We prove a general result on the factorization of matrix-valued analytic functions. We deduce that if $(E_0,E_1)$ and $(F_0,F_1)$ are interpolation pairs with dense intersections, then under some conditions on the spaces $E_0$, $E_1$, $F_0$ and $F_1$, we have $$ [E_0\hat\otimes F_0,E_1\hat\otimes F_1]_t= [E_0, E_1]_t\hat\otimes[F_0, F_1]_t, 0 < t< 1.$$
We find also conditions on the spaces $E_0$, $E_1$, $F_0$ and $F_1$, so that the following holds $$ [E_0\wcheck\otimes F_0,E_1\wcheck\otimes F_1]_t= [E_0,E_1]_t\wcheck\otimes [F_0,F_1]_t, 0 <t< 1.$$
Some applications of these results are also considered.
The condensation rank associates any topological space with a unique ordinal number. In this paper we prove that the condensation rank of any infinite dimensional injective Banach space is equal to or greater than the first uncountable ordinal number.
In this paper we deal with two weaker forms of injectivity which turn out to have a rich structure behind: separable injectivity and universal separable injectivity. We show several structural and stability properties of these classes of Banach spaces. We provide natural examples of (universally) separably injective spaces, including $\mathcal L_\infty$ ultraproducts built over countably incomplete ultrafilters, in spite of the fact that these ultraproducts are never injective. We obtain two fundamental characterizations of universally separably injective spaces: a) A Banach space $E$ is unive…
In this paper, we show that four main diagonal spaces of injective tensor products are pairwise isometrically isomorphic. When E is a Banach lattice, we show that the tensor diagonal of E is a 1-unconditional basic sequence in both the n-fold injective tensor product of E and the n-fold symmetric injective tensor product of E.
A Banach space $E$ is said to be injective if for every Banach space $X$ and every subspace $Y$ of $X$ every operator $t:Y\to E$ has an extension $T:X\to E$. We say that $E$ is $\aleph$-injective (respectively, universally $\aleph$-injective) if the preceding condition holds for Banach spaces $X$ (respectively $Y$) with density less than a given uncountable cardinal $\aleph$. We perform a study of $\aleph$-injective and universally $\aleph$-injective Banach spaces which extends the basic case where $\aleph=\aleph_1$ is the first uncountable cardinal. When dealing with the corresponding "isomet…
The aim of this note is to study some geometrical properties like diameter two properties, octahedrality and almost squareness in the setting of (symmetric) tensor product spaces. In particular, we show that the injective tensor product of two octahedral Banach spaces is always octahedral, the injective tensor product of an almost square Banach space with any Banach space is almost square, and the injective symmetric tensor product of an octahedral Banach space is octahedral.
We show that a C*-algebra is a $1$-separably injective Banach space if, and only if, it is linearly isometric to the Banach space $C_0(Ω)$ of complex continuous functions vanishing at infinity on a substonean locally compact Hausdorff space $Ω$.
The paper deals with the study of Banach spaces whose duals are injective Banach lattices. Davies in 1967 proved that an ordered Banach space is an $L^1$-predual space if and only if it is a simplex space. In 2007 Duan and Lin proved that a real Banach space is an $L^1$-predual space if and only if its every four-point subset is centerable. We prove the counterparts of these remarkable results for injectives by the new machinery of Boolean valued transfer from $L^1$-spaces to injective Banach lattices.
Given any Banach space $X$ and any weak*-compact subset $K$ of $X^*$, we compute the Szlenk index of the weak*-closed, convex hull of $K$ as a function of the Szlenk index of $K$. Also as an application, we compute the Szlenk index of any injective tensor product of two operators. In particular, we compute the Szlenk index of an injective tensor product $\tens$ in terms of $Sz(X)$ and $Sz(Y)$. As another application, we give a complete characterization of those ordinals which occur as the Szlenk index of a Banach space, as well as those ordinals which occur as the Bourgain $\ell_1$ or $c_0$ in…
We prove a complex interpolation formula for the injective tensor product of vector-valued Banach function spaces satisfying certain geometric assumptions. This result unifies results of Kouba, and moreover, our approach offers an alternate proof of Kouba's interpolation formula for scalar-valued Banach function spaces.
