Ezra Getzler
Operads may be represented as symmetric monoidal functors on a small symmetric monoidal category. We discuss the axioms which must be imposed on a symmetric monoidal functor in order that it give rise to a theory similar to the theory of operads: we call such functors patterns. We also develop the enriched version of the theory, and show how it may be applied to axiomatize topological field theory.
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I describe a generalization of the notion of operadic category due to Batanin and Markl. For each such operadic category I describe a skew monoidal category of collections, such that a monoid in this skew monoidal category is precisely an operad over the operadic category. In fact I describe two skew monoidal categories with this property. The first has the feature that the operadic category can be recovered from the skew monoidal category of collections; the second has the feature that the right unit constraint is invertible. In the case of the operadic category S of finite sets and functions…
Operads for Symmetric Monoidal Categories
本文显式构造了以对称幺半范畴为代数的范畴operad，并将其嵌入四个operad的序列，从而得到四种逐级更严格的对称幺半范畴概念。
A general notion of operad is given, which includes as instances, the operads originally conceived to study loop spaces, as well as the higher operads that arise in the globular approach to higher dimensional algebra. In the framework of this paper, one can also describe symmetric and braided analogues of higher operads, likely to be important to the study of weakly symmetric, higher dimensional monoidal structures.
We use Lurie's symmetric monoidal envelope functor to give two new descriptions of $\infty$-operads: as certain symmetric monoidal $\infty$-categories whose underlying symmetric monoidal $\infty$-groupoids are free, and as certain symmetric monoidal $\infty$-categories equipped with a symmetric monoidal functor to finite sets (with disjoint union as tensor product). The latter leads to a third description of $\infty$-operads, as a localization of a presheaf $\infty$-category, and we use this to give a simple proof of the equivalence between Lurie's and Barwick's models for $\infty$-operads.
Operads were originally defined as V-operads, that is, enriched in a symmetric or braided monoidal category V. The symmetry or braiding in V is required in order to describe the associativity axiom the operads must obey, as well as the associativity that must be a property of the action of an operad on any of its algebras. After a review of the role of operads in loop space theory and higher categories we go over definitions of iterated monoidal categories and introduce a large family of simple examples. Then we generalize the definition of operad by defining n-fold operads and their algebras …
This monograph provides a coherent development of operads, infinity operads, and monoidal categories, equipped with equivariant structures encoded by an action operad. A group operad is a planar operad with an action operad equivariant structure. In the first three parts of this monograph, we establish a foundation for group operads and for their higher coherent analogues called infinity group operads. Examples include planar, symmetric, braided, ribbon, and cactus operads, and their infinity analogues. For example, with the tools developed here, we observe that the coherent ribbon nerve of th…
Generalized operads, also called generalized multicategories and $T$-monoids, are defined as monads within a Kleisli bicategory. With or without emphasizing their monoidal nature, generalized operads have been considered by numerous authors in different contexts, with examples including symmetric multicategories, topological spaces, globular operads and Lawvere theories. In this paper we study functoriality of the Kleisli construction, and correspondingly that of generalized operads. Motivated by this problem we develop a lax version of the formal theory of monads, and study its connection to …
We extend the W-construction of Boardman and Vogt to operads of an arbitrary monoidal model category with suitable interval, and show that it provides a cofibrant resolution for well-pointed sigma-cofibrant operads. The standard simplicial resolution of Godement as well as the cobar-bar chain resolution are shown to be particular instances of this generalised W-construction.
This paper is a companion for the paper "Monoidal Bousfield Localizations and Algebras over Operads," part of the author's PhD thesis. This paper was written in 2015 for the first edition of "Enchiridion: Mathematics User's Guides." More User's Guides can be found at https://mathusersguides.com/
We decribe the correspondence between normalised $ω$-operads and certain lax monoidal structures on the category of globular sets. As with ordinary monoidal categories, one has a notion of category enriched in a lax monoidal category. Within the aforementioned correspondence, we provide also an equivalence between the algebras of a given normalised $ω$-operad, and categories enriched in globular sets for the induced lax monoidal structure.
It has long been known that every weak monoidal category A is equivalent via monoidal functors and monoidal natural transformations to a strict monoidal category st(A). We generalise the definition of weak monoidal category to give a definition of weak P-category for any strongly regular (operadic) theory P, and show that every weak P-category is equivalent via P-functors and P-transformations to a strict P-category. This strictification functor is then shown to have an interesting universal property.
