A tropical calculation of the Welschinger invariants of real toric Del Pezzo surfaces
E. Shustin
备注：
38 pages, 3 figures, misprints (which appeared in the published version) in the formulation of the main theorem are corrected as well as in formula (2.12) for the weight of a tropical curve (thanks to a remark by E. Brugalle)
The Welschinger invariants of real rational algebraic surfaces are natural analogues of the genus zero Gromov-Witten invariants. We establish a tropical formula to calculate the Welschinger invariants of real toric Del Pezzo surfaces for any conjugation-invariant configuration of points. The formula expresses the Welschinger invariants via the total multiplicity of certain tropical curves (non-Archimedean amoebas) passing through generic configurations of points, and then via the total multiplicity of some lattice path in the convex lattice polygon associated with a given surface. We also present the results of computation of Welschinger invariants, obtained jointly with I. Itenberg and V. Kharlamov.
We define a series of relative tropical Welschinger-type invariants of real toric surfaces. In the Del Pezzo case, these invariants can be seen as real tropical analogs of relative Gromov-Witten invariants, and are subject to a recursive formula. As application we obtain new formulas for Welschinger invariants of real toric Del Pezzo surfaces.
We give a recursive formula for purely real Welschinger invariants of the following real Del Pezzo surfaces: the projective plane blown up at $q$ real and $s \leq 1$ pairs of conjugate imaginary points, where $q+2s\le 5$, and the real quadric blown up at $s \leq 1$ pairs of conjugate imaginary points and having non-empty real part. The formula is similar to Vakil's recursive formula for Gromov-Witten invariants of these surfaces and generalizes our recursive formula for purely real Welschinger invariants of real toric Del Pezzo surfaces. As a consequence, we prove the positivity of the Welschi…
We give a recursive formula for purely real Welschinger invariants of real Del Pezzo surfaces of degree $K^2\ge 3$, where in the case of surfaces of degree $3$ with two real components we introduce a certain modification of Welschinger invariants and enumerate exclusively the curves traced on the non-orientable component. As an application, we prove the positivity of the invariants under consideration and their logarithmic asymptotic equivalence, as well as congruence modulo $4$, to genus zero Gromov-Witten invariants.
The Welschinger invariants of real rational algebraic surfaces count real rational curves which represent a given divisor class and pass through a generic conjugation-invariant configuration of points. No invariants counting real curves of positive genera are known in general. We indicate particular situations, when Welschinger-type invariants counting real curves of positive genera can be defined. We also prove the positivity and give asymptotic estimates for such Weischinger-type invariants for several del Pezzo surfaces of degree $\ge2$ and suitable real nef and big divisor classes. In part…
The Welschinger invariants of real rational algebraic surfaces are natural analogues of the Gromov-Witten invariants, and they estimate from below the number of real rational curves passing through prescribed configurations of points. We establish a tropical formula for the Welschinger invariants of four toric Del Pezzo surfaces, equipped with a non-standard real structure. Such a formula for real toric Del Pezzo surfaces with a standard real structure (i.e., naturally compatible with the toric structure) was established by Mikhalkin and the author. As a consequence we prove that, for any real…
We compute the purely real Welschinger invariants, both original and modified, for all real del Pezzo surfaces of degree at least 2. We show that under some conditions, for such a surface $X$ and a real nef and big divisor class $D$, through any generic collection of $-DK_X-1$ real points lying on a connected component of the real part of $X$ one can trace a real rational curve $C\in|D|$. This is derived from the positivity of appropriate Welschinger invariants. We furthermore show that these invariants are asymptotically equivalent, in the logarithmic scale, to the corresponding genus zero Gr…
The invariance of the Welschinger numbers for real unnodal Del Pezzo surfaces, which we used for the enumeration of real rational curves on real toric Del Pezzo surfaces (see math.AG/0303378 and IMRN 49 (2003), 2639-2653), follows from J.-Y. Welschinger's theorem stated and proved in a symplectic setting (math.AG/0303145 and CRAS, Ser. I, 336 (2003), 341-344). Here, we give an algebraic geometry version of the proof of the above invariance.
