Siu-Ah Ng
A generalization of the Catalan numbers is considered. New results include binomial identities, recursive relations and a close formula for the multivariate generating function. A simple expression for the Catalan determinant is derived.
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Two new identities about Catalan numbers are treated with Zeilberger's algorithm and Watson's hypergeometric series evaluation.
We first establish the result that the Narayana polynomials can be represented as the integrals of the Legendre polynomials. Then we represent the Catalan numbers in terms of the Narayana polynomials by three different identities. We give three different proofs for these identities, namely, two algebraic proofs and one combinatorial proof. Some applications are also given which lead to many known and new identities.
We obtain new combinatorial identities for integral values of binary Krawtchouk polynomials $K^{2m}_p(x)$, $0\le p\le 2m$, by computing the characters of the $p$-exterior representations on certain elements of order 2 of $\mathrm{SO}(2m)$. From this identities, we deduce several new relations for binomial coefficients and Catalan numbers.
In this paper, we investigate the weighted Catalan, Motzkin and Schröder numbers together with the corresponding weighted paths. The relation between these numbers is illustrated by three equations, which also lead to some known and new interesting identities. To show these three equations, we provide combinatorial proofs. One byproduct is to find a bijection between two sets of Catalan paths: one consisting of those with $k$ valleys, and the other consisting of $k$ $\mathbf{N}$ steps in even positions.
We establish combinatorial interpretations of several identities for the Catalan and Fine numbers and, along the way, we present some new bijections of independent interest. Briefly, we show that C_{n} = 1/(n+1) Sum_{k} (n+1)choose(2k+1) (n+k)choose(k) counts ordered trees on n edges by number of interior vertices adjacent to a leaf, and C_{n} = 2/(n+1) Sum_{k} (n+1)choose(k+2) (n-2)choose(k) counts Dyck n-paths by number of long interior inclines. We also give an analogue for the Fine numbers of Touchard's Catalan number identity.
Harmonic Catalan Number Series via Half-Integer Binomial Coefficients
该研究通过半整数参数的交替二项式恒等式，结合广义二项式系数的显式表示与相关恒等式，推导出含卡特兰数、调和数的闭式求和公式，为转化恒等式提供了系统机制。
Identities and Generating Functions of Products of Generalized Fibonacci numbers, Catalan and Harmonic Numbers
本文研究了广义 Fibonacci 与 Lucas 数类的性质，获得了著名 Fibonacci 恒等式的类比及乘积卷积新恒等式，并写下了其乘积、多截、调和数与 Catalan 数的生成函数。
We calculate moments of the so-called Kesten distribution by means of the expansion of the denominator of the density of this distribution and then integrate all summands with respect to the semicircle distribution. By comparing this expression with the formulae for the moments of Kesten's distribution obtained by other means, we find identities involving polynomials whose power coefficients are closely related to Catalan numbers, Catalan triangles, binomial coefficients. Finally, as applications of these identities we obtain various interesting relations between the aforementioned numbers, al…
$q$-Super Catalan Numbers: Combinatorial identities, Generating Functions, and Narayana Refinements
本文推导$q$-超级Catalan数的组合恒等式，引入Narayana型细化并证明其$\gamma$-正性及$q$-模拟的$q$-$\gamma$-正性，推广已知恒等式。
A finitization of the Catalan numbers $ C_n $ can be defined as Euler characteristics of an algebraic structure. We conjecture the existence of a $ q $-deformed version of such structure, and provide evidence for the first two non-trivial cases. This $ q $-deformed version will likely categorify series arise from identities of the Roger-Ramanujan type.
We present two proofs each, all shorter than the original proofs, of two elegant combinatorial identities that came up in the beautiful article arXiv:2010.00077 .
We present a parametric family of Riordan arrays which are obtained by multiplying any Riordan array with a generalized Pascal array. In particular, we focus on some interesting properties of one-parameter Catalan triangles. We obtain several combinatorial identities that involve two special Catalan matrices, the Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind, some periodic sequences, and the Fibonacci numbers.
