The purpose of this article is to classify the real hypersurfaces in complex space forms of dimension 2 that are both Levi-flat and minimal. The main results are as follows:
When the curvature of the complex space form is nonzero, there is a 1-parameter family of such hypersurfaces. Specifically, for each one-parameter subgroup of the isometry group of the complex space form, there is an essentially unique example that is invariant under this one-parameter subgroup.
On the other hand, when the curvature of the space form is zero, i.e., when the space form is complex 2-space with its standard flat metric, there is an additional `exceptional' example that has no continuous symmetries but is invariant under a lattice of translations. Up to isometry and homothety, this is the unique example with no continuous symmetries.
We construct a complete convergent normal form for a real hypersurface in $\CC{N},\,N\geq 2$ at generic Levi degeneracy. This seems to be the first convergent normal form for a Levi-degenerate hypersurface. In particular, we obtain, in the spirit of the work of Chern and Moser \cite{chern}, distinguished curves in the Levi degeneracy set, that we call \it degenerate chains.
A Lipschitz hypersurface is a hypersurface which locally is the graph of a Lipschitz function. A Lipschitz (or C^1) hypersurface is said to be Levi-flat if it is locally foliated by complex manifolds of complex dimension (n-1). We shall prove that there exist no Lipschitz Levi-flat hypersurfaces in CP^n with n >= 3. Our new estimates on the d-bar-Cauchy problems are different from the earlier Siu's integral kernal method.
Local conditions on boundaries of $C^\infty$ Levi-flat hypersurfaces, in case the boundary is a generic submanifold, are studied. For nontrivial real analytic boundaries we get an extension and uniqueness result, which forces the hypersurface to be real analytic. This allows us to classify all real analytic generic boundaries of Levi-flat hypersurfaces in terms of their normal coordinates. For the remaining case of generic real analytic boundary we get a weaker extension theorem. We find examples to show that these two extension results are optimal. Further, a class of nowhere minimal real ana…
We obtain an explicit parametrization of stationary discs glued to some Levi non-degenerate hypersurfaces. These discs form a family which is invariant under the action of biholomorphisms. We use this parametrization to construct a local circular representation of these hypersurfaces. As a corollary, we get the uniqueness of biholomorphisms with given 1-jet at some convenient point.
In our earlier articles we studied tube hypersurfaces in ${\mathbb C}^3$ that are 2-nondegenerate and uniformly Levi degenerate of rank 1. In particular, we showed that the vanishing of the CR-curvature of such a hypersurface is equivalent to the Monge equation with respect to one of the variables. In the present paper we provide an alternative shorter derivation of this equation by utilizing two invariants discovered by S. Pocchiola. We also investigate Pocchiola's invariants in the rigid case and give a partial classification of rigid 2-nondegenerate uniformly Levi degenerate of rank 1 hyper…
Holomorphically homogeneous CR real hypersurfaces $M^3 \subset \mathbb{C}^2$ were classified by Élie Cartan in 1932. In the next dimension, we complete the classification of simply-transitive Levi non-degenerate hypersurfaces $M^5 \subset \mathbb{C}^3$ using a novel Lie algebraic approach independent of any earlier classifications of abstract Lie algebras. Central to our approach is a new coordinate-free formula for the fundamental (complexified) quartic tensor. Our final result has a unique (Levi-indefinite) non-tubular model, for which we demonstrate geometric relations to planar equi-affine…
To be prudent, the paper has been withdrawn by the authors, due an error (missing complex conjugate sign) in Equation (2.5). We are very grateful to Marco Brunella for pointed out the error.
In this paper we prove the following theorem. Main Theorem. Let n >= 3 and m >= 3n/2 +7. Then there exists no C^m Levi-flat real hypersurface M in P_n. The condition that M is Levi-flat means that when M is locally defined by the vanishing of a C^m real-valued function f, at every point of M the restriction of d d-bar f to the complex tangent space of M is identically zero. The case of the nonexistence of C^\infty Levi-flat real hypersurface in P_2 is motivated by problems in dynamical systems in P_2.