We prove that an interpolation pair of Banach lattices is uniquely determined by the collection of intermediate spaces with the property that these are interpolation spaces for positive operators. A correspondent result for exact interpolation is also presented.
We investigate stability of Fredholm properties on interpolation scales of quasi-Banach spaces. This analysis is motivated by problems arising in PDE's and several applications are presented.
We examine the phenomenon when surjective algebra homomorphisms between algebras of operators on Banach spaces are automatically injective. In the first part of the paper we shall show that for certain Banach spaces $X$ the following property holds: For every non-zero Banach space $Y$ every surjective algebra homomorphism $ψ: \, \mathcal{B}(X) \rightarrow \mathcal{B}(Y)$ is automatically injective. In the second part of the paper we consider the question in the opposite direction: Building on the work of Kania, Koszmider and Laustsen \textit{(Trans. London Math. Soc., 2014)} we show that for e…
We study the relationship between exact interpolation spaces for positive, linear operators, for order preserving, Lipschitz continuous operators, and for positive Gagliardo-Peetre operators, and exact partially $K$-monotone spaces in interpolation couples of compatible Banach lattices. By general Banach lattice theory we recover a characterisation of exact interpolation spaces for order preserving, Lipschitz continuous operators in the couple $(L^1,L^\infty )$ due to Bénilan and Crandall.
We show that for each $p\in(0,1]$ there exists a separable $p$-Banach space $\mathbb G_p$ of almost universal disposition, that is, having the following extension property: for each $ε>0$ and each isometric embedding $g:X\to Y$, where $Y$ is a finite dimensional $p$-Banach space and $X$ is a subspace of $\mathbb G_p$, there is an $ε$-isometry $f:Y\to \mathbb G_p$ such that $x=f(g(x))$ for all $x\in X$. Such a space is unique, up to isometries, does contain an isometric copy of each separable $p$-Banach space and has the remarkable property of being "locally injective" amongst $p$-Banach spaces…
Motivated by recent applications of weighted norm inequalities to maximal regularity of first and second order Cauchy problems, we study real interpolation spaces on the basis of general Banach function spaces and, in particular, weighted rearrangement invariant Banach function spaces. We show equivalence of the trace method and the $K$-method, identify real interpolation spaces between a Banach space and the domain of a sectorial operator, and reprove an extension of Dore's theorem on the boundedness of $H^\infty$-functional calculus to this general setting.
In addition to Pisier's counterexample of a non-accessible maximal Banach ideal, we will give a large class of maximal Banach ideals which {\it{are accessible}}. The first step is implied by the observation that a "good behaviour" of trace duality, which is canonically induced by conjugate operator ideals can be extended to adjoint Banach ideals, if and only if these adjoint ideals satisfy an accessibility condition (theorem 3.1). This observation leads in a natural way to a characterization of accessible injective Banach ideals, where we also recognize the appearance of the ideal of {\it{abso…
We show that a (complex) $C_σ$-space is separably injective if and only if it is linearly isometric to the Banach space $C_0(Ω)$ of complex continuous functions vanishing at infinity on a substonean locally compact Hausdorff space $Ω$.
The main aim of this paper is to develop a general approach, which allows to extend the basics of Brudnyi-Kruglyak interpolation theory to the realm of quasi-Banach lattices. We prove that all $K$-monotone quasi-Banach lattices with respect to a $L$-convex quasi-Banach lattice couple have in fact a stronger property of the so-called $K(p,q)$-monotonicity for some $0<q\leq p\leq 1$, which allows us to get their description by the real $K$-method. Moreover, we obtain a refined version of the $K$-divisibility property for Banach lattice couples and then prove an appropriate version of this proper…
Several new characterizations of Banach spaces containing a subspace isomorphic to $\ell^1$, are obtained. These are applied to the question of when $\ell^1$ embeds in the injective tensor product of two Banach spaces.