This note provide bijective proofs of two combinatorial identities involving generalized Catalan number $C_{m,5}(n)={m\over 5n+m}{5n+m\choose n}$ recently proposed by Sun.
Integral representations of Catalan numbers using Touchard-like identities
本文利用 Touchard 恒等式及其 Callan 变体，结合已知积分表示与二项式定理，构造了 Catalan 数的新积分表示，并指出该方法可推广到其他形式合适的积分表示。
The paper counts the number of reduced quasigroup words of a particular length in a certain number of generators. Taking account of the relationship with the Catalan numbers, counting words in a free magma, we introduce the term peri-Catalan number for the free quasigroup word counts. The main result of the paper is an exact recursive formula for the peri-Catalan numbers, structured by the Euclidean Algorithm. The Euclidean Algorithm structure does not readily lend itself to standard techniques of asymptotic analysis. However, conjectures for the asymptotic behavior of the peri-Catalan numbers…
A PTR polynomial for the Hughes planes and a new class of permutation polynomials involving Catalan numbers
本文确定了Hughes平面的PTR多项式，并发现Catalan数与广义Catalan数在系数中出现，从而得到新的无限类置换多项式。
We provide some variations on the Greene-Krammer's identity which involve q-Catalan numbers. Our method reveals a curious analogy between these new identities and some congruences modulo a prime.
We confirm a conjectural supercongruence involving Catalan numbers, which is one of the 100 selected open conjectures on congruences of Sun. The proof makes use of hypergeometric series identities and symbolic summation method.
We mainly show a supercongruence for a truncated series with cubes of Catalan numbers which extends a result by Zhi-Wei Sun.
Based on a $q$-congruence of the author and Petrov, we set up a $q$-analogue of Sun--Tauraso's congruence for sums of Catalan numbers, which extends a $q$-congruence due to Tauraso.
Results of this paper concern $n$-determinants which we defined in the paper \cite{jan}. In the paper \cite{jabo}, $2$-determinants are considered. In this paper, we extend results from \cite{jabo} on $n$-determinants by proving that Cassini, d'Ocagne, Catalan and Vajda identities may be extended to hold for $n$-step Fibonacci numbers.
On Series Involving Cubed Catalan Numbers
本文利用广义二项式系数恒等式和Dougall的结果，推导出涉及卡特兰数立方的级数家族，并建立包含四次方卡特兰数的级数家族，还推广了Bauer级数用于1/π，并得到一些Ramanujan-like级数用于1/π²和1/π³。
The Chan-Robbins-Yuen polytope can be thought of as the flow polytope of the complete graph with netflow vector $(1, 0, \ldots, 0, -1)$. The normalized volume of the Chan-Robbins-Yuen polytope equals the product of consecutive Catalan numbers, yet there is no combinatorial proof of this fact. We consider a natural generalization of this polytope, namely, the flow polytope of the complete graph with netflow vector $(1,1, 0, \ldots, 0, -2)$. We show that the volume of this polytope is a certain power of $2$ times the product of consecutive Catalan numbers. Our proof uses constant term identities…
We present a new alternating convolution formula for the super Catalan numbers which arises as a generalization of two known binomial identities. We prove a generalization of this formula by using auxiliary sums, recurrence relations, and induction. By using a new method, we prove one interesting divisibility result with super Catalan numbers.
We give a new Jacobi--Trudi-type formula for characters of finite-dimensional irreducible representations in type $C_n$ using characters of the fundamental representations and non-intersecting lattice paths. We give equivalent determinant formulas for the decomposition multiplicities for tensor powers of the spin representation in type $B_n$ and the exterior representation in type $C_n$. This gives a combinatorial proof of an identity of Katz and equates such a multiplicity with the dimension of an irreducible representation in type $C_n$. By taking certain specializations, we obtain identitie…
An integral representation of Catalan numbers using the Féaux formula
本研究利用Féaux的Gamma函数对数积分表示，推导出Catalan数的一种新积分表达式，该式可为中心二项式系数、Catalan数相关新恒等式的推导提供基础。
Shapiro proved an elegant convolution formula involving Catalan numbers of even index. This paper gives a simple combinatorial proof of his formula. In addition, we show that it is equivalent with the alternating convolution formula of central binomial coefficients.