A local uniqueness property of holomorphic functions on real-analytic nowhere minimal CR submanifolds of higher codimension is investigated. A sufficient condition called almost minimality is given and studied. A weaker necessary condition, being contained a possibly singular real-analytic Levi-flat hypersurface is studied and characterized. This question is completely resolved for algebraic submanifolds of codimension 2 and a sufficient condition for noncontainment is given for non algebraic submanifolds. As a consequence, an example of a submanifold of codimension 2, not biholomorphically eq…
We continue our study, initiated in an earlier article, of a class of rigid hypersurfaces in ${\mathbb C}^3$ that are 2-nondegenerate and uniformly Levi degenerate of rank 1, having zero CR-curvature. We drop the restrictive assumptions of the earlier paper and give a complete description of the class. Surprisingly, the answer is expressed in terms of solutions of several well-known differential equations, in particular, the equation characterizing conformal metrics with constant negative curvature and a nonlinear $\bar\partial$-equation.
We prove that for every $n\geq 3$ the sharp upper bound for the dimension of the symmetry groups of homogeneous, 2-nondegenerate, $(2n+1)$-dimensional CR manifolds of hypersurface type with a $1$-dimensional Levi kernel is equal to $n^2+7$, and simultaneously establish the same result for a more general class of structures characterized by weakening the homogeneity condition. This supports Beloshapka's conjecture stating that hypersurface models with a maximal finite dimensional group of symmetries for a given dimension of the underlying manifold are Levi nondegenerate.
We study curvature restrictions of Levi-flat real hypersurfaces in complex projective planes, whose existence is in question. We focus on its totally real Ricci curvature, the Ricci curvature of the real hypersurface in the direction of the Reeb vector field, and show that it cannot be greater than -4 along a Levi-flat real hypersurface. We rely on a finiteness theorem for the space of square integrable holomorphic 2-forms on the complement of the Levi-flat real hypersurface, where the curvature plays the role of the size of the infinitesimal holonomy of its Levi foliation.
Let $X$ be a connected complex manifold of dimension $\geq 3$ and $M$ a smooth compact Levi-flat real hypersurface in $X$. We show that the normal bundle to the Levi foliation does not admit a Hermitian metric with positive curvature along the leaves. This generalizes a result obtained by Brunella.
Inspired by an article of R. Bryant on holomorphic immersions of unit disks into Lorentzian CR manifolds, we discuss the application of Cartan's method to the question of the existence of bi-disk $\mathbb{D}^{2}$ in a smooth $9$-dimensional real analytic real hypersurface $M^{9}\subset\mathbb{C}^{5}$ with Levi signature $(2,2)$ passing through a fixed point. The result is that the lift to $M^{9}\times U(2)$ of the image of the bi-disk in $M^{9}$ must lie in the zero set of two complex-valued functions in $M^{9}\times U(2)$. We then provide an example where one of the functions does not identic…
Let $Ω$ be a pseudoconvex domain with $C^2$-smooth boundary in $\mathbb CP^n$. We prove that the $\bar\partial-Neumann operator $N$ exists for $(p,q)$-forms on $Ω$. Furthermore, there exists a $t_0>0$ such that the operators $N$, $\bar\partial^*N$, $\bar\partial N$ and the Bergman projection are regular in the Sobolev space $W^t (\barΩ) $ for $t<t_0$. The boundary estimates above have applications in complex geometry. We use the estimates to prove the nonexistence of $C^{2, α}$ real Levi-flat hypersurfaces in $\mathbb CP^n$. We also show that there exist no non-zero $L^2$-holomorphic $(p, 0)$-…
We address the problem of existence and uniqueness of a Levi-flat hypersurface $M$ in $C^n$ with prescribed compact boundary $S$ for $n\ge3$. The situation for $n\ge3$ differs sharply from the well studied case $n=2$. We first establish necessary conditions on $S$ at both complex and CR points, needed for the existence of $M$. All CR points have to be nonminimal and all complex points have to be "flat". Then, adding a positivity condition at complex points, which is similar to the ellipticity for $n=2$ and excluding the possibility of $S$ to contain complex $(n-2)$-dimensional submanifolds, we…
