In this paper, we establish sharp two-sided estimates for the Green functions of non-symmetric diffusions with measure-valued drifts in bounded Lipschitz domains. As consequences of these estimates, we get a 3G type theorem and a conditional gauge theorem for these diffusions in bounded Lipschitz domains. We also establish two-sided estimates for the heat kernels of Schrodinger-type operators with measure-valued potential in bounded C^{1,1}-domains and a scale invariant boundary Harnack principle for the positive harmonic functions with respect to Schrodinger-type operators in bounded Lipschitz domains.
In this article, we derive the explicit transition density functions of skew Brownian motion (SBM in abbreviation) with two-valued drift for all $t>0$. As an important step of this result, it is also shown in this paper that SBM with two-valued drift is a strong Markov process by finding its symmetrizing measure and canonical scale function, from which one can tell what values of the drift make such a process transient or recurrent.
We derive the probability density function of the positive occupation time of one-dimensional Brownian motion with two-valued drift. Long time asymptotics of the density are also computed. We use the result to describe the transitional probability density function of a general N-dimensional system of stochastic differential equations representing stochastically perturbed sliding motion of a discontinuous, piecewise-smooth vector field on short time frames. A description of the density at larger times is obtained via an asymptotic expansion of the Fokker-Planck equation.
In this paper, we study properties of the dual process and Schrodinger-type operators of a non-symmetric diffusion with measure-valued drift. Let mu=(mu^1,..., mu^d) be such that each mu^i is a signed measure on R^d belonging to the Kato class K_{d, 1}. We show that a killed diffusion process with measure-valued drift in any bounded domain has a dual process with respect to a certain reference measure. For an arbitrary bounded domain, we show that a scale invariant Harnack inequality is true for the dual process. We also show that, if the domain is bounded C^{1,1}, the boundary Harnack princip…
For Itô stochastic equations in $\mathbb{R}^{d}$ with drift in $L_{d}$ several results are discussed such as the existence of weak solutions, the existence of the corresponding Markov process, Aleksandrov type estimates of their Green's functions, which yield their summability to the power of $d/(d-1)$, the Fabes-Stroock type estimates which show that Green's functions are summable to a higher degree, the Fanghua Lin type estimates, which are one of the main tools in the $W^{2}_{p}$-theory of fully nonlinear elliptic equations, the fact that Green's functions are in the class $A_{\infty}$ of M…
Recently, in [Preprint (2006)], we extended the concept of intrinsic ultracontractivity to nonsymmetric semigroups. In this paper, we study the intrinsic ultracontractivity of nonsymmetric diffusions with measure-valued drifts and measure-valued potentials in bounded domains. Our process $Y$ is a diffusion process whose generator can be formally written as $L+μ\cdot\nabla-ν$ with Dirichlet boundary conditions, where $L$ is a uniformly elliptic second-order differential operator and $μ=(μ^1,...,μ^d)$ is such that each component $μ^i$, $i=1,...,d$, is a signed measure belonging to the Kato class…
In this paper we obtain a Wiener-Hopf type factorization for a real-valued arithmetic Brownian motion with time-dependent drift and volatility. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the very first step towards realizing the objective of deriving Wiener-Hopf type factorizations for (real-valued) time-inhomogeneous Levy processes. In order to prove our main theorem, we derive some new results regarding time-inhomogeneous noisy Wiener-Hopf factorization. We demonstrate that in the special case of the arithmetic Brownian motion with constant drift and volatility our main result agrees with c…
We construct a strong Feller process associated with $-Δ+ σ\cdot \nabla$, with drift $σ$ in a wide class of measures (weakly form-bounded measures, e.g. combining weak $L^d$ and Kato class measure singularities), by exploiting a quantitative dependence of the smoothness of the domain of an operator realization of $-Δ+ σ\cdot \nabla$ generating a holomorphic $C_0$-semigroup on $L^p(\mathbb R^d)$, $p>d-1$, on the value of the form-bound of $σ$. Our method admits extension to other types of perturbations of $-Δ$ or $(-Δ)^{\fracα{2}}$, e.g. to yield new $L^p$-regularity results for Schrödinger ope…
We prove a large deviation principle of Freidlin-Wentzell's type for the multivalued stochastic differential equations with monotone drifts, which in particular contains a class of SDEs with reflection in a convex domain.
We consider the Dean-Kawasaki equation with smooth drift interaction potential and show that measure valued solutions exist only in certain parameter regimes in which case they are given by finite Langevin particle systems with mean field interaction.
