This is an extensive (published) survey on CR geometry, whose major themes are: formal analytic reflection principle; generic properties of Systems of (CR) vector fields; pairs of foliations and conjugate reflection identities; Sussmann's orbit theorem; local and global aspects of holomorphic extension of CR functions; Tumanov's solution of Bishop's equation in Hoelder classes with optimal loss of smoothness; wedge-extendability on C^2,a generic submanifolds of C^n consisting of a single CR orbit; propagation of CR extendability and edge-of-the-wedge theorem; Painlevé problem; metrically thin singularities of CR functions; geometrically removable singularities for solutions of the induced d-barre. Selected theorems are fully proved, while surveyed results are put in the right place in the architecture.
We present a comprehensive survey on removability of compact plane sets with respect to various classes of holomorphic functions. We also discuss some applications and several open questions, some of which are new.
Let $n\ge 2$ be an integer, and $B^{n}\subset \mathbb{C}^{n}$ the unit ball. Let $K\subset B^{n}$ be a compact subset such that $B^n\setminus K$ is connected, or $K=\{z=(z_1,\cdots, z_n)|z_1=z_2=0\}\subset \mathbb{C}^{n}$. By the theory of developing maps, we prove that a Kähler metric on $B^{n}\setminus K$ with constant holomorphic sectional curvature uniquely extends to $B^{n}$.
We study the subsets of metric spaces that are negligible for the infimal length of connecting curves; such sets are called metrically removable. In particular, we show that every totally disconnected set with finite Hausdorff measure of codimension 1 is metrically removable, which answers a question raised by Hakobyan and Herron. The metrically removable sets are shown to be related to other classes of "thin" sets that appeared in the literature. They are also related to the removability problems for classes of holomorphic functions with restrictions on the derivative.
We give a simple and more elementary proof that the notions of Domain of Holomorphy and Weak Domain of Holomorphy are equivalent. This proof is based on a combination of Baire's Category Theorem and Montel's Theorem. We also obtain generalizations by demanding that the non-extentable functions belong to a particular class of holomorphic functions in the domain. We give an example of a domain in the plane which is a domain of holomorphy with respect to the class of all holomorphic functions but not with respect to the class of holomorphic functions continuously extendable on the closure of the …
Let S be an arbitrary real surface, with or without boundary, contained in a hypersurface M of the complex euclidean space \C^2, with S and M of class C^{2, a}, where 0 < a < 1. If M is globally minimal, if S is totally real except at finitely many complex tangencies which are hyperbolic in the sense of E. Bishop and if the union of separatrices is a tree of curves without cycles, we show that every compact K of S is CR-, W- and L^p-removable (Theorem~1.3). We treat this seemingly global problem by means of purely local techniques, namely by means of families of small analytic discs partially …
The envelope of holomorphy of an arbitrary domain in a two-dimensional Stein manifold is identified with a connected component of the set of equivalence classes of analytic discs immersed into the Stein manifold with boundary in the domain. This implies, in particular, that for each of its points the envelope of holomorphy contains an embedded (non-singular) Riemann surface (and also an immersed analytic disc) passing through this point with boundary contained in the natural embedding of the original domain into its envelope of holomorphy. Moreover, it says, that analytic continuation to a nei…
We treat the classical concept of domain of holomorphy in $\CC^n$ when the holomorphic functions considered are restricted to lie in some Banach space. Positive and negative results are presented. A new view of the case $n = 1$ is considered.
Let $D\subset \C^n,$ $G\subset \C^m$ be open sets, let $A$ (resp. $B$) be a subset of the boundary $\partial D$ (resp. $\partial G$) and let $W$ be the 2-fold boundary cross $((D\cup A)\times B)\cup (A\times(B\cup G)).$ An open subset $X\subset\C^{n+m} $ is said to be the ``envelope of holomorphy" of $W$ if it is, in some sense, the maximal open set with the following property: Any function locally bounded on $W$ and separately holomorphic on $(A\times G) \cup (D\times B)$ "extends" to a holomorphic function defined on $X$ which admits the boundary values $f$ a.e. on $W.$ In this work we will …
We consider spaces for which there is a notion of harmonicity for complex valued functions defined on them. For instance, this is the case of Riemannian manifolds on one hand, and (metric) graphs on the other hand. We observe that it is then possible to define an "amazing" notion of holomorphic functions on them, and show how rigid it is in some cases.
