Chromatic number and spectral radius
Vladimir Nikiforov
设G是一个图，H是它的色数，L是它的拉普拉斯算子的最大特征值，M是它的邻接矩阵的最大特征值.然后，我们证明了L>=（H/（H-1））M，从而补充了Hoffman的一个著名结果
Let G be a graph, H be its chromatic number, L be the largest eigenvalue of its Laplacian, and M be the largest eigenvalue of its adjacency matrix. Then, complementing a well-known result of Hoffman, we show that L>=(H/(H-1))M
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The p-spectral radius of k-partite and k-chromatic uniform hypergraphs
刻画了n阶k部r-图中具有最大p-谱半径的r-图和n阶k色3-图中具有最大p-谱半径的3-图.
We show that the kite graph $K_4^{(n)}$ uniquely maximizes the distance spectral radius among all connected $4$-chromatic planar graphs on $n$ vertices.
Number of vertices in graphs with locally small chromatic number and large chromatic number
讨论了一个具有大色数的图的最小顶点数，使得其中每个固定半径的球都具有小的色数。本文证明了：对于每个在$\sim((n+rc)/(c+rc))^{r+1}$顶点上的图$G$，使得每个半径为$r$的球都是$c$ -可着色的，我们有$χ(G)\leq n$ .
The Gyárfás-Sumner conjecture says that for every forest $H$ and every integer $k$, if $G$ is $H$-free and does not contain a clique on $k$ vertices then it has bounded chromatic number. (A graph is $H$-free if it does not contain an induced copy of $H$.) Kierstead and Penrice proved it for trees of radius at most two, but otherwise the conjecture is known only for a few simple types of forest. More is known if we exclude a complete bipartite subgraph instead of a clique: Rödl showed that, for every forest $H$, if $G$ is $H$-free and does not contain $K_{t,t}$ as a subgraph then it has bounded…
Examples of topologically highly chromatic graphs with locally small chromatic number
Kierstead，Szemerédi和Trotter证明了一个图有至多个$\lfloor r/(2n)\rfloor^n$顶点，使得其中每个半径为$r$的球都是$c$ -可着色的，该图应该有至多色数$n(c-1)+1$。我们表明，这一估计是尖锐的$r$。也就是说，对于每一个$n$，$r$，和$c$，我们构造一个图$G$包含$O((2rc)^{n-1}c)$顶点，使得$χ(G)\geq n(c-1)+1$，虽然每个球的半径$r$在$G$是$c$ -着色。其核心思想是构造一个图，其邻域复形同伦等价于两个给定图的邻域复形之并。
In 1976 Simmons conjectured that every coloring of a 2-dimensional sphere of radius strictly greater than $1/2$ in three colors has a couple of monochromatic points at the distance 1 apart. We prove this conjecture.