In this paper, we present a formula for generating various exotic series in the spirit of Ovidiu Furdui and Alina Sintamarian. Our new series (evaluated in closed form) involve Bernoulli, harmonic, and Catalan numbers. Also Stirling numbers of the second kind, other special numbers, and exponential polynomials. The results include series identities with Laguerre polynomials and derangement polynomials.
We show that recent determinant evaluations involving Catalan numbers and generalisations thereof have most convenient explanations by combining the Lindström-Gessel-Viennot theorem on non-intersecting lattice paths with a simple determinant lemma from [Manuscripta Math. 69 (1990), 173-202]. This approach leads also naturally to extensions and generalisations.
Hankel Determinants of convoluted Catalan numbers and nonintersecting lattice paths: A bijective proof of Cigler's Conjecture
本文利用反射原理、Lindström-Gessel-Viennot方法及非相交格路径的反射叠合构造，为Cigler关于卷积Catalan数Hankel行列式的猜想提供了一个双射证明。
The Raney numbers $R_{p,r}(n)$ are a two-parameter generalization of the Catalan numbers that were introduced by Raney in his investigation of functional composition patterns \cite{Raney}. We give a new combinatorial interpretation for all Raney numbers in terms of planar embeddings of certain collections of trees, a construction that recovers the usual interpretation of the $p$-Catalan numbers in terms of $p$-ary trees via the specialization $R_{p,1}(n) =_{p} c_n$. Our technique leads to several combinatorial identities involving the Raney numbers and ordered partitions. We then give addition…
Multiparameter Fuss--Catalan numbers with application to algebraic equations
本文系统整理了多参数Fuss-Catalan数的定义、恒等式及历史，并提出了代数方程无穷级数解绝对收敛域的新充要条件。
Every character on a graded connected Hopf algebra decomposes uniquely as a product of an even character and an odd character (Aguiar, Bergeron, and Sottile, math.CO/0310016). We obtain explicit formulas for the even and odd parts of the universal character on the Hopf algebra of quasi-symmetric functions. They can be described in terms of Legendre's beta function evaluated at half-integers, or in terms of bivariate Catalan numbers: $$ C(m,n)=\frac{(2m)!(2n)!}{m!(m+n)!n!}. $$ Properties of characters and of quasi-symmetric functions are then used to derive several interesting identities among …
Let $\{f_n\}$ be the Franel numbers given by $f_n=\sum_{k=0}^n\binom nk^3$, and let $p>5$ be a prime. In this paper we mainly determine $\sum_{k=0}^{p-1} \binom{2k}k\frac{f_k}{m^k}\pmod p$ for $m=5,-16,16,32,-49,50,96$. Let $S_n=\sum_{k=0}^n\binom nk\binom{2k}k\binom{2n-2k}{n-k}$. We also determine $\sum_{k=0}^{p-1} \binom{2k}k\frac{S_k}{m^k}\pmod p$ for $m=7,16,25,32,64,160,800,1600, 156832$.
In this note, we present several identities involving binomial coefficients and the two kind of Stirling numbers.
