Automorphisms of finite Abelian groups

Splitting the Automorphism Group of an Abelian p-Group

Let G be an abelian p-group sum of finite homocyclic groups Gi. Here, we determine in which cases the automorphism group of G splits over ker(h), where h: Aut(G)-->Xi Aut(Gi/pGi) is the natural epimorphism.

On automorphisms of certain free nilpotent-by-abelian Lie algebras

For a positive integer $n$, with $n \geq 4$, let $R_{n}$ be a free (nilpotent of class 2)-by-abelian and abelian-by-(nilpotent of class 2) Lie algebra of rank $n$. We show that the subgroup of Aut$(R_{n})$ generated by the tame automorphisms and a countably infinite set of explicitly given automorphisms of $R_{n}$ is dense in Aut$(R_{n})$ with respect to the formal power series topology.

Lifting finite groups of outer automorphisms of free groups, surface groups and their abelianizations

We discuss the possibility of lifting finite subgroups, and in particular finite cyclic subgroups, with respect to the canonical projections between automorphism and outer automorphism groups of free groups, surface groups and their abelianizations.

On finite $p$-groups with abelian automorphism group

We construct, for the first time, various types of specific non-special finite $p$-groups having abelian automorphism group. More specifically, we construct groups $G$ with abelian automorphism group such that $γ_2(G) < \mathrm{Z}(G) < Φ(G)$, where $γ_2(G)$, $\mathrm{Z}(G)$ and $Φ(G)$ denote the commutator subgroup, the center and the Frattini subgroup of $G$ respectively. For a finite $p$-group $G$ with elementary abelian automorphism group, we show that at least one of the following two conditions holds true: (i) $\mathrm{Z}(G) = Φ(G)$ is elementary abelian; (ii) $γ_2(G) = Φ(G)$ is elementar…

Characterizing automorphism groups of ordered abelian groups

We characterize the groups isomorphic to full automorphism groups of ordered abelian groups. The result will follow from classical theorems on ordered groups adding an argument from proofs used to realize rings as endomorphism rings of abelian groups.

关于带有非平凡阿贝尔直因子的有限 $p$-群的非内自同构猜想

On the conjecture of non-inner automorphisms of finite $p$-groups with a non-trivial abelian direct factor

本文证明了带有非平凡阿贝尔直因子的有限非阿贝尔 $p$-群存在阶为 $p$ 的中心非内自同构，且该自同构逐点固定 $Φ(G)$，从而验证了长期存在的猜想。

On the endomorphism monoids of some groups with abelian automorphism group

We investigate the endomorphism monoids of certain finite $p$-groups of order $p^8$ first studied by Jonah and Konvisser in 1975 as examples for finite $p$-groups with abelian automorphism group, and we show some necessary conditions for a finite $p$-group to have commutative endomorphism monoid. As a by-product, apart from formulas for the number of conjugacy classes of endomorphisms of said groups, we will be able to derive the following: There exist nonabelian groups with commutative endomorphism monoid, and having commutative endomorphism monoid is a group property strictly stronger than h…

A module-theoretic approach to abelian automorphism groups

There are several examples in the literature of finite non-abelian $p$-groups whose automorphism group is abelian. For some time only examples that were special $p$-groups were known, until Jain and Yadav [JY12] and Jain, Rai and Yadav [JRY13] constructed several non-special examples. In this paper we show how a simple module-theoretic approach allows the construction of non-special examples, starting from special ones constructed by several authors, while at the same time avoiding further direct calculations.

A generating set for the automorphism group of a graph product of abelian groups

We find a set of generators for the automorphism group of a graph product of finitely generated abelian groups entirely from a certain labeled graph. In addition, we find generators for the important subgroup of star-automorphisms defined in [7]. We follow closely the plan of M. Laurence's paper [11].

First cohomology groups of the automorphism group of a free group with coefficients in the abelianization of the IA-automorphism group

We compute a twisted first cohomology group of the automorphism group of a free group with coefficients in the abelianization $V$ of the IA-automorphism group of a free group. In particular, we show that it is generated by two crossed homomorphisms constructed with the Magnus representation and the Magnus expansion due to Morita and Kawazumi respectively. As a corollary, we see that the first Johnson homomorphism does not extend to the automorphism group of a free group as a crossed homomorphism for the rank of the free group is greater than 4.