The spectral radius of $k$-chromatic $r$-graphs
本文研究了 $k$-色 $r$-图的谱半径最大值问题，证明了当 $r\ge4$ 时，完全 $k$-色 $r$-图是唯一最大值图，并解决了 Kang-Nikiforov-Yuan 的猜想。
The Gyarfas-Sumner conjecture asserts that if H is a tree then every graph with bounded clique number and very large chromatic number contains H as an induced subgraph. This is still open, although it has been proved for a few simple families of trees, including trees of radius two, some special trees of radius three, and subdivided stars. These trees all have the property that their vertices of degree more than two are clustered quite closely together. In this paper, we prove the conjecture for two families of trees which do not have this restriction. As special cases, these families contain …
Hoffman proved that a graph $G$ with eigenvalues $μ_1 \ge \ldots \ge μ_n$ and chromatic number $χ(G)$ satisfies: \[ χ\ge 1 + κ\] where $κ$ is the smallest integer such that \[ μ_1 + \sum_{i=1}^κ μ_{n+1-i} \le 0. \] We strengthen this well known result by proving that $χ(G)$ can be replaced by the quantum chromatic number, $χ_q(G)$, where for all graphs $χ_q(G) \le χ(G)$ and for some graphs $χ_q(G)$ is significantly smaller than $χ(G)$. We also prove a similar result, and investigate implications of these inequalities for the quantum chromatic number of various classes of graphs, which improves…
Clique and chromatic numbers of graph powers: spectral bounds and anticodes
该研究利用谱与多项式方法，得到图幂团数与色数的精确谱界，提出Wegner猜想的谱类似物并对部分情况证明，还将相关方法与编码理论中反码的Delsarte线性规划界建立联系。
Spectral extremal results for triangle-free graphs with chromatic number at least four
本文研究色数至少为四的三角图自由图的谱极值问题，确定了当n足够大时，G(2,4)是格罗茨sch图的吹胀图，并与另一研究结果一致。
Spectral Radius, Vertex Deletion, and Chromatic Number of Signed Graphs
研究符号图删除顶点后谱半径的变化，证明Sun-Das定理对符号图成立，并给出基于所有特征值的色数下界。
Spectral approaches for $d$-improper chromatic number
本文研究$d$-不适当着色的谱方法，加强Hoffman界并刻画等式情形，猜想色数与强积的$d$-不适当色数相等，并在完美图等特殊图类中证明。
We prove that for any graph $G$ of maximum degree at most $Δ$, the zeros of its chromatic polynomial $χ_G(z)$ (in $\mathbb{C}$) lie outside the disk of radius $5.02 Δ$ centered at $0$. This improves on the previously best known bound of approximately $6.91Δ$. In the case of graphs of high girth we can improve this. We prove that for every $g$ there is a constant $K_g$ such that for any graph $G$ of maximum degree at most $Δ$ and girth at least $g$, the zeros of its chromatic polynomial $χ_G(z)$ lie outside the disk of radius $K_g Δ$ centered at $0$ where $K_g \to 1 + e \approx 3.72$ as $g \to …
We examine the measurable chromatic number of distance colorings on the surface of 2-dimensional spheres of varying radii, showing in particular that similar arguments to those used to raise lower bounds in the plane work for all but a countable set of radii. Furthermore, we show that measurable chromatic number as a function of the radius, or more generally the curvature, is not monotonic.
The quantum chromatic number, $χ_q(G)$, of a graph $G$ was originally defined as the minimal number of colors necessary in a quantum protocol in which two provers that cannot communicate with each other but share an entangled state can convince an interrogator with certainty that they have a coloring of the graph. We use an equivalent purely combinatorial definition of $χ_q(G)$ to prove that many spectral lower bounds for the chromatic number, $χ(G)$, are also lower bounds for $χ_q(G)$. This is achieved using techniques from linear algebra called pinching and twirling. We illustrate our result…
Spectral bounds for distance coloring and packing parameters of graphs via semidefinite programming
利用谱图论和半定规划方法，获得了与距离染色和打包相关的几个图参数的尖锐谱界，包括内射色数、开打包数、内射色指数和强色指数，并应用于超立方体的码覆盖数和开打包数，得到新的精确值和加强界。
Linear spectral Turan problems for expansions of graphs with given chromatic number
本文研究给定色数的图的展开在线性超图中的谱图兰问题，通过联系线性超图与其影子图的谱半径，给出了最大边数和最大谱半径的精确或渐近界。
Efficient spectral bounds on the chromatic number of Hamming, Johnson, and Kneser graph powers
本文提出利用超几何正交多项式高效计算汉明图、约翰逊图和克奈塞尔图幂的谱界，从而在多项式时间内得出色数的下界。
It is shown that for any fixed $c \geq 3$ and $r$, the maximum possible chromatic number of a graph on $n$ vertices in which every subgraph of radius at most $r$ is $c$ colorable is $\tildeΘ\left(n ^ {\frac{1}{r+1}} \right)$ (that is, $n^\frac{1}{r+1}$ up to a factor poly-logarithmic in $n$). The proof is based on a careful analysis of the local and global colorability of random graphs and implies, in particular, that a random $n$-vertex graph with the right edge probability has typically a chromatic number as above and yet most balls of radius $r$ in it are $2$-degenerate.