In this paper we construct a large class of new normal forms for Levi-nondegenerate real hypersurfaces in complex spaces. We adopt a general approach illustrating why these normal forms are natural and which role is played by the celebrated Chern-Moser normal form. The latter appears in our class as the one with the "maximum normalization" in the lowest degree. However, there are other natural normal forms, even with normalization conditions for the terms of the same degree. Some of these forms do not involve the cube of the trace operator and, in that sense, are simplier than the one by Chern…
In this paper, we consider real hypersurfaces $M$ in $\Bbb C^3$ (or more generally, 5-dimensional CR manifolds of hypersurface type) at uniformly Levi degenerate points, i.e. Levi degenerate points such that the rank of the Levi form is constant in a neighborhood. We also require the hypersurface to satisfy a certain second order nondegeneracy condition (called 2-nondegeneracy) at the point. Our first result is the construction of a principal bundle $P\to M$ with an absolute parallelism, uniquely determined by the CR structure on $M$, which reduces the question of whether two such CR manifolds…
We define a complex connection on a real hypersurface of $\C^{n+1}$ which is naturally inherited from the ambient space. Using a system of Codazzi-type equations, we classify connected real hypersurfaces in $\C^{n+1}$, $n\ge 2$, which are Levi umbilical and have non zero constant Levi curvature. It turns out that such surfaces are contained either in a sphere or in the boundary of a complex tube domain with spherical section.
We explicitly determine the structure equations of 5-dimensional Levi 2-nondegenerate CR hypersurfaces, using our recently constructed canonical Cartan connection for this class of CR manifolds. We also give an outline of the basic properties of absolute parallelisms and Cartan connections, together with a brief discussion of the absolute parallelisms for such CR manifolds existing in the literature.
We develope in great computational details the classical Cartan equivalence problem for Levi-nondegenerate C^6-smooth real hypersurfaces M^3 in C^2, performing all calculations effectively in terms of a (local) graphing function φ. In particular, we present explicitly the unique (complex) essential invariant J of the problem. Its expansion in terms of the 3-variables function φincorporates millions of differential monomials, while, when φis assumed to depend only on 2 variables (rigid case), J writes out in two lines (7 monomials).
Let $M^{2n+1}$, $n\ge 1$, be a smooth manifold with a pseudo-convex integrable CR structure of hypersurface type. We consider a sequence of CR invariant subsets $ M=\mathcal S_0 \supset \mathcal S_1 \supset \cdots \supset \mathcal S_{n}, $ where $\mathcal S_q$ is the set of points where the Levi-form has nullity $\ge q$. We prove that $\mathcal S_q$'s are locally given as common zero sets of the coefficients $A_j,$ $j=0,1,\ldots, q-1,$ of the characteristic polynomial of the Levi-form. Some sufficient conditions for local existence of complex submanifolds are presented in terms of the coeffici…
We construct canonical absolute parallelisms over real-analytic manifolds equipped with $2$-nondegenerate, hypersurface-type CR structures of arbitrary odd dimension not less than $7$ whose Levi kernel has constant rank belonging to a broad subclass of CR structures that we label as recoverable. For this we develop a new approach based on a reduction to a special flag structure, called the dynamical Legendrian contact structure, on the leaf space of the CR structure's associated Levi foliation. This extends the results of Porter-Zelenko [20] from the case of regular CR symbols constituting a d…
We prove the Lefchetz theorem for CR submanifolds in Hermitian symmetric spaces. As an application we prove the nonexistence of real analytic Levi flat submanifolds in such manifolds.
Pittie [Pit88] proved that the Dolbeault cohomology of all left-invariant complex structures on compact Lie groups can be computed by looking at the Dolbeault cohomology induced on a conveniently chosen maximal torus. We use the algebraic classification of left-invariant CR structures of maximal rank on compact Lie groups [CK04] to generalize Pittie's result to left-invariant Levi-flat CR structures of maximal rank on compact Lie groups.