We study the extension of holomorphic functions of bounded type defined on an open subset of a Banach space, to larger domains. For this, we first characterize the envelope of holomorphy of a Riemann domain over a Banach space, with respect to the algebra of bounded type holomorphic functions, in terms of the spectrum of the algebra. We then give a simple description of the envelopes of balanced open sets and relate the concepts of domain of holomorphy and polynomial convexity. We show that for bounded balanced sets, extensions to the envelope are always of bounded type, and that this does not…
Grauert showed that the existence of a complete Kähler metric does not characterize domains of holomorphy by constructing such metrics on the complements of complex analytic sets in a domain of holomorphy. In this note, we study the holomorphic sectional curvatures of such metrics in two prototype cases namely, $\mathbb{C}^n \setminus \{0\}, n \ge 2$ and $\mathbb{B}^N \setminus A$, $N \ge 2$ and $A \subset \mathbb{B}^N$ is a hyperplane of codimension at least two. This is done by computing the Gaussian curvature of its restriction to the leaves of a suitable holomorphic foliation of these two …
We give a criterium of holomorphy for some type formal power series. This gives a stronger form of a Rothstein's type extension theorem for a particular ring of holomorphic functions.
In the present paper, we associate the techniques of the Lewy-Pinchuk reflection principle with the Behnke-Sommer continuity principle. Extending a so-called reflection function to a parameterized congruence of Segre varieties, we are led to studying the envelope of holomorphy of a certain domain covered by a smooth Levi-flat ``hat''. In our main theorem, we show that every C^infty-smooth CR diffeomorphism h: M to M' between two globally minimal real analytic hypersurfaces in C^n (n >1) is real analytic at every point of M if M' is holomorphically nondegenerate. More generally, we establish th…
On the Ohsawa-Takegoshi $L^2$ extension theorem and removable singularities of plurisubharmonic functions
CAS Wu Wen-Tsun Key Laboratory of Mathematics and School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学数学科学学院、中国科学院吴文俊数学重点实验室）
Examples by Poletsky and the author and by Zwonek show the existence nowhere extendable holomorphic functions with the property that the pluripolar hull of their graphs is much larger than the graph of the respective functions and contains multiple sheets. We will explain this phenomenon by fine analytic continuation of the function over part of a Cantor-type set involved. This gives more information on the hull, and allows for weakening and effectiveness of the conditions in the original examples.
We show that several spaces of holomorphic functions on a Riemann domain over a Banach space, including the nuclear and Hilbert-Schmidt bounded type, are locally $m$-convex Fréchet algebras. We prove that the spectrum of these algebras has a natural analytic structure, which we use to characterize the envelope of holomorphy. We also show a Cartan-Thullen type theorem.
We discuss the problem of the existence of envelopes of holomorphy of the A-crosses, which leads us to the far-reaching generalizations of the famous Hartogs theorem. We also take under consideration the issue of the existence of "nice" general descriptions of envelopes of holomorphy of the cross-like objects in terms of the relative extremal function, which seems to be very natural in the light of the extension theory of separately holomorphic functions on classical crosses and (N,k)-crosses.
We establish the holomorphic wedge extendability of CR functions, defined on an everywhere locally minimal generic submanifold M of C^n and having singularities contained in a submanifold N of codimension 1, 2 or 3, assuming some transversality conditions about the relative disposition of N with respect to the complex tangent bundle to M. The statements hold in arbitrary codimension and are obtained by applying the theory of normal deformations of analytic discs, due to A.E. Tumanov in 1994 and also the FBI propagation of singularities phenomenon enjoyed by CR functions, due to J.-M. Trepreau …
A weak and a strong concept of plurifinely plurisubharmonic and plurifinely holomorphic functions are introduced. Strong will imply weak. The weak concept is studied further. A function f is weakly plurifinely plurisubharmonic if and only if f o h is finely subharmonic for all complex affine-linear maps h. As a consequence, the regularization in the plurifine topology of a pointwise supremum of such functions is weakly plurifinely plurisubharmonic, and it differs from the pointwise supremum at most on a pluripolar set. Weak plurifine plurisubharmonicity and weak plurifine holomorphy are preser…
Let $Γ$ be a $C^\infty $ curve in $\Bbb{C}$ containing 0; it becomes $Γ_θ$ after rotation by angle $θ$ about 0. Suppose a $C^\infty $ function $f$ can be extended holomorphically to a neighborhood of each element of the family $\{Γ_θ\}$. We prove that under some conditions on $Γ$ the function $f$ is necessarily holomorphic in a neighborhood of the origin. In case $Γ$ is a straight segment the well known Bochnak-Siciak Theorem gives such a proof for \textit{real analyticity}. We also provide several other results related to testing holomorphy property on a family of certain subsets of a domain …
We show that every holomorphic map $f\in\mathcal{H}(Ω\setminus K)$ ($K\subsetΩ\subset\mathbb{C}^n$, with $K$ compact, $Ω$ open, and $n\ge2$), has a unique "\emph{Hartogs companion}" $\tilde f\in\mathcal{H}(Ω)$ matching $f$ on an open subset $C_{K,Ω}\subsetΩ\setminus K$. Furthermore, $\tilde f$ extends $f$, \emph{if and only if} $\mathbb{C}^n\setminus K$ is a connected set; this equivalence proves the converse implication from the Hartogs Kugelsatz. The existence of vector-valued Hartogs companions in any dimension yields a Hartogs-type extension theorem for Gâteaux holomorphic maps $f\in\mathc…
We consider a continuous function $f$ on a domain in $\mathbf C^n$ satisfying the inequality that $|\bar \partial f|\leq |f|$ off its zero set. The main conclusion is that the zero set of $f$ is a complex variety. We also obtain removable singularity theorem of Rado type for J-holomorphic maps. Let $Ω$ be an open subset in $\mathbf C$ and let $E$ be a closed polar subset of $Ω$. Let $u$ be a continuous map from $Ω$ into an almost complex manifold $(M,J)$ with $J$ of class $C^1$. We show that if $u$ is J-holomorphic on $Ω\setminus E$ then it is J-holomorphic on $Ω$.