We present a method to assign, for any radius $r$ greater than about 12.44, one of seven colors to each point in $\mathbb{R}^3$ lying at distance $r$ from the origin, such that no two points at unit distance from each other are assigned the same color. The existence of such a construction contrasts with the recent demonstration that, for any positive value $\varepsilon$, if no two points assigned the same color lie at any distance in $[1,1+\varepsilon]$ (and with certain other restrictions that are also satisfied with our coloring), then eight colors are needed for any finite $r\ge18$, even th…
The chromatic critical edge theorem of Simonovits states that for a given color critical graph $H$ with $χ(H)=k+1$, there exists an $n_0(H)$ such that the Turán graph $T_{n,k}$ is the only extremal graph with respect to $ex(n,H)$ provided $n \geq n_0(H)$. Nikiforov's pioneer work on spectral graph theory implies that the color critical edge theorem also holds if $ex(n,H)$ is replaced by the maximum spectral radius and $n_0(H)$ is an exponential function of $|H|$. We want to know which color critical graphs $H$ satisfy that $n_0(H)$ is a linear function of $|H|$. Previous graphs include complet…
One of the best known results in spectral graph theory is the following lower bound on the chromatic number due to Alan Hoffman, where mu_1 and mu_n are respectively the maximum and minimum eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix: chi >= 1 + mu_1 / (- mu_n). We recently generalised this bound to include all eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix. In this paper, we further generalize these results to include all eigenvalues of the adjacency, Laplacian and signless Laplacian matrices. The various known bounds are also unified by considering the normalized adjacency matrix, and examples are cited for wh…
Let $χ(G)$ denote the chromatic number of a graph and $χ_v(G)$ denote the vector chromatic number. For all graphs $χ_v(G) \le χ(G)$ and for some graphs $χ_v(G) \ll χ(G)$. Galtman proved that Hoffman's well-known lower bound for $χ(G)$ is in fact a lower bound for $χ_v(G)$. We prove that two more spectral lower bounds for $χ(G)$ are also lower bounds for $χ_v(G)$. We then use one of these bounds to derive a new characterization of $χ_v(G)$.
A lower bound on the number of colours needed to nicely colour a sphere
本文针对球面着色的相关问题，在自然限制下证明任意半径足够大的球面色数至少为8，改进了Thomassen的结果，还为三维空间着色提供了新下界。
An anagram is a word of the form $WP$ where $W$ is a non-empty word and $P$ is a permutation of $W$. We study anagram-free graph colouring and give bounds on the chromatic number. Alon et al. (2002) asked whether anagram-free chromatic number is bounded by a function of the maximum degree. We answer this question in the negative by constructing graphs with maximum degree 3 and unbounded anagram-free chromatic number. We also prove upper and lower bounds on the anagram-free chromatic number of trees in terms of their radius and pathwidth. Finally, we explore extensions to edge colouring and $k$…
For any two non-negative integers h and k, h > k, an L(h, k)-colouring of a graph G is a colouring of vertices such that adjacent vertices admit colours that at least differ by h and vertices that are two distances apart admit colours that at least differ by k. The smallest positive integer δ such that G permits an L(h, k)-colouring with maximum colour δ is known as the L(h, k)-chromatic number (L(h, k)-colouring number) denoted by λ_{h,k}(G). In this paper, we discuss some interesting invariants in hypergraphs. In fact, we study the relation between the spectral gap and L(2, 1)-chromatic numb…
Computing the clique number and chromatic number of a general graph are well-known NP-Hard problems. Codenotti et al. (Bruno Codenotti, Ivan Gerace, and Sebastiano Vigna. Hardness results and spectral techniques for combinatorial problems on circulant graphs. \emph{Linear Algebra Appl.}, 285(1-3): 123--142, 1998) showed that computing clique number and chromatic number are still NP-Hard problems for the class of circulant graphs. We show that computing clique number is NP-Hard for the class of Cayley graphs for the groups $G^n$, where $G$ is any fixed finite group (e.g., cubelike graphs). We a…
