLC-FBG) is fabricated with visible two-beam holography by photo-induced modulation of a pre-polymer/LC solution infiltrated into the hollow channels of a solid core photonic crystal fiber (PCF). The fabrication process and effects related to the photonic bandgap guidance into the infiltrated PCF, and characterization of the PLC-FBG are discussed. Experimental data here presented, demonstrate that the liquid crystal inclusions of the PLC-FBG lead to high thermal and bending sensitivities. The microscopic behavior of the polymer/liquid crystal…
Multi-wavelength fiber lasers have emerged as a promising light source for the application in wavelength division multiplexing communication, terahertz wave generation and optical sensing due to high efficiency and robustness. Lyot-filter emerges as a potential device for multi-wavelength generation application. However, because of the high birefringence of polarization maintaining fiber in Lyot-filter, it is difficult to generate broadband dual-wavelength or multi-wavelength mode-locked fiber laser by using common Lyot-filter. In this paper, for the first time, we propose an idea of using the…
We study the dispersion and leakage properties for the recently reported low-loss photonic band-gap fiber by Smith et al. [Nature 424, 657 (2003)]. We find that surface modes have a significant impact on both the dispersion and leakage properties of the fundamental mode. Our dispersion results are in qualitative agreement with the dispersion profile reported recently by Ouzounov et al. [Science 301, 1702 (2003)] though our results suggest that the observed long-wavelength anomalous dispersion is due to an avoided crossing (with surface modes) rather than band-bending caused by the photonic ban…
Integration of optically-active nanodiamonds with glass fibers is a powerful method of scaling of diamond magnetic sensing functionality. We propose a novel approach for integration of nanodiamonds containing nitrogen-vacancy centers directly into the fiber core. The core is fabricated using nanostructurization, that is by stacking the preform from 790 soft glass canes, drawn from a single rod dip-coated with nanodiamonds suspended in isopropyl alcohol. This enables manual control over distribution of nanoscale features, here - the nanodiamonds across and along the fiber core. We verify this b…
A Dual-Dip Heterogeneous LPFG Sensing System via Annealing under Bending with Temperature and Humidity Compensation
本文提出一种双 dips 异质长周期光纤光栅传感平台，通过弯曲辅助退火实现各向异性折射率再分布和模式依赖耦合增强，克服温度交叉灵敏度，实现温度、弯曲和湿度的多参数传感。
We propose a scheme to enhance the effective photonic bandwidth exploiting bandgap overlapping of same order or different orders through judiciously chosen aperiodic geometries is spatial dimension. To implement the scheme, we design a specialty optical fiber with hybrid chirped-cladding. Our designed fiber provides an ultra-wide photonic bandwidth of ~ 3 micron. The less dispersive behavior of the structure carries the signature of zero dispersion at ~2.7micron. The proposed two material all-solid fiber geometry is based on thermally compatible chalcogenide glasses, GeAsSe and AsSe as low and…
We demonstrate adiabatically tapered fibers terminating in sub-micron tips that are clad with a higher-index material for coupling to an on-chip waveguide. This cladding enables coupling to a high-index waveguide without losing light to the buried oxide. A technique to clad the tip of the tapered fiber with a higher-index polymer is introduced. Conventional tapered waveguides and forked tapered waveguide structures are investigated for coupling from the clad fiber to the on-chip waveguide. We find the forked waveguide facilitates alignment and packaging, while the conventional taper leads to h…
Polarizing Antiresonant Hollow-Core Fiber
该研究提出了一种低损耗、偏振过滤抗共振空芯光纤，通过双环设计实现强偏振过滤和高传输效率，适用于光纤陀螺仪、量子光学等应用。
Imaging through a single optical fiber offers attractive possibilities in many applications such as microendoscopy or remote sensing. However, the direct transmission of an image through an optical fiber is difficult because spatial information is scrambled upon propagation. We demonstrate an image transmission strategy where spatial information is first converted to spectral information. Our strategy is based on a principle of spread-spectrum encoding, borrowed from wireless communications, wherein object pixels are converted into distinct spectral codes that span the full bandwidth of the ob…
In this paper we evaluate the cut-off properties of holey fibers (HFs) with a triangular lattice of air holes and the core formed by the removal of a single (HF1) or more air holes (HF3 and HF7). With the aid of finite-element simulations we determine the single-mode and multi-mode phases and also find the air hole diameters limiting the endlessly single-mode regime. From calculations of V and W parameters we find that in general HF1 is less susceptible to longitudinal non-uniformities compared to the other designs for equivalent effective areas. As an example we illustrate this general proper…