Let $D\subset \C^n,$ $G\subset \C^m$ be pseudoconvex domains, let $A$ (resp. $B$) be an open subset of the boundary $\partial D$ (resp. $\partial G$) and let $X$ be the 2-fold cross $((D\cup A)\times B)\cup (A\times(B\cup G)).$ Suppose in addition that the domain $D$ (resp. $G$) is {\it locally $\mathcal{C}^2$ smooth on $A$} (resp. $B$). We shall determine the "envelope of holomorphy" $\hat{X}$ of $X$ in the sense that any function continuous on $X$ and separately holomorphic on $(A\times G) \cup (D\times B)$ extends to a function continuous on $\hat{X}$ and holomorphic on the interior of $\ha…
Given a domain of holomorphy $D$ in $\mathbb{C}^N$, $N\geq 2$, we show that the set of holomorphic functions in $D$ whose cluster sets along any finite length paths to the boundary of $D$ is maximal, is residual, densely lineable and spaceable in the space $\mathcal{O}(D)$ of holomorphic functions in $D$. Besides, if $D$ is a strictly pseudoconvex domain in $\mathbb{C}^N$, and if a suitable family of smooth curves $γ(x,r)$, $x\in bD$, $r\in [0,1)$, ending at a point of $bD$ is given, then we exhibit a spaceable, densely lineable and residual subset of $\mathcal{O}(D)$, every element $f$ of whi…
Let $D_j\subset\Bbb C^{k_j}$ be a pseudoconvex domain and let $A_j\subset D_j$ be a locally pluripolar set, $j=1,...,N$. Put$$X:=\bigcup_{j=1}^N A_1\times...\times A_{j-1}\times D_j\times A_{j+1}\times...\times A_N\subset\Bbb C^{k_1+...+k_N}.$$Let $U$ be an open connected neighborhood of $X$ and let $M\varsubsetneq U$ be an analytic subset. Then there exists an analytic subset $\hat M$ of the `envelope of holomorphy' $\hat X$ of $X$ with $\hat M\cap X\subset M$ such that for every function $f$ separately holomorphic on $X\setminus M$ there exists an $\hat f$ holomorphic on $\hat X\setminus\hat…
Let $D, G\subset{\Bbb C}$ be domains, let $A\subset D$, $B\subset G$ be locally regular sets, and let $X:=(D\times B)\cup(A\times G)$. Assume that $A$ is a Borel set. Let $M$ be a proper analytic subset of an open neighborhood of $X$. Then there exists a pure 1-dimensional analytic subset $\hat M$ of the envelope of holomorphy $\hat X$ of $X$ such that any function separately holomorphic on $X\setminus M$ extends to a holomorphic function on $\hat X\setminus\hat M$. The result generalizes special cases which were studied in \cite{Ökt 1998}, \cite{Ökt 1999a}, and \cite{Sic 2000}.