What does the automorphism group of a free abelian group A know about A?

Let $A$ be an infinitely generated free abelian group. We prove that the automorphism group $\aut A$ first-order interprets the full second-order theory of the set $|A|$ with no structure. In particular, this implies that the automorphism groups of two infinitely generated free abelian groups $A_1,A_2$ are elementarily equivalent if and only if the sets $|A_1|,|A_2|$ are second-order equivalent.

Elementary equivalence of the automorphism groups of reduced Abelian p-groups

Consider unbounded reduced Abelian p-groups (p > 2) A and A'. In this paper, we prove that if the automorphism groups Aut A and Aut A' are elementary equivalent then the groups A and A' are equivalent in the second order logic bounded by the final rank of the basic subgroups of A and A'.

The group of inertial automorphisms of an abelian group

We study the group $IAut(A)$ generated by the inertial automorphisms of an abelian group $A$, that is, automorphisms $γ$ with the property that each subgroup $H$ of $A$ has finite index in the subgroup generated by $H$ and $Hγ$. Clearly, $IAut(A)$ contains the group $FAut(A)$ of finitary automorphisms of $A$, which is known to be locally finite. In a previous paper, we showed that $IAut(A)$ is (locally finite)-by-abelian. In this paper, we show that $IAut(A)$ is also metabelian-by-(locally finite). In particular, $IAut(A)$ has a normal subgroup $Γ$ such that $IAut(A)/Γ$ is locally finite and $…

Outer automorphism groups of right-angled Coxeter groups are either large or virtually abelian

We generalise the notion of a separating intersection of links (SIL) to give necessary and sufficient criteria on the defining graph $Γ$ of a right-angled Coxeter group $W_Γ$ so that its outer automorphism group is large: that is, it contains a finite index subgroup that admits the free group $F_2$ as a quotient. When $Out(W_Γ)$ is not large, we show it is virtually abelian. We also show that the same dichotomy holds for the outer automorphism groups of graph products of finite abelian groups. As a consequence, these groups have property (T) if and only if they are finite, or equivalently $Γ$ …

关于有限阿贝尔群自同构个数的一个注记

A remark on the number of automorphisms of finite abelian groups

本文研究有限阿贝尔群类$Ab_0$上由自同构群阶与群阶之比定义的函数$f$，证明了该函数的像在$[0,\infty)$中是稠密集。

On the automorphisms of a graph product of abelian groups

We study the automorphisms of a graph product of finitely-generated abelian groups W. More precisely, we study a natural subgroup Aut* W of Aut W, with Aut* W = Aut W whenever vertex groups are finite and in a number of other cases. We prove a number of structure results, including a semi-direct product decomposition of Aut* W in which one of the factors is Inn W. We also give a number of applications, some of which are geometric in nature.

具有阿贝尔内自同构群的齐次拟群

Homogeneous quandles with abelian inner automorphism groups

本文刻画了具有阿贝尔内自同构群的齐次拟群，证明其可表示为平凡拟群的阿贝尔扩张，并推广了Furuki和Tamaru构造不连通平坦拟群的工作。

A classification of the automorphism groups of polarized abelian threefolds over finite fields

We give a classification of maximal elements of the set of finite groups that can be realized as the automorphism groups of polarized abelian threefolds over finite fields.

关于有限阿贝尔群自同构的若干回答

An answer regarding automorphisms of finite abelian groups

本文否定了一个关于有限阿贝尔群自同构群大小与群大小比值的猜想，证明该比值为有理数时分母必须平方自由，并且奇素数不能作为此类比值。

Automorphisms of semidirect products fixing the non-normal subgroup

In this paper, we describe the automorphism group of semidirect product of two groups that fixes the non-normal subgroup of it. We have computed these automorphisms for the non-abelian metacyclic $p$-group and non-abelian $p$-groups $(p\ge 5)$ of order $p^{4}$, where $p$ is a prime.

Absolutely simple polarized abelian varieties of odd Sophie Germain prime dimension over finite fields with maximal automorphism groups

For each Sophie Germain prime $g \geq 5,$ we construct an absolutely simple polarized abelian variety of dimension $g$ over a finite field, whose automorphism group is a cyclic group of order $4g+2$. We also provide a description on the asymptotic behavior of prime numbers that are related to our construction.