Optimization and complexity of inertia-type bounds on the independence and chromatic numbers of graph powers
本文研究了图幂的独立数和色数的惯性型界限的优化与复杂性，改进了MILP方法并证明了固定k时问题可在多项式时间内解决。
The generalized distance spectral radius of a connected graph $G$ is the spectral radius of the generalized distance matrix of $G$, defined by $$D_α(G)=αTr(G)+(1-α)D(G), \;\;0\leα\le 1,$$ where $D(G)$ and $Tr(G)$ denote the distance matrix and diagonal matrix of the vertex transmissions of $G$, respectively. This paper characterizes the unique graph with minimum generalized distance spectral radius among the connected graphs with fixed chromatic number, which answers a question about the generalized distance spectral radius in spectral extremal theories. In addition, we also determine graphs w…
Spectral bounds for the independence ratio and the chromatic number of an operator
通过推广有限图的邻接矩阵的定义，定义了L^2-空间上有界自伴算子的独立比和色数.在类比有限图的霍夫曼界，我们给这些参数的运营商的数值域的界限。这为利用调和分析和凸优化研究有限和无限图的填充和着色问题提供了一个理论框架。该理论适用于欧几里得空间和单位球面上的无限几何图。
Spectral characterizations of local structures of graphs and hypergraphs
本文研究图与超图局部结构的谱特征，揭示谱半径与局部子图的关系，并提出基于张量特征值的局部向量着色数谱界。
This paper is devoted to the development of algorithms for finding unit distance graphs with chromatic number greater than 4, embedded in a two-dimensional sphere or plane. Such graphs provide a lower bound for the Nelson-Hadwiger problem on the chromatic number of the plane and its generalizations to the case of the sphere. A series of 5-chromatic unit distance graphs on 64513 vertices embedded into the plane is constructed. Unlike previously known examples, these graphs do not contain the Moser spindle as a subgraph. The construction of 5-chromatic graphs embedded in a sphere at two values o…
Acyclic subgraphs of tournaments with high chromatic number
本文证明了每个 $n$ 顶点竞赛图存在色数至少为 $n^{5/9-o(1)}$ 的无环子图，且上界为 $n^{3/4+o(1)}$，强有力地证实并改进了 Nassar 和 Yuster 的猜想，其证明结合了概率与谱技术。
In this paper we define the chromatic number of a lattice: It is the least number of colors one needs to color the interiors of the cells of the Voronoi tessellation of a lattice so that no two cells sharing a facet are of the same color. We compute the chromatic number of the root lattices, their duals, and of the Leech lattice, we consider the chromatic number of lattices of Voronoi's first kind, and we investigate the asymptotic behaviour of the chromatic number of lattices when the dimension tends to infinity. We introduce a spectral lower bound for the chromatic number of lattices in spir…
Eigenvalue bounds for the distance-$t$ chromatic number of a graph and their application to Lee codes
本文推导了图$t$-距离色数的特征值界，将其应用于超立方体图和Lee图以改进现有结果，并首次利用谱方法完整刻画了最小距离为$3$的完美Lee码的存在性。
The orthogonal rank of a graph $G=(V,E)$ is the smallest dimension $ξ$ such that there exist non-zero column vectors $x_v\in\mathbb{C}^ξ$ for $v\in V$ satisfying the orthogonality condition $x_v^\dagger x_w=0$ for all $vw\in E$. We prove that many spectral lower bounds for the chromatic number, $χ$, are also lower bounds for $ξ$. This result complements a previous result by the authors, in which they showed that spectral lower bounds for $χ$ are also lower bounds for the quantum chromatic number $χ_q$. It is known that the quantum chromatic number and the orthogonal rank are incomparable. We c…
In this paper, we obtain a sharp upper bound for the spectral radius of a nonnegative matrix. This result is used to present upper bounds for the adjacency spectral radius, the Laplacian spectral radius, the signless Laplacian spectral radius, the distance spectral radius, the distance Laplacian spectral radius, the distance signless Laplacian spectral radius of a graph or a digraph. These results are new or generalize some known results.