In the present paper we give some explicit proofs for folklore theorems on holomorphic functions in several variables with values in a locally complete locally convex Hausdorff space $E$ over $\mathbb{C}$. Most of the literature on vector-valued holomorphic functions is either devoted to the case of one variable or to infinitely many variables whereas the case of (finitely many) several variables is only touched or is subject to stronger restrictions on the completeness of $E$ like sequential completeness. The main tool we use is Cauchy's integral formula for derivatives for an $E$-valued holo…
Let Y be an infinite covering space of a projective manifold M in P^N of dimension n geq 2. Let C be the intersection with M of at most n-1 generic hypersurfaces of degree d in P^N. The preimage X of C in Y is a connected submanifold. Let phi be the smoothed distance from a fixed point in Y in a metric pulled up from M. Let O_phi(X) be the Hilbert space of holomorphic functions f on X such that f^2 e^(-phi) is integrable on X, and define O_phi(Y) similarly. Our main result is that (under more general hypotheses than described here) the restriction O_phi(Y) to O_phi(X) is an isomorphism for d l…
Let $D$ and $G$ be copies of the open unit disc in $\C,$ let $A$ (resp. $B$) be a measurable subset of $\partial D$ (resp. $\partial G$), let $W$ be the 2-fold cross $\big((D\cup A)\times B\big)\cup \big(A\times(B\cup G)\big),$ and let $M$ be a relatively closed subset of $W.$ Suppose in addition that $A$ and $B$ are of positive one-dimensional Lebesgue measure and that $M$ is fiberwise polar (resp. fiberwise discrete) and that $M\cap (A\times B)=\varnothing.$ We determine the "envelope of holomorphy" $\hat{W\setminus M}$ of $W\setminus M$ in the sense that any function locally bounded on $W\s…
Let $D_j\subset\Bbb C^{n_j}$ be a pseudoconvex domain and let $A_j\subset D_j$ be a locally pluriregular set, $j=1,...,N$. Put $$ X:=\bigcup_{j=1}^N A_1\times...\times A_{j-1}\times D_j\times A_{j+1}\times ...\times A_N\subset\Bbb C^{n_1}\times...\times\Bbb C^{n_N}=\Bbb C^n. $$ Let $U\subset\Bbb C^n$ be an open neighborhood of $X$ and let $M\subset U$ be a relatively closed subset of $U$. For $j\in\{1,...,N\}$ let $Σ_j$ be the set of all $(z',z'')\in(A_1\times...\times A_{j-1}) \times(A_{j+1}\times...\times A_N)$ for which the fiber $M_{(z',\cdot,z'')}:=\{z_j\in\Bbb C^{n_j}\: (z',z_j,z'')\in M…
Cartan-Thullen theorem is a basic one in the theory of analytic functions of several complex variables. It states that for any open set $U$ of ${\mathbb C}^k$, the following conditions are equivalent: (a) $U$ is a domain of existence, (b) $U$ is a domain of holomorphy and (c) $U$ is holomorphically convex. On the other hand, when $f \, (\, =(f_1,f_2,\cdots,f_n)\, )$ is a $\mathbb C^n$-valued function on an open set $U$ of $\mathbb C^{k_1}\times\mathbb C^{k_2}\times\cdots\times\mathbb C^{k_n}$, $f$ is said to be $\mathbb C^n$-analytic, if $f$ is complex analytic and for any $i$ and $j$, $i\not=…
In this paper we prove a new representation formula for slice regular functions, which shows that the value of a slice regular function $f$ at a point $q=x+yI$ can be recovered by the values of $f$ at the points $q+yJ$ and $q+yK$ for any choice of imaginary units $I, J, K.$ This result allows us to extend the known properties of slice regular functions defined on balls centered on the real axis to a much larger class of domains, called axially symmetric domains. We show, in particular, that axially symmetric domains play, for slice regular functions, the role played by domains of holomorphy fo…
Let $Ω\subset\mathbb{C}^n$, $n\geq 2$, be a domain with smooth connected boundary. If $Ω$ is relatively compact, the Hartogs-Bochner theorem ensures that every CR distribution on $\partialΩ$ has a holomorphic extension to $Ω$. For unbounded domains this extension property may fail, for example if $Ω$ contains a complex hypersurface. The main result in this paper tells that the extension property holds if and only if the envelope of holomorphy of $\mathbb{C}^n\backslash\overlineΩ$ is $\mathbb{C}^n$. It seems that it is a first result in the literature which gives a geometric characterization of…
Let $D_j\subset\mathbb C^{n_j}$ be a pseudoconvex domain and let $A_j\subset D_j$ be a locally pluriregular set, $j=1,...,N$. Put $$ X:=\bigcup_{j=1}^N A_1\times...\times A_{j-1}\times D_j\times A_{j+1}\times...\times A_N. $$ Let $M\subset X$ be relatively closed. For any $j\in\{1,...,N\}$ let $Σ_j$ be the set of all $(z',z'')\in(A_1\times...\times A_{j-1})\times(A_{j+1}\times...\times A_N)$ such that the fiber $M_{(z',\cdot,z'')}:=\{z_j\in\mathbb C^{n_j}: (z',z_j,z'')\in M\}$ is not pluripolar. Assume that $Σ_1,...,Σ_N$ are pluripolar. Put ${multline*} X':=\bigcup_{j=1}^N\{(z',z_j,z'')\in(A_1…