Abelian state-closed subgroups of automorphisms of m-ary trees

The group A_{m} of automophisms of a one-rooted m-ary tree admits a diagonal monomorphism which we denote by x. Let A be an abelian state-closed (or self-similar) subgroup of A_{m}. We prove that the combined diagonal and tree-topological closure A* of A is additively a finitely presented Z_m [[x]]-module where Z_m is the ring of m-adic integers. Moreover, if A* is torsion-free then it is a finitely generated pro-m group. The group A splits over its torsion subgroup. We study in detail the case where A* corresponds to a cyclic Z_m[[x]]-module and when m is a prime number, we show A* to be conj…

Cube complexes and abelian subgroups of automorphism groups of RAAGs

We construct free abelian subgroups of the group $U(A_Γ)$ of untwisted outer automorphisms of a right-angled Artin group, thus giving lower bounds on the virtual cohomological dimension. The group $U(A_Γ)$ was previously studied by Charney, Stambaugh and the second author, who constructed a contractible cube complex on which it acts properly and cocompactly, giving an upper bound for the virtual cohomological dimension. The ranks of our free abelian subgroups are equal to the dimensions of the principal cubes in this complex. These are often of maximal dimension, so that the upper and lower bo…

Functions realising as abelian group automorphisms

Let $A$ be a set and $f:A\rightarrow A$ a bijective function. Necessary and sufficient conditions on $f$ are determined which makes it possible to endow $A$ with a binary operation $*$ such that $(A,*)$ is a cyclic group and $f\in \mbox{Aut}(A)$. This result is extended to all abelian groups in case $|A|=p^2, \ p$ a prime. Finally, in case $A$ is countably infinite, those $f$ for which it is possible to turn $A$ into a group $(A,*)$ isomorphic to ${\Bbb Z}^n$ for some $n\ge 1$, and with $f\in \mbox{Aut} (A)$, are completely characterised.

可解群的自同构群

Automorphism groups of solvable groups of finite abelian ranks

本文研究了可解群的自同构群结构，通过有理代数包络的构造，探讨了S-算术子群的性质及外自同构群的算术像。

The automorphism tower of a free group

We prove that the automorphism group of an arbitrary non-abelian free group is complete. It generalizes the result by J.Dyer and E.Formanek (1975) stating the completeness of automorphism group of finitely generated free groups. Using the description of involutions in automorphism groups of free groups (J. Dyer, P. Scott, 1975) we obtain a group-theoretic characterization of inner automorphisms determined by primitive elements in the automorphism group of any non-abelian free group F. It follows that the subgroup Inn(F) is characteristic in Aut(F), and hence the latter one is complete.

A note on automorphisms of finite $p$-groups

Let $G$ be a finite non-cyclic $p$-group of order at least $p^3$. If $G$ has an abelian maximal subgroup, or if $G$ has an elementary abelian centre with $C_G(Z(Φ(G))) \ne Φ(G)$, then $|G|$ divides $|\text{Aut}(G)|$.

The Reidemeister spectrum of finite abelian groups

For a finite abelian group $A$, the Reidemeister number of an endomorphism $φ$ equals the size of $\mathrm{Fix}(φ)$, the set of fixed points of $φ$. Consequently, the Reidemeister spectrum of $A$ is a subset of the set of divisors of $|A|$. We fully determine the Reidemeister spectrum of $|A|$, that is, which divisors of $|A|$ occur as the Reidemeister number of an automorphism. To do so, we discuss and prove a more general result providing upper and lower bounds on the number of fixed points of automorphisms related to a given automorphism $φ$.

Abelian covers of graphs and maps between outer automorphism groups of free groups

We explore the existence of homomorphisms between outer automorphism groups of free groups Out(F_n) \to Out(F_m). We prove that if n > 8 is even and n \neq m \leq 2n, or n is odd and n \neq m \leq 2n - 2, then all such homomorphisms have finite image; in fact they factor through det: Out(F_n) \to Z/2. In contrast, if m = r^n(n - 1) + 1 with r coprime to (n - 1), then there exists an embedding Out(F_n) \to Out(F_m). In order to prove this last statement, we determine when the action of Out(F_n) by homotopy equivalences on a graph of genus n can be lifted to an action on a normal covering with a…