Clique spectral extremal problem on disjoint color-critical graphs
研究在\(n\)顶点的\(\bigcup_{i = 1}^t F_i -\)自由图中，对于\(2\leq s\leq r\)和足够大的\(n\)，确定具有最大\(s -\)团谱半径的唯一极值图这一问题，核心方法未提及，主要贡献是得出上述结论。
A Spectral Lower Bound on Chromatic Numbers using $p$-Energy
本文通过定义 $p$-能量，提出基于图谱的色数下界，统一并加强了多个已知下界，并解决了两个猜想。
In this paper, we obtain the sharp upper and lower bounds for the spectral radius of a nonnegative irreducible matrix. We also apply these bounds to various matrices associated with a graph or a digraph, obtain some new results or known results about various spectral radii, including the adjacency spectral radius, the signless Laplacian spectral radius, the distance spectral radius, the distance signless Laplacian spectral radius of a graph or a digraph.
Proof of a conjectured spectral upper bound on the chromatic number of a graph
通过解决Fan、Yu和Wang的猜想，证明了当3≤χ≤n-1时，图的染色数χ满足一个关于最小特征值λ_n的上界，并刻画了等号成立的条件。
The $α$-spectral radius of a connected graph $G$ is the spectral radius of $A_α$-matrix of $G$. In this paper, we discuss the methods for comparing $α$-spectral radius of graphs. As applications, we characterize the graphs with the maximal $α$-spectral radius among all unicyclic and bicyclic graphs of order $n$ with diameter $d$, respectively. Finally, we determine the unique graph with maximal signless Laplacian spectral radius among bicyclic graphs of order $n$ with diameter $d$.
We classify maximal digraphs whose Hermitian spectral radius is at most $2$.
Improved bounds for the zeros of the chromatic polynomial via Whitney's Broken Circuit Theorem
本研究利用惠特尼断链定理，改进了最大度Δ的图的色多项式零点半径界至5.94Δ，还给出高围长图的对应界及森林生成函数的无零点圆盘。
We study the effect of three types of graft transformations to increase or decrease the distance spectral radius of uniform hypergraphs, and we determined the unique $k$-uniform hypertrees with maximum, second maximum, minimum and second minimum distance spectral radius, respectively.
In this paper, we present some spectral sufficient conditions for a graph to be Hamilton-connected in terms of the spectral radius or signless Laplacian spectral radius of the graph. Our results improve some previous work.
The $α$-spectral Turán type problems for graphs
本文提出图的α-谱Turan型问题，统一了邻接谱和无向拉普拉斯谱结果，并扩展了色临界图的极值图研究。
The spectral radius (or the signless Laplacian spectral radius) of a general hypergraph is the maximum modulus of the eigenvalues of its adjacency (or its signless Laplacian) tensor. In this paper, we firstly obtain a lower bound of the spectral radius (or the signless Laplacian spectral radius) of general hypergraphs in terms of clique number. Moreover, we present a relation between a homogeneous polynomial and the clique number of general hypergraphs. As an application, we finally obtain an upper bound of the spectral radius of general hypergraphs in terms of clique number.
Connected Hypergraphs with Small Spectral Radius
在1970年史密斯分类所有连通图的谱半径最多$2$。这里图的谱半径是它的邻接矩阵的最大特征值。最近，谱半径的定义被推广到$r$ -一致超图。本文将Smith定理推广到$r$ -一致超图.证明了连通$r$ -一致超图的谱半径的最小极限点是$ρ_r=(r-1)!\sqrt[r]{4}$ .发现了一种计算超图谱半径的新方法，并对所有连通的谱半径至多为$ρ_r$的$r$ -一致超图进行了分类.