In this paper, we present an involution on some kind of colored $k$-ary trees which provides a combinatorial proof of a combinatorial sum involving the generalized Catalan numbers $C_{k,γ}(n)=\fracγ{k n+γ}{k n+γ\choose n}$. From the combinatorial sum, we refine the formula for $k$-ary trees and obtain an implicit formula for the generating function of the generalized Catalan numbers which obviously implies a Vandermonde type convolution generalized by Gould. Furthermore, we also obtain a combinatorial sum involving a vector generalization of the Catalan numbers by an extension of our involutio…
Hankel Determinants for Convolution of Power Series: An Extension of Cigler's Results
该研究将Cigler关于卡特兰数卷积幂的汉克尔行列式恒等式，推广到满足特定二次方程的一般幂级数卷积场景，并给出Motzkin数卷积幂的汉克尔行列式恒等式作为应用。
The binomial coefficients and Catalan triangle numbers appear as weight multiplicities of the finite-dimensional simple Lie algebras and affine Kac--Moody algebras. We prove that any binomial coefficient can be written as weighted sums along rows of the Catalan triangle. The coefficients in the sums form a triangular array, which we call the alternating Jacobsthal triangle. We study various subsequences of the entries of the alternating Jacobsthal triangle and show that they arise in a variety of combinatorial constructions. The generating functions of these sequences enable us to define their…
Signed Generalized Stirling Polynomials, Nested Sums, and Hyperbolic Secant Integral Identities
本文通过有符号广义斯特林多项式研究嵌套和与双曲正割积分序列，得到递推关系、反射公式和显式恒等式，并给出Catalan常数、zeta值和多伽玛值的显式求值。
A product difference equation is proved and used for derivation by elementary methods of four combinatorial identities, eight combinatorial identities involving generalized harmonic numbers and eight combinatorial identities involving classical harmonic numbers. For the binomial coefficients the definition with gamma functions is used, thus also allowing non-integer arguments in the identities. The generalized harmonic numbers in this case are harmonic numbers with a complex offset, where the classical harmonic numbers are a special case with offset zero.
An integral representation of Catalan numbers using Malmstén's formula
本文基于Malmstén对Gamma函数对数的定积分表示，提出了Catalan数的积分表达式，该表达式有望产生涉及Catalan数或中心二项式系数的新求和。
Unlike in the case of Fibonacci and Lucas numbers, there is a paucity of literature dealing with summation identities involving the Padovan and Perrin numbers. In this paper, we derive various summation identities for these numbers, including binomial and double binomial identities. Our results derive from the rich algebraic properties exhibited by the zeros of the characteristic polynomial of the Padovan/Perrin sequence.
We derive two new identities involving the Bernoulli numbers, the Euler numbers, and the Stirling numbers of the first kind using analytic continuation of a well known identity for the Stirling numbers of the first kind.
The Lucas sequence is a sequence of polynomials in s, and t defined recursively by {0}=0, {1}=1, and {n}=s{n-1}+t{n-2} for n >= 2. On specialization of s and t one can recover the Fibonacci numbers, the nonnegative integers, and the q-integers [n]_q. Given a quantity which is expressed in terms of products and quotients of nonnegative integers, one obtains a Lucas analogue by replacing each factor of n in the expression with {n}. It is then natural to ask if the resulting rational function is actually a polynomial in s and t with nonnegative integer coefficients and, if so, what it counts. The…
The combinatorics of identities involving overpartitions with distinct parts
该研究针对Andrews与EI Bachraoui提出的涉及分拆和不同部分超分拆的$q$-级数恒等式，按分拆部分数细化相关结果并给出组合证明。
In this paper we study the sum $$\sum_{j_1+j_2+...+j_d=n}\prod_{i=1}^d F_{k\cdot j_i},$$ where $d\geq2$ and $k\geq1$.
By using the Newton interpolation formula, we generalize the recent identities on the Catalan triangle obtained by Miana and Romero as well as those of Chen and Chu. We further study divisibility properties of sums of products of binomial coefficients and an odd power of a natural number. For example, we prove that for all positive integers $n_1, ..., n_m$, $n_{m+1}=n_1$, and any nonnegative integer $r$, the expression $$n_1^{-1}{n_1+n_{m}\choose n_1}^{-1} \sum_{k=1}^{n_1}k^{2r+1}\prod_{i=1}^{m} {n_i+n_{i+1}\choose n_i+k}$$ is either an integer or a half-integer. Moreover, several related conj…
We prove an inverse relation and a family of convolution formulas involving partial Bell polynomials. Known and some presumably new combinatorial identities of convolution type are discussed. Our approach relies on an interesting multinomial formula for the binomial coefficients. The inverse relation is deduced from a parametrization of suitable identities that facilitate dealing with compositions of Bell polynomials.