Berman码及相关Abelian码的自同构群

On the Automorphism Groups of Berman Codes and associated Abelian Codes

本文确定了Berman码及其对偶码的自同构群，并对于n≥5时相关Abelian码给出了精确自同构群，对于n=3时部分参数给出了刻画。

Decompositions of the automorphism group of a locally compact abelian group

It is well known that every locally compact abelian group L can be decomposed as L_1 \oplus R^n, where L_1 contains a compact-open subgroup. In this paper, we use this decomposition to study the topological group Aut(L) of automorphisms of L, equipped with the g-topology. We show that Aut(L) is topologically isomorphic to a matrix group with entries from Aut(L_1), Hom(L_1, R^n), Hom(R^n, L_1), and GL_n(R), respectively. It is also shown that the algebraic portion of the decomposition is not specific to locally compact abelian groups, but is also true for objects with a well-behaved decompositi…

周期阿贝尔群的自同态环与自同构群的初等等价

Elementary equivalence of endomorphism rings and automorphism groups of periodic Abelian groups

该研究探讨周期阿贝尔群的自同态环与自同构群的初等等价问题，给出了自同态环初等等价的充要条件，并针对特定周期阿贝尔群刻画了自同构群初等等价的等价条件。

On Equality of Certain Automorphism Groups

Let $G = H\times A$ be a group, where $H$ is a purely non-abelian subgroup of $G$ and $A$ is a non-trivial abelian factor of $G$. Then, for $n \geq 2$, we show that there exists an isomorphism $ϕ: Aut_{Z(G)}^{γ_{n}(G)}(G) \rightarrow Aut_{Z(H)}^{γ_{n}(H)}(H)$ such that $ϕ(Aut_{c}^{n-1}(G))=Aut_{c}^{n-1}(H)$. Also, for a finite non-abelian $p$-group $G$ satisfying a certain natural hypothesis, we give some necessary and sufficient conditions for $Autcent(G) = Aut_c^{n-1}(G)$. Furthermore, for a finite non-abelian $p$-group $G$ we study the equality of $Autcent(G)$ with $Aut_{Z(G)}^{γ_{n}(G)}(G)…

Outer automorphism groups of graph products: subgroups and quotients

We show that the outer automorphism groups of graph products of finitely generated abelian groups satisfy the Tits alternative, are residually finite, their so-called Torelli subgroups are finitely generated, and they satisfy a dichotomy between being virtually nilpotent and containing a non-abelian free subgroup that is determined by a graphical condition on the underlying labelled graph. Graph products of finitely generated abelian groups simultaneously generalize right-angled Artin groups (RAAGs) and right-angled Coxter groups (RACGs), providing a common framework for studying these groups.…

无限群上的逆模糊映射

Inverse ambiguous maps on infinite groups

该数学研究证明无限群必存在逆模糊函数，逆模糊自同构仅存在于阿贝尔群，明确有限生成阿贝尔群存在此类自同构的条件，还揭示局部有限群、剩余有限群的阿贝尔性与逆模糊自同构的关联。

On finite $p$-groups whose automorphisms are all central

An automorphism $α$ of a group $G$ is said to be central if $α$ commutes with every inner automorphism of $G$. We construct a family of non-special finite $p$-groups having abelian automorphism groups. These groups provide counter examples to a conjecture of A. Mahalanobis [Israel J. Math., {\bf 165} (2008), 161 - 187]. We also construct a family of finite $p$-groups having non-abelian automorphism groups and all automorphisms central. This solves a problem of I. Malinowska [Advances in group theory, Aracne Editrice, Rome 2002, 111-127].

On automorphisms and structural properties of generalized Cayley graphs

In this paper, generalized Cayley graphs are studied. It is proved that every generalized Cayley graph of order 2p is a Cayley graph, where p is a prime. Special attention is given to generalized Cayley graphs on Abelian groups. It is proved that every generalized Cayley graph on an Abelian group with respect to an automorphism which acts as inversion is a Cayley graph if and only if the group is elementary Abelian 2-group, or its Sylow 2-subgroup is cyclic. Necessary and sufficient conditions for a generalized Cayley graph to be unworthy are given.