We give a new proof to show that the complex interpolation for families of Banach spaces is not stable under rearrangement of the given family on the boundary, although, by a result due to Coifman, Cwikel, Rochberg, Sagher and Weiss, it is stable when the latter family takes only 2 values. The non-stability for families taking 3 values was first obtained by Cwikel and Janson. Our method links this problem to the theory of matrix-valued Toeplitz operator and we are able to characterize all the transformations on $\T$ that are invariant for complex interpolation at 0, they are precisely the orig…
Let ${\mathcal N}$ be a nest on a complex Banach space $X$ and let $\mbox{ Alg}{\mathcal N}$ be the associated nest algebra. We say that an operator $Z\in \mbox{ Alg}{\mathcal N}$ is an all-derivable point of $\mbox{ Alg}{\mathcal N}$ if every linear map $δ$ from $\mbox{ Alg}{\mathcal N}$ into itself derivable at $Z$ (i.e. $δ$ satisfies $δ(A)B+Aδ(B)=δ(Z)$ for any $A,B \in \mbox{ Alg}{\mathcal N}$ with $AB=Z$) is a derivation. In this paper, it is shown that every injective operator and every operator with dense range in $\mbox{Alg}{\mathcal N}$ are all-derivable points of $\mbox{Alg}{\mathcal …
We study distinguished objects in the category $\mathcal{BL}$ of Banach lattices and lattice homomorphisms. The free Banach lattice construction introduced by de Pagter and Wickstead generates push-outs, and combining this with an old result of Kellerer on marginal measures, the amalgamation property of Banach lattices is established. This will be the key tool to prove that $L_1([0,1]^{\mathfrak{c}})$ is separably $\mathcal{BL}$-injective, as well as to give more abstract examples of Banach lattices of universal disposition for separable sublattices. Finally, an analysis of the ideals on $C(Δ,…
In this paper, we investigate the notion $ϕ$-injectivity for Banach $A$-modules, where $ϕ$ is a character on $A.$ We obtain some hereditary properties of $ϕ$-injectivity for certain classes of Banach modules related to closed ideals. These results allow us to study $ϕ$-injectivity of certain Banach $A$-modules in commutative case, specially $\ell^{1}$-semilattice algebras. As an application, we give an example of a non-injective Banach module which is $ϕ$-injective for each character $ϕ.$
We show that the problem whether every $1$-separably injective Banach space contains an isomorphic copy of $\ell_\infty$ is undecidable. Namely, unlike under the continuum hypothesis, assuming Martin's axiom and the negation of the continuum hypothesis, there is an $1$-separably injective Banach space of the form $C(K)$ (which means that $K$ is an $F$-space) without an isomorphic copy of $\ell_\infty$. This result is a consequence of our study of $ω_2$-subsets of tightly $σ$-filtered Boolean algebras introduced by Koppelberg for which we obtain some general principles useful when transferring …
We characterize projective and injective Banach modules in approximate terms, generalizing thereby a characterization of contractible Banach algebras given by F. Ghahramani and R. J. Loy. As a corollary, we show that each uniformly approximately amenable Banach algebra is amenable. Some applications to homological dimensions of Banach modules and algebras are also given.