A family of Feller branching diffusions $Z^x$, $x \ge 0$, with nonlinear drift and initial value $x$ can, with a suitable coupling over the {\em ancestral masses} $x$, be viewed as a path-valued process indexed by $x$. For a coupling due to Dawson and Li, which in case of a linear drift describes the corresponding Feller branching diffusion, and in our case makes the path-valued process Markovian, we find an SDE solved by $Z$, which is driven by a random point measure on excursion space. In this way we are able to identify the infinitesimal generator of the path-valued process. We also establi…
A class of measure-valued processes which model multilevel populations undergoing mutation, selection, genetic drift and spatial migration is considered. We investigate the qualitative behaviour of models with multilevel selection and the interaction between the different levels of selection. The basic tools in our analysis include the martingale problem formulation for measure-valued processes and a generalization of the set-valued dual representation introduced in Dawson-Greven (2014). In particular we describe the ergodic behaviour of these processes and review some situations under which d…
This paper is a natural continuation of [8], where strong Markov processes are constructed in time inhomogeneous setting with Borel measurable uniformly bounded and uniformly nondegenerate diffusion and drift in $L_{d+1}(\mathbb{R}^{d+1})$. Here we study some properties of these processes such as higher summability of Green's functions, boundedness of resolvent operators in Lebesgue spaces, establish Itô's formula, and so on.
This paper is a natural continuation of \cite{Kr_20_2}, where strong Markov processes are constructed in time inhomogeneous setting with Borel measurable uniformly bounded and uniformly nondegenerate diffusion and drift in $L_{d+1}(\mathbb{R}^{d+1})$. Here we study some properties of these processes such as the probability to pass through narrow tubes, higher summability of Green's functions, and so on. The results seem to be new even if the diffusion is constant.
Consider the $λ$-Green function and the $λ$-Poisson kernel of a Lipschitz domain $U\subset \mathbb H^n=\left\{x\in\mathbb R^n:x_n>0\right\}$ for hyperbolic Brownian motion with drift. We provide several relationships that facilitate studying those objects and explain somehow theirs nature. As an application, we yield uniform estimates in case of sets of the form $S_{a,b}=\{x\in\mathbb H^n:x_n>a, x_1\in(0,b)\}$, $a,b>0$, $a,b>0$, which covers and extends existing results of that kind.
In an M-type 2 Banach space, firstly we explore some properties of the set-valued stochastic integral associated with the stationary Poisson point process. By using the Hahn decomposition theorem and bounded linear functional, we obtain the main result: the integral of a set-valued stochastic process with respect to the compensated Poisson measure is a set-valued submartingale but not a martingale unless the integrand degenerates into a single-valued process. Secondly we study the strong solution to the set-valued stochastic integral equation, which includes a set-valued drift, a single-valued…
This paper is a natural continuation of \cite{Kr_20_2} and \cite{Kr_21_1} where strong Markov processes are constructed in time inhomogeneous setting with Borel measurable uniformly bounded and uniformly nondegenerate diffusion and drift in $L_{d+1}(\mathbb{R}^{d+1})$ and some properties of their Green's functions and probability of passing through narrow tubes are investigated. On the basis of this here we study some further properties of these processes such as Harnack inequality, Hölder continuity of potentials, Fanghua Lin estimates and so on.
The Green function of the fractional Laplacian of the differential order bigger than one and the Green function of its gradient perturbations are comparable for bounded smooth multidimensional open sets if the drift function is in an appropriate Kato class.
We study existence of probability measure valued jump-diffusions described by martingale problems. We develop a simple device that allows us to embed Wasserstein spaces and other similar spaces of probability measures into locally compact spaces where classical existence theory for martingale problems can be applied. The method allows for general dynamics including drift, diffusion, and possibly infinite-activity jumps. We also develop tools for verifying the required conditions on the generator, including the positive maximum principle and certain continuity and growth conditions. To illustra…
We study the linear transport equation \[ \frac{\partial}{\partial t} u ( t,x ) +b ( t,x ) \cdot \nabla u ( t,x ) + \nabla u ( t,x ) \cdot \frac{\partial}{\partial t} X ( t ) =0, \hspace{2em} u ( 0,x ) =u_{0} ( x ) \] where $b$ is a vectorfield of limited regularity and $X$ a vector-valued Hölder continuous driving term. Using the theory of controlled rough paths we give a meaning to the weak formulation of the PDE and solve that equation for smooth vectorfields $b$. In the case of the fractional Brownian motion a phenomenon of regularization by noise is displayed.
We prove that the Green function of a generator of isotropic unimodal Lévy processes with the weak lower scaling order bigger than one and the Green function of its gradient perturbations are comparable for bounded smooth open sets if the drift function is from an appropriate Kato class.