The notion of 2--monoidal category used here was introduced by B.~Vallette in 2007 for applications in the operadic context. The starting point for this article was a remark by Yu. Manin that in the category of quadratic algebras (that is, "quantum linear spaces") one can also define 2--monoidal structure(s) with rather unusual properties. Here we give a detailed exposition of these constructions, together with their generalisations to the case of quadratic operads. Their parallel exposition was motivated by the following remark. Several important operads/cooperads such as genus zero quantum c…
On the Kelly monoidal structure of $Λ$-sequences and unital operads
本文研究了Λ序列的凯利单体结构，证明了其与对称序列右模的同构，并建立了普遍的正常弱单体结构，将单位运算子识别为单体。
Monoidal Envelopes of Families of $\infty$-Operads and $\infty$-Operadic Kan Extensions
本文补充了 Lurie 算畴 Kan 扩张定理的证明细节，并将 ∞-算畴的幺半包络推广到算畴族，构造了具有泛性质刻画的纤维直和函子。
We prove that for a topological operad $P$ the operad of oriented cubical chains, $C^{ord}_\ast(P)$, and the operad of singular chains, $S_\ast(P)$, are weakly equivalent. As a consequence, $C^{ord}_\ast(P;\mathbb{Q})$ is formal if and only if $S_\ast(P;\mathbb{Q})$ is formal, thus linking together some formality results spread in the literature. The proof is based on an acyclic models theorem for monoidal functors. We give different variants of the acyclic models theorem and apply the contravariant case to study the cohomology theories for simplicial sets defined by $R$-simplicial differentia…
Usually a name of the category is inherited from the name of objects. However more relevant for a category of objects and morphisms is an algebra of morphisms. Therefore we prefer to say a category of graphs if every morphism is a graph. In a monoidal category every morphism can be seen as a graph, and a partial algebra of morphisms possesses a structure of an operad, operad of graphs. We consider a monoidal category of operad of graphs with underlying graphical calculus. If, in particular, there is a single generating objects, then each morphism is a bi-arity graph. The graphical calculus, mu…
Over suitable monoidal model categories, we construct a Dwyer-Kan model category structure on the category of algebras over an augmented operadic collection. As examples we obtain Dwyer-Kan model category structure on the categories of enriched wheeled props, wheeled properads, and wheeled operads, among others. This result extends known model category structure on the categories of operads, properads, and props enriched in simplicial sets and other monoidal model categories. We also show that our Dwyer-Kan model category structure is well behaved with respect to simultaneous changes of the un…
Free skew monoidal categories
本文显式刻画单个生成对象上的自由幺半范畴 Fsk，并推广到任意范畴上的自由斜幺半范畴，进而建立相关 operad 间的伴随及与 colax L-代数的对应。
The goal of the paper is to establish and to investigate a fully faithful embedding of the category of group operads into that of crossed interval groups. For this, we introduce a monoidal structure on the slice of the category of operads over the operad of symmetric groups. Comparing with the monoidal structure on the category of interval sets discussed in the author's previous work, we obtain a monoidal functor connecting these two categories. It will be shown that this actually induces a fully faithful functor on monoid objects and does not change the underlying sets, so we obtain a require…
Given an algebraic theory which can be described by a (possibly symmetric) operad $P$, we propose a definition of the \emph{weakening} (or \emph{categorification}) of the theory, in which equations that hold strictly for $P$-algebras hold only up to coherent isomorphism. This generalizes the theories of monoidal categories and symmetric monoidal categories, and several related notions defined in the literature. Using this definition, we generalize the result that every monoidal category is monoidally equivalent to a strict monoidal category, and show that the "strictification" functor has an i…
Smith Ideals of Operadic Algebras in Monoidal Model Categories
本文将 Hovey 的 Smith 理想理论推广到一般 operad，证明理想与代数映射模型结构间的 Quillen 等价，并说明其在对称谱、链复形和稳定模范畴中的适用范围。
We endow categories of non-symmetric operads with natural model structures. We work with no restriction on our operads and only assume the usual hypotheses for model categories with a symmetric monoidal structure. We also study categories of algebras over these operads in enriched non-symmetric monoidal model categories.