This paper contains a study of the separable form $J_s(\cdot)$ of the classical Jung constant. We first establish, following Davis \cite{davis}, that a Banach space $X$ is $1$-separably injective if and only if $J_s(X)=1$. This characterization is then used for the understanding of new $1$-separably injective spaces. The last section establishes the inequality $\frac{1}{2}K(Y)J_s(X)\leq e(Y,X)$ connecting the separable Jung constant, Kottman's constant and the extension constant for Lipschitz maps, which is then used to obtain a simple proof of the equality $K(X,c_0)=e(X,c_0)$ of Kalton and a …
A set of all symmetric Banach function spaces defined on [0,1] is equipped with the partial order by the relation of continuous inclusion. Properties of symmetric spaces, which do not depend of their position in the ordered structure, are studied. With the help of the J. Peetre's interpolation scheme it is shown that for any pair of symmetric spaces E, F such that F is absolutely continuously included in E there exists an intermediate (so called, Peetre's) space K(E,F;W), where W is a space with an unconditional basis, that is reflexive or, respectively, weakly sequentially complete provided W…
Generalized almost disjoint families and injective Banach spaces
Institute of Mathematics, Czech Academy of Sciences（捷克科学院数学研究所）；Institute for Advanced Study in Mathematics, Harbin Institute of Technology（哈尔滨工业大学高等研究院）
Let A be a commutative normed algebra, K a class of normed A-modules. A normed A-module Z is called extremely flat with respect to K, if, for every isometric morphism of normed A-modules, belonging to K, the non-completed projective A-module tensor product of this morphism and the identity morphism on Z, is also isometric. In the present paper we take, in the capacity of A, the algebra c_0 of vanishing sequences and consider the class of the so-called homogeneous modules, over the latter algebra, denoted by H. The main theorem gives a full description of essential homogeneous modules over the …
This paper introduces the novel concept of fractal interpolation over curves in Banach spaces. The contents are based on the usual methodologies involving the fractal interpolation problem over intervals but the current approach considerably extends and generalizes them and paves the way to fractal interpolation over Banach submanifolds.
We study certain interpolation and extension properties of the space of regular operators between two Banach lattices. Let $R_p$ be the space of all the regular (or equivalently order bounded) operators on $L_p$ equipped with the regular norm. We prove the isometric identity $R_p = (R_\infty,R_1)^θ$ if $θ= 1/p$, which shows that the spaces $(R_p)$ form an interpolation scale relative to Calderón's interpolation method. We also prove that if $S\subset L_p$ is a subspace, every regular operator $u : S \to L_p$ admits a regular extension $\tilde u : L_p \to L_p$ with the same regular norm. This e…
If Z is a quotient of a subspace of a separable Banach space X, and V is any separable Banach space, then there is a Banach couple (A_0,A_1) such that A_0 and A_1 are isometric to $X\oplus V$, and any intermediate space obtained using the real or complex interpolation method contains a complemented subspace isomorphic to Z. Thus many properties of Banach spaces, including having non-trivial cotype, having the Radon-Nikodym property, and having the analytic unconditional martingale difference sequence property, do not pass to intermediate spaces.
We continue the investigation of the behaviour of diameter two properties in tensor products of Banach spaces. Our main result shows that the symmetric strong diameter two property is stable by taking projective tensor products. We also prove a result for the symmetric strong diameter two property for the injective tensor product.
We prove a formula for the Szlenk power type of the injective tensor product of Banach spaces with Szlenk index at most $ω$. We also show that the Szlenk power type as well as summability of the Szlenk index are separably determined, and we extend some of our recent results concerning direct sums.
We characterize the relatively compact subsets of $L^1\left(\| m \| \right),$ the quasi-Banach function space associated to the semivariation of a given vector measure $m$ showing that the strong connection between compactness, uniform absolute continuity, uniform integrability, almost order boundedness and L-weak compactness that appears in the classic setting of Lebesgue spaces remains almost invariant in this new context of the Choquet integration. Also we present a de la Vallée-Poussin type theorem in the context of these spaces $L^1\left(\|m\|\right)$ that allows us to locate each compact…
For $1<p\le \infty$, we show the existence of a Banach space which is both injectively and surjectively universal for the class of all separable Banach spaces with an equivalent $p$-asymptotically uniformly smooth norm. We prove that this class is analytic complete in the class of separable Banach spaces. These results extend previous works by Kalton, Werner and Kurka in the case $p=\infty$.