We develop a detailed regularity theory of $-Δ+b\cdot\nabla$ in $L^p(\mathbb R^d)$, for a wide class of vector fields. The $L^p$-theory allows us to construct associated strong Feller process in $C_\infty(\mathbb R^d)$. Our starting object is an operator-valued function, which, we prove, coincides with the resolvent of an operator realization of $-Δ+ b\cdot \nabla$, the generator of a holomorphic $C_0$-semigroup on $L^p(\mathbb R^d)$. Then the very form of the operator-valued function yields crucial information about smoothness of the domain of the generator.
Let $Z$ be a $H$-valued Ornstein--Uhlenbeck process, $b\colon[0,1]\times H \rightarrow H$ and $h\colon[0,1] \rightarrow H$ be a bounded, Borel measurable functions with $\|b\|_\infty \leq 1$ then $\mathbb E \exp α\left| \int\limits_0^1 b(t, Z_t + h(t)) - b(t, Z_t) \, \mathrm d t \right|_H^2 \leq C$ holds, where the constant $C$ is an absolute constant and $α>0$ depends only on the eigenvalues of the drift term of $Z$ and $\|h\|_\infty$, the norm of $h$, in an explicit way. Using this we furthermore prove a concentration of measure result and estimate the moments of the above integral.
Motivated by studies of stochastic systems describing non-equilibrium dynamics of (real-valued) spins of an infinite particle system in $\mathbb{R}^n$ we consider a row-finite system of stochastic differential equations with dissipative drift. The existence and uniqueness of infinite time solutions is proved via finite volume approximation and a version of the Ovsjannikov method.
We prove that the Green function of a generator of symmetric unimodal Lévy processes with the weak lower scaling order bigger than one and the Green function of its gradient perturbations are comparable for bounded $C^{1,1}$ subsets of the real line if the drift function is from an appropriate Kato class.
For a chordal SLE$_κ$ ($κ\in(0,8)$) curve in a domain $D$, the $n$-point Green's function valued at distinct points $z_1,\dots,z_n\in D$ is defined to be $$G(z_1,\dots,z_n)=\lim_{r_1,\dots,r_n\downarrow 0} \prod_{k=1}^n r_k^{d-2} \mathbb{P}[\mbox{dist}(γ,z_k)<r_k,1\le k\le n],$$ where $d=1+\fracκ{8}$ is the Hausdorff dimension of SLE$_κ$, provided that the limit converges. In this paper, we will show that such Green's functions exist for any finite number of points. Along the way we provide the rate of convergence and modulus of continuity for Green's functions as well. Finally, we give up-to-…
In his 1972 paper, John Lamperti characterized all positive self-similar Markov processes as time-changes of exponentials of Levy processes. In the past decade the problem of classifying all non-negative self-similar Markov processes that do not necessarily have zero as a trap has been solved gradually via connections to ladder height processes and excursion theory. Motivated by a recent article of Chaumont, Rivero, Panti we classify via jump-type SDEs the symmetric real-valued self-similar Markov processes that only decrease the absolute value by jumps and leave zero continuously. Our constru…
We consider a perturbation of a Hilbert space-valued Ornstein--Uhlenbeck process by a class of singular nonlinear non-autonomous maximal monotone time-dependent drifts. The only further assumption on the drift is that it is bounded on balls in the Hilbert space uniformly in time. First we introduce a new notion of generalized solutions for such equations which we call pseudo-weak solutions and prove that they always exist and obtain pathwise estimates in terms of the data of the equation. Then we prove that their laws are absolutely continuous with respect to the law of the original Ornstein--…
Suppose that $d\geq1$ and $α\in (1, 2)$. Let $Y$ be a rotationally symmetric $α$-stable process on $\R^d$ and $b$ a $\R^d$-valued measurable function on $\R^d$ belonging to a certain Kato class of $Y$. We show that $\rd X^b_t=\rd Y_t+b(X^b_t)\rd t$ with $X^b_0=x$ has a unique weak solution for every $x\in \R^d$. Let $\sL^b=-(-Δ)^{α/2} + b \cdot \nabla$, which is the infinitesimal generator of $X^b$. Denote by $C^\infty_c(\R^d)$ the space of smooth functions on $\R^d$ with compact support. We further show that the martingale problem for $(\sL^b, C^\infty_c(\R^d))$ has a unique solution for each…
We consider the random walks killed at the boundary of the quarter plane, with homogeneous non-zero jump probabilities to the eight nearest neighbors and drift zero in the interior, and which admit a positive harmonic polynomial of degree three. For these processes, we find the asymptotic of the Green functions along all infinite paths of states, and from this we deduce that the Martin compactification is the one-point compactification.