We give a definition of an operad with general groups of equivariance suitable for use in any symmetric monoidal category with appropriate colimits. We then apply this notion to study the 2-category of algebras over an operad in Cat. We show that any operad is finitary, that an operad is cartesian if and only if the group actions are nearly free (in a precise fashion), and that the existence of a pseudo-commutative structure largely depends on the groups of equivariance. We conclude by showing that the operad for strict braided monoidal categories has two canonical pseudo-commutative structure…
We construct for every $\infty$-operad $\mathcal{O}^\otimes$ with certain finite limits new $\infty$-operads of spectrum objects and of commutative group objects in $\mathcal{O}$. We show that these are the universal stable resp. additive $\infty$-operads obtained from $\mathcal{O}^\otimes$. We deduce that for a stably (resp. additively) symmetric monoidal $\infty$-category $\mathcal{C}$ the Yoneda embedding factors through the $\infty$-category of exact, contravariant functors from $\mathcal{C}$ to the $\infty$-category of spectra (resp. connective spectra) and admits a certain multiplicative…
Fine structures inside the PreLie operad revisited
本文证明了Chapoton 2010年的猜想：在线性物种的对称幺半范畴中，pre-Lie operad作为李代数由循环李元素物种上的自由operad自由生成。
Schwarz Modular Operads Revisited: $\mathcal{SM}=\mathcal{S}\circ\mathcal{M}$
本文证明了编码Schwarz变体模算畴的Feynman范畴是Koszul的，核心方法是将分配律理论推广至群胚着色设置，为该代数结构的同调性质提供了严格证明。
We give an explicit construction of the free monoid in monoidal abelian categories when the monoidal product does not necessarily preserve coproducts. We apply it to several new monoidal categories that appeared recently in the theory of Koszul duality for operads and props. This gives a conceptual explanation of the form of the free operad, free dioperad, free properad and free prop.
Algebras for enriched $\infty$-operads
将富集∞-operad的代数定义为对称序列中的模，证明严格代数与∞-范畴代数等价，并给出等价的∞-operad态射描述。
In this paper we develop the theory of operads, algebras and modules in cofibrantly generated symmetric monoidal model categories. We give J-semi model strucures, which are a slightly weaker version of model structures, for operads and algebras and model structures for modules. In a second part we develop the thoery of S-modules of [EKMM]., which allows a general homotopy theory for commutative algebras and pseudo unital symmetric monoidal categories of modules over them. Finally we prove a base change and projection formula.
Boardman-Vogt tensor product and wreath product of operadic categories
本文引入了一类operadic范畴的圈积，并利用它构造了集合上两个有色operads的Boardman-Vogt张量积与由各自operads的operadic Grothendieck构造的圈积诱导的operad之间的显式同构，同时描述了operadic范畴的圈积与C. Berger引入的用于刻画n重环路空间的范畴圈积的关系。
A straightening-unstraightening equivalence for $\infty$-operads
本文为 $\infty$-operads 建立伸直-非伸直伴随等价，并证明 Hinich-Moerdijk 比较函子诱导 operadic 与 dendroidal 左纤维化等价，同时刻画幺半非伸直函子的本质像。
Let V be a cofibrantly generated monoidal model category and let M be a monoidal V-model category. Given a cofibrant C-coloured operad P in V, we give sufficient conditions for the fibrant replacement and cofibrant replacement functors in M^C to preserve P-algebra structures. In particular, we show how P-algebra structures can be transferred along derived Quillen adjunctions of monoidal V-model categories, and we apply this result to the Quillen adjunctions defined by enriched Bousfield localizations and colocalizations on M. As an application, we prove that in the category of symmetric spectr…
Admissible replacements for simplicial monoidal model categories
本文利用Dugger万有模型范畴构造，为单纯与组合对称幺半群模型范畴构造了具有更好operadic性质的替换，并证明稳定情形下当幺半群单位是紧生成元时，此类范畴可由交换环谱分类，且与唯一确定的交换环谱上的模强幺半群Quillen等价。
The 2-monoidal structure of symmetric sequences
该研究证明Dwyer与Hess提出的对称序列范畴的2-幺半结构猜想，通过分析两种幺半结构的相互作用，得出每个operad都具有Day-operad结构的结论。
We develop a notion of iterated monoidal category and show that this notion corresponds in a precise way to the notion of iterated loop space. Specifically the group completion of the nerve of such a category is an iterated loop space and free iterated monoidal categories give rise to finite simplicial operads of the same homotopy type as the classical little cubes operads used to parametrize the higher H-space structure of iterated loop spaces. Iterated monoidal categories encompass, as a special case, the notion of braided tensor categories, as used in the theory of quantum groups.