The class ${\sf IV}_2$ of $2$-nondegenerate constant Levi rank $1$ hypersurfaces $M^5 \subset \mathbb{C}^3$ is governed by Pocchiola's two primary invariants $W_0$ and $J_0$. Their vanishing characterizes equivalence of such a hypersurface $M^5$ to the tube $M_{\sf LC}^5$ over the real light cone in $\mathbb{R}^3$. When either $W_0 \not\equiv 0$ or $J_0 \not\equiv 0$, by normalization of certain two group parameters ${\sf c}$ and ${\sf e}$, an invariant coframe can be built on $M^5$, showing that the dimension of the CR automorphism group drops from $10$ to $5$. This paper constructs an explic…
We prove a relation between the $\bar\partial_M$ cohomology of a minimal orbit $M$ of a real form $G_0$ of a complex semisimple Lie group $G$ in a flag manifold $G/Q$ and the Dolbeault cohomology of the Matsuki dual open orbit $X$ of the complexification $K$ of a maximal compact subgroup $K_0$ of $G_0$, under the assumption that $M$ is Levi-flat.
We study the local equivalence problem for real-analytic ($\mathcal{C}^ω$) hypersurfaces $M^5 \subset \mathbb{C}^3$ which, in coordinates $(z_1, z_2, w) \in \mathbb{C}^3$ with $w = u+i\, v$, are rigid: \[ u \,=\, F\big(z_1,z_2,\overline{z}_1,\overline{z}_2\big), \] with $F$ independent of $v$. Specifically, we study the group ${\sf Hol}_{\sf rigid}(M)$ of rigid local biholomorphic transformations of the form: \[ \big(z_1,z_2,w\big) \longmapsto \Big( f_1(z_1,z_2), f_2(z_1,z_2), a\,w + g(z_1,z_2) \Big), \] where $a \in \mathbb{R} \backslash \{0\}$ and $\frac{D(f_1,f_2)}{D(z_1,z_2)} \neq 0$, whic…
For certain real hypersurfaces in the projective space, of signature (1,n), we study the filling problem for small deformations of the CR structure (the other signatures being well understood). We characterize the deformations which are fillable, and prove that they have infinite codimension in the set of all CR structures. This result generalizes the cases of the 3-sphere and of signature (1,1) to higher dimension.
It is shown that that the rank of the second fundamental form (resp. the Levi form) of a $\mathcal C^2$-smooth convex hypersurface $M$ in $\Bbb R^{n+1}$ (resp. $\Bbb C^{n+1}$) does not exceed an integer constant $k<n$ near a point $p\in M,$ then through any point $q\in M$ near $p$ there exists a real (resp. complex) $(n-k)$-dimensional plane that locally lies on $M.$
Hypersurface type CR-structures with non-degenerate Levi form on a manifold of dimension $(2n+1)$ have maximal symmetry dimension $n^2+4n+3$. We prove that the next (submaximal) possible dimension for a (local) symmetry algebra is $n^2+4$ for Levi-indefinite structures and $n^2+3$ for Levi-definite structures when $n>1$. In the exceptional case of CR-dimension $n=1$, the submaximal symmetry dimension 3 was computed by E.\,Cartan.
In this paper, we study the geometry of compact complex manifolds with Levi-Civita Ricci-flat metrics and prove that compact complex surfaces admitting Levi-Civita Ricci-flat metrics are Kahler Calabi-Yau surfaces or Hopf surfaces.
We give a geometric characterization of certain hypersurfaces of cohomogeneity one in the complex projective and hyperbolic planes. We also obtain some partial classifications of austere hypersurfaces and of Levi-flat hypersurfaces with constant mean curvature in these spaces.
We show that for a real-analytic connected holomorphically nondegenerate 5-dimensional CR-hypersurface $M$ and its symmetry algebra $\mathfrak{s}$ one has either: (i) $\dim\mathfrak{s}=15$ and $M$ is spherical (with Levi form of signature either $(2,0)$ or $(1,1)$ everywhere), or (ii) $\dim\mathfrak{s}\le11$ where $\dim\mathfrak{s}=11$ can only occur if on a dense open subset $M$ is spherical with Levi form of signature $(1,1)$. Furthermore, we construct a series of examples of pairwise nonequivalent CR-hypersurfaces with $\dim\mathfrak{s}=11$.