We demonstrate a novel approach to achieve wavelength-tunable ultrashort pulses from an all-fiber mode-locked laser with a saturable absorber based on nonlinear Kerr beam clean-up effect. This saturable absorber was formed by a single-mode fiber spliced to a graded-index multimode fiber, and its tunable band-pass filter effect is studied by a numerical model. By adjusting the bending condition of graded-index multimode fiber, the laser could produce dissipative soliton pulses with their central wavelength tunable from1040 nm to 1063 nm. The pulse width of output laser could be compressed exter…
Hollow-core fiber for single-mode, low loss transmission of broadband UV light
本研究设计出一种可传输250-450nm宽带紫外光的反谐振空芯光纤，经测试其损耗低、单模特性好、抗光老化与抗弯曲性能优异，可用于量子光学等领域提升系统稳定性与紧凑性。
Fiber-based scanning levitated nanoparticle force sensor near a metalized membrane
本文介绍一种基于光纤的双光束陷阱，可将介电纳米球转移至金属镜面附近驻波陷阱，实现三维扫描力传感、激光冷却及泽普顿级力分辨率，有望用于短距离重力测试和表面力研究。
We show, by means of simple model calculations, how a weak laser beam sent through an optical fiber exerts a transverse radiation force if there is an azimuthal asymmetry present in the fiber such that one side has a slightly different refractive index than the other. The refractive index difference $Δn$ needs only to be very small, of order $10^{-3}$, in order to produce an appreciable transverse displacement of order 10 microns. We argue that the effect has probably already been seen in a recent experiment of She et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 243601 (2008)], and we discuss correspondence bet…
We consider an index-guiding silica photonic crystal fiber with a triangular air-hole structure and a poled quadratic nonlinearity. By tuning the pitch and the relative hole size, second-harmonic generation with zero group-velocity mismatch is found for any fundamental wavelength above 780 nm. The phase-velocity mismatch has a lower limit with coherence lengths in the micron range. The dimensionless nonlinear parameter is inversely proportional to the pitch and proportional to the relative hole size. Selected cases show bandwidths suitable for 20 fs pulse-conversion with conversion efficiencie…
We observe the weak coupling of lead sulphide nanocrystals to localized defect modes of 2-dimensional silicon nanocavities. Cavity resonances characterized with ensemble nanocrystals are verified with cold-cavity measurements using integrated waveguides. Polarization dependence of the cavity field modes is observed. The linewidths measured in coupling experiments are broadened in comparison to the cold-cavity characterization, partly due to large homogeneous linewidths of the nanocrystals. The calculated Purcell factor for a single exciton is 75, showing promise toward applications in single p…
We generate a 200-nm optical frequency comb at 1.5 microns by injecting two single-frequency lasers into a highly nonlinear fiber, and explore its spectral phase properties and high power to demonstrate full nonlinear conversion into its second harmonic. Combs of optical frequencies with 100-nm (~ 48 THz) bandwidths, centered at 790-800 nm and spaced by 0.8-1 nm (380-470 GHz) were produced by second harmonic and multiple sum frequency generation simply by focusing into a 2-mm long nonlinear crystal. Conventional birefringence phase matching was used in normal incidence configuration without ti…
We present a detailed theoretical analysis on image transmission via a single multimode fiber (MMF). A single MMF imaging model is developed to study the light wave propagation from the light source to the camera, by using free-space Fourier optics theory and mode-coupling theory. A mathematical expression is obtained for the complete single MMF imaging system, which is further validated by image-transmission simulations. Our model is believed to be the first theoretical model to describe the complete MMF imaging system based on the transmission of individual modes. Therefore, this model is ro…
We report on a single-mode photonic crystal fiber with attenuation and effective area at 1550 nm of 0.48 dB/km and 130 square-micron, respectively. This is, to our knowledge, the lowest loss reported for a PCF not made from VAD prepared silica and at the same time the largest effective area for a low-loss (< 1 dB/km) PCF. We briefly discuss the future applications of PCFs for data transmission and show for the first time, both numerically and experimentally, how the group velocity dispersion is related to the mode field diameter
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