We show that the regular patterns of Getzler (2009) form a 2-category biequivalent to the 2-category of substitudes of Day and Street (2003), and that the Feynman categories of Kaufmann and Ward (2013) form a 2-category biequivalent to the 2-category of coloured operads (with invertible 2-cells). These biequivalences induce equivalences between the corresponding categories of algebras. There are three main ingredients in establishing these biequivalences. The first is a strictification theorem (exploiting Power's General Coherence Result) which allows to reduce to the case where the structure …
We present a definition of homotopy algebra for an operad, and explore its consequences. The paper should be accessible to topologists, category theorists, and anyone acquainted with operads. After a review of operads and monoidal categories, the definition of homotopy algebra is given. Specifically, suppose that M is a monoidal category in which it makes sense to talk about algebras for some operad P. Then our definition says what a homotopy P-algebra in M is, provided only that some of the morphisms in M have been marked out as `homotopy equivalences'. The bulk of the paper consists of examp…
Enriched $\infty$-operads as marked algebras
研究表明富集∞-操作代数由右模范畴及可表模“标记”确定，构建了相关范畴等价关系，将其理论多方面简化。还描述了单值性概念，构造了等价关系，研究了包络和代数范畴，在\(\mathcal{S}\)-富集时两模型概念一致。
We establish, by elementary means, the existence of a cofibrantly generated monoidal model structure on the category of operads. By slicing over a suitable operad the classical Rezk model structure on the category of small categories is recovered.
We develop the rudiments of a theory of parametrized $\infty$-operads, including parametrized generalizations of monoidal envelopes, Day convolution, operadic left Kan extensions, results on limits and colimits of algebras, and the symmetric monoidal Yoneda embedding.
In this thesis, we present a flexible framework for specifying and constructing operads which are suited to reasoning about network construction. The data used to present these operads is called a \emph{network model}, a monoidal variant of Joyal's combinatorial species. The construction of the operad required that we develop a monoidal lift of the Grothendieck construction. We then demonstrate how concepts like priority and dependency can be represented in this framework. For the former, we generalize Green's graph products of groups to the context of universal algebra. For the latter, we exa…
The abelian category of tetramodules over an associative bialgebra $A$ is related with the Gerstenhaber-Schack (GS) cohomology as $Ext_\Tetra(A,A)=H_\GS(A)$. We construct a 2-fold monoidal structure on the category of tetramodules of a bialgebra. Suppose $C$ is an abelian $n$-fold monoidal category with the unit object $A$. We prove, provided some condition (*), that $Ext_C(A,A)$ is an $(n+1)$-algebra. In the case of bialgebras this condition (*) is satisfied when $A$ is a Hopf algebra. Finally, the GS cohomology of a Hopf algebra is a 3-algebra. As well, we consider this kind of questions of …
I show that the theories of enrichment in a monoidal infinity-category defined by Hinich and by Gepner-Haugseng agree, and that the identification is unique. Among other things, this makes the Yoneda lemma available in the former model.
Dynamic Operads, Dynamic Categories: From Deep Learning to Prediction Markets
本文定义了动态组织的幺半双范畴Org及其富集的动态范畴结构，并以预测市场和深度学习为例展示了其实例化。
We prove that, under certain conditions, the model structure on a monoidal model category $\mathcal{V}$ can be transferred to a model structure on the category of $\mathcal{V}$-enriched coloured (symmetric) operads. As a particular case we recover the known model structure on simplicial operads.
Networks can be combined in various ways, such as overlaying one on top of another or setting two side by side. We introduce "network models" to encode these ways of combining networks. Different network models describe different kinds of networks. We show that each network model gives rise to an operad, whose operations are ways of assembling a network of the given kind from smaller parts. Such operads, and their algebras, can serve as tools for designing networks. Technically, a network model is a lax symmetric monoidal functor from the free symmetric monoidal category on some set to $\mathb…
Involutive category theory provides a flexible framework to describe involutive structures on algebraic objects, such as anti-linear involutions on complex vector spaces. Motivated by the prominent role of involutions in quantum (field) theory, we develop the involutive analogs of colored operads and their algebras, named colored $\ast$-operads and $\ast$-algebras. Central to the definition of colored $\ast$-operads is the involutive monoidal category of symmetric sequences, which we obtain from a general product-exponential $2$-adjunction whose right adjoint forms involutive functor categorie…
We prove a stabilization theorem for algebras of n-operads in a monoidal model category. It implies a version of Baez-Dolan stabilization hypothesis for Rezk's weak n-categories and some other stabilization results.