Spatially homogeneous random walks in $(\mathbb{Z}_{+})^{2}$ with non-zero jump probabilities at distance at most 1, with non-zero drift in the interior of the quadrant and absorbed when reaching the axes are studied. Absorption probabilities generating functions are obtained and the asymptotic of absorption probabilities along the axes is made explicit. The asymptotic of the Green functions is computed along all different infinite paths of states, in particular along those approaching the axes.
This paper is concerned with the study of Green's functions for one dimensional diffusions with constant diffusion coefficient and linear time inhomogeneous drift. It is well know that the whole line Green's function is given by a Gaussian. Formulas for the Dirichlet Green's function on the half line are only known in special cases. The main object of study in the paper is the ratio of the Dirichlet to whole line Green's functions. Bounds, asymptotic behavior in the limit as the diffusion coefficient vanishes, and a log concavity result are obtained for this ratio.
We consider inference of the parameters of the diffusion term for Cox-Ingersoll-Ross and similar processes with a power type dependence of the diffusion coefficient from the underlying process. We suggest some original pathwise estimates for this coefficient and for the power index based on an analysis of an auxiliary continuous time complex valued process generated by the underlying real valued process. These estimates do not rely on the distribution of the underlying process and on a particular choice of the drift. Some numerical experiments are used to illustrate the feasibility of the sugg…
For a group hyperbolic relative to virtually nilpotent subgroups, on a cusped graph associated to the group, we construct a random walk whose Martin boundary is the Bowditch boundary of the group. Moreover, the harmonic measure is a conformal density corresponding to a hyperbolic Green metric and is exact dimensional on the Bowditch boundary. The latter equipped with a visual distance induced by the Green metric is an Ahlfors-regular metric measure space. The dimension is given in terms of the drift, a Green drift and the asymptotic entropy. The Patterson-Sullivan density for the action on the…
We propose a non-Gaussian operator-valued extension of the Barndorff-Nielsen and Shephard stochastic volatility dynamics, defined as the square-root of an operator-valued Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process with Levy noise and bounded drift. We derive conditions for the positive definiteness of the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process, where in particular we must restrict to operator-valued Levy processes with "non-decreasing paths". It turns out that the volatility model allows for an explicit calculation of its characteristic function, showing an affine structure. We introduce another Hilbert space-valued Orns…
We determine the precise asymptotic behaviour (in space) of the Green kernel of simple random walk with drift on the Diestel-Leader graph $DL(q,r)$, where $q,r \ge 2$. The latter is the horocyclic product of two homogeneous trees with respective degrees $q+1$ and $r+1$. When $q=r$, it is the Cayley graph of the wreath product (lamplighter group) ${\mathbb Z}_q \wr {\mathbb Z}$ with respect to a natural set of generators. We describe the full Martin compactification of these random walks on $DL$-graphs and, in particular, lamplighter groups. This completes and provides a better approach to prev…
We consider an optimal control problem, where a Brownian motion with drift is sequentially observed, and the sign of the drift coefficient changes at jump times of a symmetric two-state Markov process. The Markov process itself is not observable, and the problem consist in finding a {-1,1}-valued process that tracks the unobservable process as close as possible. We present an explicit construction of such a process.
The main purpose of this paper is to give a solution to a long-standing unsolved problem in stochastic control theory, i.e., to establish the Pontryagin-type maximum principle for optimal controls of general infinite dimensional nonlinear stochastic evolution equations. Both drift and diffusion terms can contain the control variables, and the control domains are allowed to be nonconvex. The key to reach it is to provide a suitable formulation of operator-valued backward stochastic evolution equations (BSEEs for short), as well as a way to define their solutions. Besides, both vector-valued and…
A finite horizon optimal stopping problem for an infinite dimensional diffusion $X$ is analyzed by means of variational techniques. The diffusion is driven by a SDE on a Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}$ with a non-linear diffusion coefficient $σ(X)$ and a generic unbounded operator $A$ in the drift term. When the gain function $Θ$ is time-dependent and fulfils mild regularity assumptions, the value function $\mathcal{U}$ of the optimal stopping problem is shown to solve an infinite-dimensional, parabolic, degenerate variational inequality on an unbounded domain. Once the coefficient $σ(X)$ is speci…
Under appropriate conditions for the initial configuration, the empirical measure of the $N$-particle Dyson model with parameter $β\geq 1$ converges to a unique measure-valued process as $N$ goes to infinity, which is independent of $β$. The limit process is characterized by its Stieltjes transform called the Green's function. Since the Green's function satisfies the complex Burgers equation in the inviscid limit, this is called the hydrodynamic limit of the Dyson model. We review the relations among the hydrodynamic equation of the Green's function, the continuity equation of the probability …