We show that the Rochberg spaces induced by complex interpolation form themselves complex interpolation scales, obtain the interpolated spaces and associated derivations. We present our results in the context of analytic families of Banach spaces and study the problem of determining the Rochberg spaces induced by these new families.
Let $E$ be a Sidon subset of the integers and suppose $X$ is a Banach space. Then Pisier has shown that $E$-spectral polynomials with values in $X$ behave like Rademacher sums with respect to $L_p-$norms. We consider the situation when $X$ is a quasi-Banach space. For general quasi-Banach spaces we show that a similar result holds if and only if $E$ is a set of interpolation ($I_0$-set). However for certain special classes of quasi-Banach spaces we are able to prove such a result for larger sets. Thus if $X$ is restricted to be ``natural'' then the result holds for all Sidon sets. We also cons…
We study real interpolation, but instead of interpolating between Banach spaces, we interpolate between general functions taking values in $[0,\infty].$ We show the equivalence of the mean method and the $K$-method and apply the general theory to interpolation between the norm on a Banach space and the set norm associated with an m-accretive operator on such a space.
Constructing or learning a function from a finite number of sampled data points (measurements) is a fundamental problem in science and engineering. This is often formulated as a minimum norm interpolation problem, regularized learning problem or, in general, a semi-discrete inverse problem, in certain functional spaces. The choice of an appropriate space is crucial for solutions of these problems. Motivated by sparse representations of the reconstructed functions such as compressed sensing and sparse learning, much of the recent research interest has been directed to considering these problems…
We consider the Calderón-Lozanovskii construction $φ(X_0,X_1)$ in the context of quasi-Banach lattices and provide an extension of a result by V. I. Ovchinnikov concerning the associated interpolation methods $φ^c$ and $φ^0$. Our approach is based on the interpolation properties of $(\infty,1)$-regular operators between quasi-Banach lattices.
Isbell and Semadeni [Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 107 (1963)] proved that every infinite-dimensional $1$-injective Banach space contains a hyperplane that is $(2+\varepsilon)$-injective for every $\varepsilon > 0$, yet is is \emph{not} $2$-injective and remarked in a footnote that Pełczyński had proved for every $λ> 1$ the existence of a $(λ+ \varepsilon)$-injective space ($\varepsilon > 0$) that is not $λ$-injective. Unfortunately, no trace of the proof of Pełczyński's result has been preserved. In the present paper, we establish the said theorem for $λ\in (1,2]$ by constructing an appropriate ren…
For $1<p\leqslant \infty$, we study the complexity and the existence of universal spaces for two classes of separable Banach spaces, denoted $\textsf{A}_p$ and $\textsf{N}_p$, and related to asymptotic smoothness in Banach spaces. We show that each of these classes is Borel in the class of separable Banach spaces. Then we build small families of Banach spaces that are both injectively and surjectively universal for these classes. Finally, we prove the optimality of this universality result, by proving in particular that none of these classes admits a universal space.
We prove that an arbitrary Banach couple is uniquely determined by the collection of intermediate spaces that are interpolation spaces for the operators of rank one. From this we deduce a confirmation to the conjecture by Yu. A. Brudnyi and N.Ya. Kruglyak that a Banach couple is uniquely determined by the collection of all its interpolation spaces. Some relevant problems are also analized.
We prove an abstract theorem on keeping the compactness property of a linear operator after interpolation in Banach spaces. No analytical presentation of operators, spaces and interpolation functor is required. We use only some little-known properties of compact sets and various facts about bases and basic sequences (with detailed references to the monograph "Bases in Banach spaces", Vol. I-II by I.M. Singer). Therefore the results are applicable to arbitrary spaces and any interpolation functor, including the complex method. The "two-sided" compactness is also mentioned at the end of this pap…