The Welschinger numbers, a kind of a real analog of the Gromov-Witten numbers which count the complex rational curves through a given generic collection of points, bound from below the number of real rational curves for any real generic collection of points. By the logarithmic equivalence of sequences we mean the asymptotic equivalence of their logarithms. We prove such an equivalence for the Welschinger and Gromov-Witten numbers of any toric Del Pezzo surface with its tautological real structure, in particular, of the projective plane, under the hypothesis that all, or almost all, chosen poin…
In this paper we introduce broccoli curves, certain plane tropical curves of genus zero related to real algebraic curves. The numbers of these broccoli curves through given points are independent of the chosen points - for arbitrary choices of the directions of the ends of the curves, possibly with higher weights, and also if some of the ends are fixed. In the toric Del Pezzo case we show that these broccoli invariants are equal to the Welschinger invariants (with real and complex conjugate point conditions), thus providing a proof of the independence of Welschinger invariants of the point con…
Welschinger invariants are signed counts of real rational curves satisfying contraints. Quadratic Gromov--Witten invariants give such counts over general fields of characteristic different from 2 and 3. For rational del Pezzo surfaces over a field, we propose a conjectural relationship between Welschinger and quadratic Gromov--Witten invariants. We construct multivariable unramified Witt invariants, in the sense of Serre, from Welschinger invariants and call them Welschinger--Witt invariants. We show that quadratic Gromov--Witten invariants are also Witt invariants and control their ramificati…
We establish the enumerativity of (original and modified) Welschinger invariants for every real divisor on any real algebraic Del Pezzo surface and give an algebro-geometric proof of the invariance of that count both up to variation of the point constraints on a given surface and variation of the complex structure of the surface itself.
We introduce enumerative invariants of real del Pezzo surfaces that count real rational curves belonging to a given divisor class, passing through a generic conjugation-invariant configuration of points and satisfying preassigned tangency conditions to given smooth arcs centered at the fixed points. The counted curves are equipped with Welschinger-type signs. We prove that such a count does not depend neither on the choice of the point-arc configuration, nor on the variation of the ambient real surface. These invariants can be regarded as a real counterpart of (complex) descendant invariants.
According to [3], a real surgery of a real del Pezzo surface $X_\mathbb{R}$ along a real sphere $S$ is a modification of the real structure on $X_\mathbb{R}$ in a neighborhood of $S$. In this paper, we study the behavior of higher genus Welschinger invariants under real surgeries, and obtain a genus decreasing formula of Welschinger invariants.
We compute the Welschinger invariants of blowups of the projective plane at an arbitrary conjugation invariant configuration of points. Specifically, open analogues of the WDVV equation and Kontsevich-Manin axioms lead to a recursive algorithm that reconstructs all the invariants from a small set of known invariants. Example computations are given, including the non-del Pezzo case.
Let $S$ be a smooth del Pezzo surface over a field $k$ of characteristic $\neq 2, 3$. We define an invariant in the Grothendieck-Witt ring $GW(k)$ for "counting" rational curves in a curve class $D$ of fixed positive degree (with respect to the anti-canonical bundle $-K_S$) and containing a collection of distinct closed points $\mathfrak{p}=\sum_ip_i$ of total degree $r:=-D\cdot K_S-1$ on $S$. This recovers Welschinger's invariant in case $k=\mathbb{R}$ by applying the signature map. The main result is that this quadratic invariant depends only on the $\mathbb{A}^1$-connected component contain…
Welschinger's invariant bounds from below the number of real rational curves through a given generic collection of real points in the real projective plane. We estimate this invariant using Mikhalkin's approach which deals with a corresponding count of tropical curves. In particular, our estimate implies that, for any positive integer $d$, there exists a real rational curve of degree $d$ through any collection of $3d-1$ real points in the projective plane, and, moreover, asymptotically in the logarithmic scale at least one third of the complex plane rational curves through a generic point coll…
We enumerate, via floor diagrams, complex and real curves in the projective plane blown up in $n$ points on a conic. As an application, we deduce Gromov-Witten and Welschinger invariants of Del Pezzo surfaces. These results are mainly obtained using Li's degeneration formula and its real counterpart.
A surgery of a real symplectic manifold $X_{\mathbb R}$ along a real Lagrangian sphere $S$ is a modification of the symplectic and real structure on $X_{\mathbb R}$ in a neigborhood of $S$. Genus 0 Welschinger invariants of two real symplectic $4$-manifolds differing by such a surgery have been related in a previous work in collaboration with N. Puignau. In the present paper, we explore some particular situations where these general formulas greatly simplify. As an application, we complete the computation of genus 0 Welschinger invariants of all del~Pezzo surfaces, and of all $\mathbb R$-minim…
A $n$-dimensional Gorenstein toric Fano variety $X$ is called Del Pezzo variety if the anticanonical class $-K_X$ is a $(n-1)$-multiple of a Cartier divisor. Our purpose is to give a complete biregular classfication of Gorenstein toric Del Pezzo varieties in arbitrary dimension $n \geq 2$. We show that up to isomorphism there exist exactly 37 Gorenstein toric Del Pezzo varieties of dimension $n$ which are not cones over $(n-1)$-dimensional Gorenstein toric Del Pezzo varieties. Our results are closely related to the classification of all Minkowski sum decompositions of reflexive polygons due to…
This paper focuses on the classification of all toric log Del Pezzo surfaces with exactly one singularity up to isomorphism, and on the description of how they are embedded as intersections of finitely many quadrics into suitable projective spaces.