Automorphisms of the doubles of purely non-abelian finite groups

Using a recent classification of $\operatorname{End}(\mathcal{D}(G))$, we determine a number of properties for $\operatorname{Aut}(\mathcal{D}(G))$, where $\mathcal{D}(G)$ is the Drinfel'd double of a finite group $G$. Furthermore, we completely describe $\operatorname{Aut}(\mathcal{D}(G))$ for all purely non-abelian finite groups $G$. A description of the action of $\operatorname{Aut}(\mathcal{D}(G))$ on $\operatorname{Rep}(\mathcal{D}(G))$ is also given. We are also able to produce a simple proof that $\mathcal{D}(G)\cong\mathcal{D}(H)$ if and only if $G\cong H$, for $G$ and $H$ finite group…

Automorphism groups of free groups, surface groups and free abelian groups

The group of 2-by-2 matrices with integer entries and determinant $\pm > 1$ can be identified either with the group of outer automorphisms of a rank two free group or with the group of isotopy classes of homeomorphisms of a 2-dimensional torus. Thus this group is the beginning of three natural sequences of groups, namely the general linear groups ${\rm{GL}}(n,\Z)$, the groups of outer automorphisms of free groups of rank $n\geq 2$, and the mapping class groups of closed orientable surfaces of genus $g\geq 1$. Much of the work on mapping class groups and automorphisms of free groups is motivate…

关于有限 $p$-群的非内自同构猜想

On the conjecture of non-inner automorphisms of finite $p$-groups

针对有限非交换 $p$-群必有阶 $p$ 非内自同构的猜想，本文在奇数阶单块群且极大子群满足中心换位条件时，构造并证明了逐元固定 $\Phi(G)$ 的阶 $p$ 非内自同构。

Translation lengths of outer automorphisms of finitely generated free-by-finite groups

Bestvina, Feighn and Handel proved that every subgroup of the outer automorphism group, $\textrm{Out}(F_n)$, of the free group of rank $n$ is either virtually finitely generated abelian or contains a nonabelian free group. In this note we consider the more general situation of the outer automorphism group $\textrm{Out}(G)$ of a finitely generated free-by-finite group $G$. We show that $\textrm{Out}(G)$ is translation discrete and that every subgroup of $\textrm{Out}(G)$ is either virtually finitely generated abelian or contains a nonabelian free group.

Free representations of outer automorphism groups of free products via characteristic abelian coverings

Given a free product $G$, we investigate the existence of faithful free representations of the outer automorphism group $\text{Out}(G)$, or in other words of embeddings of $\text{Out}(G)$ into $\text{Out}\left(F_m\right)$ for some $m$. This is based on a work of Bridson and Vogtmann in which they construct embeddings of $\text{Out}\left(F_n\right)$ into $\text{Out}\left(F_m\right)$ for some values of $n$ and $m$ by interpreting $\text{Out}\left(F_n\right)$ as the group of homotopy equivalences of a graph $X$ of genus $n$, and by lifting homotopy equivalences of $X$ to a characteristic abelian …

紧阿贝尔群自同构的有限支撑不变测度的稠密性

Density of finitely supported invariant measures for automorphisms of compact abelian groups

本文证明满足降链条件的紧可度量阿贝尔群自同构的有限支撑不变测度在弱-*拓扑下稠密，并利用specification性质变体得到Hilbert-Schmidt稳定性与Livshitz型定理等推论。

Outer automorphisms of free Burnside groups

In this paper, we study some properties of the outer automorphism group of free Burnside groups of large odd exponent. In particular, we prove that it contains free and free abelian subgroups.

On the automorphism groups of Frobenius Groups

This is one of a series papers which aim towards to solve the problem of determining automorphism groups of Frobenius groups. This one solves the problem in the case where the Frobenius kernels are elementary abelian and Frobenius complements are cyclic.

The Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange Protocol and non-abelian nilpotent groups

In this paper we study a key exchange protocol similar to Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol using abelian subgroups of the automorphism group of a non-abelian nilpotent group. We also generalize group no.92 of Hall-Senior table \cite{halltable}, for arbitrary prime $p$ and show that for those groups, the group of central automorphisms commute. We use these for the key exchange we are studying.