Hinich's model for Day convolution revisited
本文证明Hinich的Day卷积算畴构造是$\mathcal{O}$上$\infty$-算畴范畴中的指数对象，并据此显式刻画其代数形成过程为双变函子。
We show that the homotopy colimit construction for diagrams of categories with an operad action, recently introduced by Fiedorowicz, Stelzer and Vogt, has the desired homotopy type for diagrams of weak braided monoidal categories. This provides a more flexible way to realize E-2 spaces categorically.
Plus constructions, plethysm, and unique factorization categories with applications to graphs and operad-like theories
本文在范畴论框架下推广Baez-Dolan型Plus构造，证明其核心性质，并引入唯一分解范畴，解释operads等结构的幺半群表述存在性，为图论与operad-like理论提供统一视角。
It is shown how double categories provide a direct abstract approach to coloured operads; namely, product-preserving normal lax functors from (Pb C)^op (the opposite of the double category of pullback squares in C) to Cat (the double category of functors and profunctors) can be seen as generalized operads, the standard ones arising when C = Set_f. In this context, generalized symmetric monoidal categories are considered, in particular those arising from indexed categories with sums or products.
We introduce the dendroidal analogs of the notions of complete Segal space and of Segal category, and construct two appropriate model categories for which each of these notions corresponds to the property of being fibrant. We prove that these two model categories are Quillen equivalent to each other, and to the monoidal model category for infinity-operads which we constructed in an earlier paper. By slicing over the monoidal unit objects in these model categories, we derive as immediate corollaries the known comparison results between Joyal's quasi-categories, Rezk's complete Segal spaces, and…
Given a symmetric operad $P$, and a signature (or generating sequence) $Φ$ for $P$, we define a notion of the "categorification" (or "weakening") of $P$ with respect to $Φ$. When $P$ is the symmetric operad whose algebras are commutative monoids, with the standard signature, we recover the notion of symmetric monoidal categories. We then show that this categorification is independent (up to equivalence) of the choice of signature.
We establish a highly flexible condition that guarantees that all colored symmetric operads in a symmetric monoidal model category are admissible, i.e., the category of algebras over any operad admits a model structure transferred from the original model category. We also give a necessary and sufficient criterion that ensures that a given weak equivalence of admissible operads admits rectification, i.e., the corresponding Quillen adjunction between the categories of algebras is a Quillen equivalence. In addition, we show that Quillen equivalences of underlying symmetric monoidal model categori…
On the equivalence of the Lurie's $\infty$-operads and dendroidal $\infty$-operads
本研究聚焦Lurie定义的$\infty$-operads与基于树状空间的树状$\infty$-operads的对称幺半$\infty$-范畴，证明二者等价，完善了高阶代数中operad理论的相关内容。
We define a notion of category enriched over an oplax monoidal category $V$, extending the usual definition of category enriched over a monoidal category. Even though oplax monoidal structures involve infinitely many functors $V^n\to V$, defining categories enriched over $V$ only requires the lower arity maps $(n \leq 3)$, similarly to the monoidal case. The focal point of the enrichment theory shifts, in the oplax case, from the notion of $V$-category (given by collections of objects and hom-objects together with composition and unit maps) to the one of categories enriched over $V$ (genuine c…
An $\mathcal{O}$-monoidal Grothendieck construction
本文在2-范畴中定义弱O-幺半群（O-伪幺半群），统一幺半与对称幺半范畴的无偏概念，并利用经典Grothendieck构造建立O-幺半版本，联系到Set的lax O-幺半函子与离散纤维化的严格O-幺半函子。
The Operadic Spectrum and Obstructions to Spectral Base Change
本文引入运算子视角下的谱概念，揭示经典谱不变量在运算子环境下无法自然基变的局限，构建了通用运算子残差对象并证明其具有 functorial 性质。
Enveloping operads and applications
本研究针对一般余纤维生成对称幺半模型范畴中包络operad的同伦分析展开，以统一方式得到operadic代数同伦论的若干核心结果，展现了该分析方法的应用潜力。
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