In this paper, we obtain the sharp upper and lower bounds for the spectral radius of a nonnegative weakly irreducible tensor. We also apply these bounds to the adjacency spectral radius and signless Laplacian spectral radius of a uniform hypergraph.
Maxima of the signless Laplacian spectral radius for planar graphs
图的无符号拉普拉斯谱半径是图的无符号拉普拉斯的最大特征值。本文证明了图$K_{2}\nabla P_{n-2}$在所有$n\geq 456$阶的可平面图中具有最大的无符号Laplacian谱半径.
For $0\leα<1$ and a uniform hypergraph $G$, the $α$-spectral radius of $G$ is the largest $H$-eigenvalue of $α\mathcal{D}(G) +(1-α)\mathcal{A}(G)$, where $\mathcal{D}(G)$ and $\mathcal{A}(G)$ are the diagonal tensor of degrees and the adjacency tensor of $G$, respectively. We give upper bounds for the $α$-spectral radius of a uniform hypergraph, propose some transformations that increase the $α$-spectral radius, and determine the unique hypergraphs with maximum $α$-spectral radius in some classes of uniform hypergraphs.
A note on the distance and distance signless Laplacian spectral radius of complements of trees
该研究通过分析广义树移位操作对树补图三类谱半径的增大作用，修正了既有相关定理证明中的歧义。
Distance spectral radius of a tree with given diameter
对于连通图，距离谱半径是其距离矩阵的最大特征值。本文在所有给定阶数和固定直径的树中，完全刻画了具有最小距离谱半径的树。
In this paper we show how the $α$-spectral radius changes under the edge grafting operations on connected $k$-uniform hypergraphs. We characterize the extremal hypertree for $α$-spectral radius among $k$-uniform non-caterpillar hypergraphs with given order, size and diameter. we also characerize the second largest $α$-spectral radius among all $k$-uniform supertrees on $n$ vertices by two methods.
For a connected graph $G$, the distance Laplacian spectral radius of $G$ is the spectral radius of its distance Laplacian matrix $\mathcal{L}(G)$ defined as $\mathcal{L}(G)=Tr(G)-D(G)$, where $Tr(G)$ is a diagonal matrix of vertex transmissions of $G$ and $D(G)$ is the distance matrix of $G$. In this paper, we determine the unique graphs with maximum distance Laplacian spectral radius among unicyclic graphs.
Spectral radius and signless Laplacian spectral radius of strongly connected digraphs
设D是强连通有向图，A（D）是D的邻接矩阵.设diag（D）是D的顶点具有出度的对角矩阵，Q（D）= diag（D）+ A（D）是D的无符号拉普拉斯矩阵. Q（D）的谱半径称为D的无符号拉普拉斯谱半径，记为q（D）。本文给出了q（D）的带出度序列的尖上界，并与已知的上界进行了比较，给出了q（D）的带团数、围长或点连通度的尖上界或下界，刻画了相应的极有向图或提出的公开问题.此外，我们还确定了在所有强连通有向图中唯一达到最小（或最大）、第二小（或最大）、第三小、第四小谱半径和无号Laplacian谱半径的有向图，并回答了Lin-Shu [H. Q. Lin，J.L. Shu，A note on the spectral characterization of strong connected bicycle digraphs，线性代数应用436（2012）2524{2530].
On the quantum chromatic number of Hamming and generalized Hadamard graphs
本文研究了Hamming和广义Hadamard图的量子色数，通过模一正交表示和迹方法确定了精确的色数，并证明了量子色数与经典色数的指数分离。
In this paper, we give some bounds for principal eigenvector and spectral radius of connected uniform hypergraphs in terms of vertex degrees, the diameter, and the number of vertices and edges.
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