On groups with automorphisms whose fixed points are Engel

We complete the study of finite and profinite groups admitting an action by an elementary abelian group under which the centralizers of automorphisms consist of Engel elements. In particular, we prove the following theorems. Let $q$ be a prime and $A$ an elementary abelian $q$-group of order at least $q^2$ acting coprimely on a profinite group $G$. Assume that all elements in $C_{G}(a)$ are Engel in $G$ for each $a\in A^{\#}$. Then $G$ is locally nilpotent (Theorem B2). Let $q$ be a prime, $n$ a positive integer and $A$ an elementary abelian group of order $q^3$ acting coprimely on a finite gr…

Automorphism groups of quandles arising from groups

Let $G$ be a group and $φ\in \Aut(G)$. Then the set $G$ equipped with the binary operation $a*b=φ(ab^{-1})b$ gives a quandle structure on $G$, denoted by $\Alex(G, φ)$ and called the generalised Alexander quandle. When $G$ is additive abelian and $φ= -\id_G$, then $\Alex(G, φ)$ is the well-known Takasaki quandle. In this paper, we determine the group of automorphisms and inner automorphisms of Takasaki quandles of abelian groups with no 2-torsion, and Alexander quandles of finite abelian groups with respect to fixed-point free automorphisms. As an application, we prove that if $G\cong (\mathbb…

Non-inner automorphisms of order p in finite p-groups of coclass 3

In this paper we study the existence of at least one non-inner automorphism of order p of a non-abelian finite p-group of coclass 3, where p is a prime integer such that p is different from 3.

Automorphisms of Cayley graphs on generalised dicyclic groups

A graph is called a GRR if its automorphism group acts regularly on its vertex-set. Such a graph is necessarily a Cayley graph. Godsil has shown that there are only two infinite families of finite groups that do not admit GRRs : abelian groups and generalised dicyclic groups. Indeed, any Cayley graph on such a group admits specific additional graph automorphisms that depend only on the group. Recently, Dobson and the last two authors showed that almost all Cayley graphs on abelian groups admit no automorphisms other than these obvious necessary ones. In this paper, we prove the analogous resul…

Finite $p$-groups of class 2 have noninner automorphisms of order $p$

We prove that for any prime number $p$, every finite non-abelian $p$-group $G$ of class 2 has a noninner automorphism of order $p$ leaving either the Frattini subgroup $Φ(G)$ or $Ω_1(Z(G))$ elementwise fixed.

Roots of outer automorphisms of free groups and centralizers of abelian subgroups of $\mathrm{Out}(F_N)$

Let $N \geq 2$ and let $\mathrm{Out}(F_N)$ be the outer automorphism group of a nonabelian free group of rank $N$. Let $\mathrm{IA}_N(\mathbb{Z}/3\mathbb{Z})$ be the finite index subgroup of $\mathrm{Out}(F_N)$ which is the kernel of the natural action of $\mathrm{Out}(F_N)$ on $H_1(F_N,\mathbb{Z}/3\mathbb{Z})$. We show that $\mathrm{IA}_N(\mathbb{Z}/3\mathbb{Z})$ is an $R$-group, that is, for every $ϕ,ψ\in \mathrm{IA}_N(\mathbb{Z}/3\mathbb{Z})$, if there exists $k \in \mathbb{N}^*$ such that $ϕ^k=ψ^k$, then $ϕ=ψ$. This answers a question of Handel and Mosher. We then use the fact that $\mathr…

Subgroups and quotient groups of automorphism groups of RAAGs

We study subgroups and quotients of outer automorphism groups of right-angled Artin groups (RAAGs). We prove that for all RAAGS, the outer automorphism group is residually finite and, for a large class of RAAGs, it satisfies the Tits alternative. We also investigate which of these automorphism groups contain non-abelian solvable subgroups.

On equality of central and class preserving automorphisms of finite p-groups

Let $G$ be a finite non-abelian $p$-group, where $p$ is a prime. Let $\mathrm{Aut}_c(G)$ and $\mathrm{Aut}_z(G)$ respectively denote the group of all class preserving and central automorphisms of $G$. We give a necessary condition for $G$ such that $\mathrm{Aut}_c(G)=\mathrm{Aut}_z(G)$ and give necessary and sufficient conditions for $G$ with elementary abelian or cyclic center such that $\mathrm{Aut}_c(G)=\mathrm{Aut}_z(G).$ We also characterize all finite $p$-groups $G$ of order $\leq p^7$ such that $\mathrm{Aut}_c(G)=\mathrm{Aut}_z(G)$ and complete the classification of all finite $p$-group…