Toric log Del Pezzo surfaces with Picard number 1 have been completely classified whenever their index is $\le 2$: In this paper we extend the classification for those having index 3: We prove that, up to isomorphism, there are exactly 18 surfaces of this kind.
Patchworking theorems serve as a basic element of the correspondence between tropical and algebraic curves, which is a core of the tropical enumerative geometry. We present a new version of a patchworking theorem which relates plane tropical curves with complex and real algebraic curves having prescribed multiple points. It can be used to compute Welschinger invariants of non-toric Del Pezzo surfaces.
We state a number of conjectures that together allow one to classify a broad class of del Pezzo surfaces with cyclic quotient singularities using mirror symmetry. We prove our conjectures in the simplest cases. The conjectures relate mutation-equivalence classes of Fano polygons with Q-Gorenstein deformation classes of del Pezzo surfaces.
We relate Welschinger invariants of a rational real symplectic 4-manifold before and after a Morse simplification (i.e deletion of a sphere or a handle of the real part of the surface). This relation is a consequence of a real version of Abramovich-Bertram formula which computes Gromov-Witten invariants by means of enumeration of $J$-holomorphic curves with a non-generic almost complex structure $J$. In addition, we give some qualitative consequences of our study, for example the vanishing of Welschinger invariants in some cases.
We study del Pezzo varieties, higher-dimensional analogues of del Pezzo surfaces. In particular, we introduce ADE classification of del Pezzo varieties, show that in type A the dimension of non-conical del Pezzo varieties is bounded by $12 - d - r$, where $d$ is the degree and $r$ is the rank of the class group, and classify maximal del Pezzo varieties.
We address weak approximation for certain del Pezzo surfaces defined over the function field of a curve. We study the rational connectivity of the smooth locus of degree two del Pezzo surfaces with two A1 singularities in order to prove weak approximation for degree two del Pezzo surfaces with square-free discriminant.
We study del Pezzo fibrations of degree 1 with terminal singularities. A connection between singularities on del Pezzo surfaces of degree 1 and Kodaira's classification of elliptic singular fibers will be studied in this paper. By this investigation we obtain several results on birational maps of del Pezzo fibrations of degree 1 with terminal singularities.
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We consider del Pezzo surfaces with du Val singularities. We'll prove that a del Pezzo surface $X$ with du Val singularities has a $-K_X$-polar cylinder if and only if there exist tiger such that the support of this tiger does not contain anti-canonical divisor. Also we classify all del Pezzo surfaces $X$ such that $X$ has not any cylinders.
We estimate $δ$-invariants of some singular del Pezzo surfaces with quotient singularities, which we studied ten years ago. As a result, we show that each of these surfaces admits an orbifold Kähler--Einstein metric.
We classify del Pezzo surfaces with Du Val singularities that have infinite automorphism groups, and describe the connected components of their automorphisms groups.
We classify RDP del Pezzo surfaces with global vector fields over arbitrary algebraically closed fields of characteristic $p \neq 2$. In characteristic $0$, every RDP del Pezzo surface $X$ is equivariant, that is, ${\rm Aut}_X = {\rm Aut}_{\widetilde{X}}$, where $\widetilde{X}$ is the minimal resolution of $X$, hence the classification of RDP del Pezzo surfaces with global vector fields is equivalent to the classification of weak del Pezzo surfaces with global vector fields. In this article, we show that if $p \neq 2,3,5,7$, then it is still true that every RDP del Pezzo surface is equivariant…
In this paper we prove that there are exactly two $G$-minimal surfaces which are $G$-birational to the quintic del Pezzo surface, where $G \cong C_5 \rtimes C_4$. These surfaces are the quintic del Pezzo surface itself and the surface $\mathbb{P}^1 \times \mathbb{P}^1$.
Log del Pezzo surfaces play the role of the opposite of surfaces of general type. We will completely classify all the log del Pezzo surfaces of rank 2 and Cartier index 3 with a unique singularity.
In this paper, we classify del Pezzo foliations on projective manifolds of rank at least 3 and with log canonical singularities in the sense of McQuillan.
In this paper we prove that del Pezzo fibrations admit $\mathbb{G}_{a}^{3}$-structures if and only if they are $\mathbb{P}^2$-bundles over $\mathbb{P}^{1}$.
We classify almost del Pezzo manifolds in arbitrary dimension n, i.e., projective manifolds X with big and nef anticanonical bundle -K_X, such that -K_X is divisible by n-1.