It is shown that Bernoulli numbers and tangent numbers (the derivatives of the tangent function at zero) can be obtained by means of easily defined triangles of numbers in several ways, some of them very similar to the Catalan triangle and a Motzkin-like triangle. Our starting point in order to show this is a new expression of Zeta(2n) involving Motzkin paths.
Using a probabilistic approach, we derive several interesting identities involving beta functions. Our results generalize certain well-known combinatorial identities involving binomial coefficients and gamma functions.
In this paper, we find an identity which connects the overpartition function and the function of Rogers--Ramanujan--Gordon type overpartitions by considering the weights and gaps. This identity can be seen as an analogue of the weighted identity of Alladi.
Combinatorial proof of identities involving partitions with distinct even parts and 4-regular partitions
针对Andrews与Bachraoui用基本超几何级数证明并寻求组合解释的互异偶数部分分拆与4-正则分拆恒等式，本文通过构造双射给出组合证明。
Identities involving partitions with distinct odd parts and no parts congruent to 2 mod 4
本文针对Mahanta和Saikika提出的恒等式给出了q级数证明，并利用不同奇数部分分拆与无部分同余于2 mod 4分拆数量相等的性质，给出了相关恒等式的组合证明。
Let $p$ be a prime and let $a$ be a positive integer. In this paper we investigate $\sum_{k=0}^{p^a-1}\binom[(h+1)k,k+d]/m^k$ modulo a prime $p$, where $d$ and $m$ are integers with $-h<d<=p^a$ and $m\not=0 (mod p)$. We also study congruences involving higher-order Catalan numbers $C_k^{(h)}=\binom[(h+1)k,k]/(hk+1)$ and $\bar C_k^{(h)}=\binomal[(h+1)k,k]*h/(k+1)$. Our tools include linear recurrences and the theory of cubic residues. Here are some typical results in the paper. (i) If $p^a=1 (mod 6)$ then $$\sum_{k=1}^{p^a-1}\binom[3k,k]/6^k=2^{(p^a-1)/3}-1 (mod p).$$ Also, $$\sum_{k=0}^{p^a-1}…
Cassini-Catalan Determinants via Ramanujan's Theta Identity
本文利用拉马努金 theta 恒等式统一推导 Fibonacci 数的 Cassini 与 Catalan 行列式，并推广到划分细化版本及高阶递推，揭示其模形式来源与组合意义。
While there are many identities involving the Euler and Bernoulli numbers, they are usually proved analytically or inductively. We prove two identities involving Euler and Bernoulli numbers with combinatorial reasoning via up-down permutations.
Combinatorial Proofs for Two-Color Partition Identities Involving Overpartitions and Minimal Excludants
研究涉及超分割和最小排除数的双色分拆恒等式，通过构造显式保权双射和奇偶反转对合给出组合证明，还给出相关超分割精细化的新组合证明。
Using Reiner's definition of Stirling numbers of the second kind in types $B$ and $D$, we generalize two well-known identities concerning the classical Stirling numbers of the second kind. The first identity relates them with Eulerian numbers and the second identity interprets them as entries in a transition matrix between the elements of two standard bases of the polynomial ring $R[x]$. Finally, we generalize these identities to the group of colored permutations $G_{m,n}$.
Writing the values of Krawtchouk polynomials as matrices, we consider weighted partial sums along columns. For the general case, we find an identity that, in the symmetric case yields a formula for such partial sums. Complete sums of squares along columns involve "Super Catalan" numbers. We look as well for particular values (matrix entries) involving the Catalan numbers. Properties considered and developed in this work are applied to calculations of various dimensions that describe the structure of some *-algebras over the Boolean lattice based on inclusion/superset relations expressed algebr…
In previous work on Clebsch-Gordan coefficients, certain remarkable hexagonal arrays of integers are constructed that display behaviors found in Pascal's Triangle. We explain these behaviors further using the binomial transform and discrete convolution. Here we begin by introducing the notion of a binomial array and develop several "hockey stick" rules. Then we give an algorithm that generalizes the classical Vandermonde Identity; this produces infinite families of summation formulas, which we use to expand and prove certain combinatorial identities for the Catalan numbers. Finally, we recast …
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