This is a continuation of our previous paper [14]. In [14], we introduced the first Aeppli-Chern class on compact complex manifolds, and proved that the $(1,1)$ curvature form of the Levi-Civita connection represents the first Aeppli-Chern class which is a natural link between Riemannian geometry and complex geometry. In this paper, we study the geometry of compact complex manifolds with Levi-Civita Ricci-flat metrics and classify minimal complex surfaces with Levi-Civita Ricci-flat metrics. More precisely, we show that minimal complex surfaces admitting Levi-Civita Ricci-flat metrics are Kähl…
Let $X$ be an orientable compact Levi-flat CR manifold and let $L$ be a positive CR complex line bundle over $X$. We prove that certain microlocal conjugations of the associated Szegő kernel admits an asymptotic expansion with respect to high powers of $L$. As an application, we give a Szegő kernel proof of the Kodaira type embedding theorem on Levi-flat CR manifolds due to Ohsawa and Sibony.
In the present paper, we associate the techniques of the Lewy-Pinchuk reflection principle with the Behnke-Sommer continuity principle. Extending a so-called reflection function to a parameterized congruence of Segre varieties, we are led to studying the envelope of holomorphy of a certain domain covered by a smooth Levi-flat ``hat''. In our main theorem, we show that every C^infty-smooth CR diffeomorphism h: M to M' between two globally minimal real analytic hypersurfaces in C^n (n >1) is real analytic at every point of M if M' is holomorphically nondegenerate. More generally, we establish th…
A Levi nondegenerate real analytic hypersurface M of C^2 represented in local coordinates (z, w) in C^2 by a complex defining equation of the form w = Theta (z, \bar z, \bar w) which satisfies an appropriate reality condition, is spherical if and only if its complex graphing function Theta satisfies an explicitly written sixth-order polynomial complex partial differential equation. In the rigid case (known before), this system simplifies considerably, but in the general nonrigid case, its combinatorial complexity shows well why the two fundamental curvature tensors constructed by Elie Cartan i…
The classifications of locally strongly convex equiaffine hypersurfaces (resp. centroaffine hypersurfaces) with parallel Fubini-Pick form with respect to the Levi-Civita connection of the Blaschke-Berwald affine metric (resp. centroaffine metric) have been completed by several geometers in the last decades, see \cite{HLV} and \cite{CHM}. In this paper we define a generalized Calabi product in Calabi geometry and prove decomposition theorems in terms of their Calabi invariants. As the main result, we obtain a complete classification of Calabi hypersurfaces in $\bbr^{n+1}$ with parallel Fubini-P…
Let $x:M\to\Bm$ be the canonical injection of a Null Hypersurface $(M,g)$ in a semi-Riemannian manifold $(\overline{M},\bar g)$. A rigging for $M$ is a vector field $L$ defined on some open set of $\overline{M}$ containing $M$ such that $L_p\notin T_pM$ for each $p\in M$. Such a vector field induces a null rigging $N$. Let $\bar η$ be the 1-form which is $\bar g$-metrically equivalent to $N$ and $η=x^\star\barη$ its pull back on $M$. We introduce and study for a given non vanishing function $α$ on $M$ the so-called $α$-associated (semi-)Riemannian metric $ g_α=g+αη\otimes η$. For a closed rigg…
I give a theory of Moebius-flat hypersurfaces in n-dimensional projective space, analogous to that in conformal geometry. This unifies the classes of hypersurfaces with flat induced conformal structure (n > 3) and a classically studied class of surfaces (n = 3). I extend an example of Akivis-Konnov, and use polynomial conserved quantities to characterise hypersurfaces with flat centro-affine metric among Moebius-flat hypersurfaces. The theory has an obvious counterpart in Lie sphere geometry.
In this paper, we present the classification of 2 and 3-dimensional Calabi hypersurfaces with parallel Fubini-Pick form with respect to the Levi-Civita connection of the Calabi metric.
In this paper, we study locally strongly convex centroaffine hypersurfaces with parallel cubic form with respect to the Levi-Civita connection of the centroaffine metric. As the main result, we obtain a complete classification of such centroaffine hypersurfaces. The result of this paper is a centroaffine version of the complete classification of locally strongly convex equiaffine hypersurfaces with parallel cubic form due to Hu, Li and Vrancken [12].
Biharmonic hypersurfaces in a generic conformally flat space are studied in this paper. The equation of such hypersurfaces is derived and is used to determine the conformally flat metric $f^{-2}δ_{ij}$ on the Euclidean space $\mathbb{R}^{m+1}$ so that a minimal hypersurface $M^m\longrightarrow (\mathbb{R}^{m+1}, δ_{ij})$ in a Euclidean space becomes a biharmonic hypersurface $M^m\longrightarrow (\mathbb{R}^{m+1}, f^{-2}δ_{ij})$ in the conformally flat space. Our examples include all biharmonic hypersurfaces found in [Ou1] and [OT] as special cases.
In this paper, we study generic conformally flat hypersurfaces in the Euclidean $4$-space $\mathbb{R}^4$ using the framework of Möbius geometry. First, we classify locally the generic conformally flat hypersurfaces with closed Möbius form under the Möbius transformation group of $\mathbb{R}^4$. Such examples come from cones, cylinders, or rotational hypersurfaces over the surfaces with constant Gaussian curvature in $3$-spheres, Euclidean $3$-spaces, or hyperbolic $3$-spaces, respectively. Second, we investigate the global behavior of the generic conformally flat hypersurface and give some int…
It is demonstrated that hypersurfaces with a flat centroaffine metric are governed by a system of nonlinear PDEs known as the equations of associativity of 2-dimensional topological field theory.
In this paper the result of real hypersurfaces in non-flat complex space forms, whose structure vector field $ξ$ belongs to the $κ$-nullity distribution is extended in case of three dimensional real hypersurfaces in non-flat complex space forms. Furthermore, generalization of notion ($κ$,$μ$)-nullity distribution defined on real hypersurfaces and results of real hypersurfaces, whose structure vector field $ξ$ belongs to the previous distribution are provided. Finally, the notion of ($κ$,$μ$,$ν$)-nullity distribution is introduced in case of real hypersurfaces in non-flat complex space forms an…
We establish an inequality among the Ricci curvature, the squared mean curvature, and the normal curvature for real hypersurfaces in complex space forms. We classify real hypersurfaces in two-dimensional non-flat complex space forms which admit a unit vector field satisfying identically the equality case of the inequality.
In this paper, we present some new properties for p-biharmonic hypersurfaces in Riemannian manifold. We also characterize the p-biharmonic submanifolds in an Einstein space. We construct a new example of proper p-biharmonic hypersurfaces. We present some open problems.
This paper focuses on the study of three dimensional real hypersurfaces in non-flat complex space forms whose $^{*}$-Ricci tensor satisfies conditions of parallelism. More precisely, extension of existing results concerning real hypersurfaces with vanishing, semi-parallel and pseudo-parallel $^{*}$-Ricci tensor in case of ambient space being the complex hyperbolic space are provided. Furthermore, new results concerning $ξ$-parallelism of $^{*}$-Ricci tensor of real hypersurfaces in non-flat complex space forms are presented.
In this paper, we study conformally flat hypersurfaces of dimension $n(\geq 4)$ in $\mathbb{S}^{n+1}$ using the framework of Möbius geometry. First, we classify and explicitly express the conformally flat hypersurfaces of dimension $n(\geq 4)$ with constant Möbius scalar curvature under the Möbius transformation group of $\mathbb{S}^{n+1}$. Second, we prove that if the conformally flat hypersurface with constant Möbius scalar curvature $R$ is compact, then $$R=(n-1)(n-2)r^2, ~~0<r<1,$$ and the compact conformally flat hypersurface is Möbius equivalent to the torus $$\mathbb{ S}^1(\sqrt{1-r^2})…
By Hartman--Nirenberg's theorem, any complete flat hypersurface in Euclidean space must be a cylinder over a plane curve. However, if we admit some singularities, there are many non-trivial examples. Flat fronts are flat hypersurfaces with admissible singularities. Murata--Umehara gave a representation formula for complete flat fronts with non-empty singular set in Euclidean $3$-space, and proved the four vertex type theorem. In this paper, we prove that, unlike the case of $n=2$, there do not exist any complete flat fronts with non-empty singular set in Euclidean $(n+1)$-space $(n\geq 3)$.
