A set of all symmetric Banach function spaces defined on [0,1] is equipped with the partial order by the relation of continuous inclusion. Properties of symmetric spaces, which do not depend of their position in the ordered structure, are studied. With the help of the J. Peetre's interpolation scheme it is shown that for any pair of symmetric spaces E, F such that F is absolutely continuously included in E there exists an intermediate (so called, Peetre's) space K(E,F;W), where W is a space with an unconditional basis, that is reflexive or, respectively, weakly sequentially complete provided W also is reflexive or, respectively, weakly sequentially complete.
The Peetre "plus-minus" interpolation spaces $\left\langle A_{0},A_{1}\right\rangle _θ$ are defined variously via conditions about the unconditional convergence of certain Banach space valued series whose terms have coefficients which are powers of 2 or, alternatively, powers of $e$. It may seem intuitively obvious that using powers of 2, or of $e$, or powers of some other constant number greater than 1 in such definitions should produce the same space to within equivalence of norms. To allay any doubts, we here offer an explicit proof of this fact, via a "continuous" definition of the same sp…
Let $ X=(X_0,X_1)$ and $ Y=(Y_0,Y_1)$ be Banach couples and suppose $T: X\to Y$ is a linear operator such that $T:X_0\to Y_0$ is compact. We consider the question whether the operator $T:[X_0,X_1]_θ\to [Y_0,Y_1]_θ$ is compact and show a positive answer under a variety of conditions. For example it suffices that $X_0$ be a UMD-space or that $X_0$ is reflexive and there is a Banach space so that $X_0=[W,X_1]_α$ for some $0<α<1.$
This note is an (exact) copy of the report of Jaak Peetre, "Banach Couples. I. Elementary Theory". Published as Technical Report, Lund (1971). Some more recent general references have been added and some references updated though
Let (B_0,B_1) be a Banach pair. Stafney showed that one can replace the space F(B_0,B_1) with its subspace G(B_0,B_1) in the definition of the norm in the Calderon complex interpolation method on the strip if the element belongs to the intersection of the spaces B_i. We shall extend this result to a more general setting, which contains well-known interpolation methods: the Calderon complex interpolation method on the annulus, the Lions-Peetre real method (with several different choices of norms), and the Peetre "plus minus" method.
Let $\vec{X}=(X_0, X_1)$ be a compatible couple of Banach spaces, $ 1\le p \le \infty$ and let $ φ$ be positive quasi-concave function. Denote by $\overline{X}_{φ,p}=(X_0,X_1)_{φ,p}$ the real interpolation spaces defined by S. Janson (1981). We give necessary and sufficient conditions on $ φ_{0}$, $φ_{1}$ and $φ$ for the validity of \begin{equation*} \left(\overline{X}_{φ_{0},1},\overline{X}_{φ_{1},1} \right) _{φ,p}= \left(\overline{X}_{φ_{0},\infty},\overline{X}_{φ_{1},\infty}\right)_{φ,p} \end{equation*} for all $ 1\le p\le \infty$, and all Banach couples $\overline{X}. $
We study the relationship between exact interpolation spaces for positive, linear operators, for order preserving, Lipschitz continuous operators, and for positive Gagliardo-Peetre operators, and exact partially $K$-monotone spaces in interpolation couples of compatible Banach lattices. By general Banach lattice theory we recover a characterisation of exact interpolation spaces for order preserving, Lipschitz continuous operators in the couple $(L^1,L^\infty )$ due to Bénilan and Crandall.
We prove the stability of isomorphisms between Banach spaces generated by interpolation methods introduced by Cwikel-Kalton-Milman-Rochberg which includes, as special cases, the real and complex methods up to equivalence of norms and also the so-called $\pm$ or $G_1$ and $G_2$ methods defined by Peetre and Gustavsson-Peetre. This result is used to show the existence of solution of certain operator analytic equation. A by product of these results is a more general variant of the Albrecht-Müller result which states that the interpolated isomorphisms satisfy uniqueness-of-inverses between interpo…
The behavior of bilinear operators acting on interpolation of Banach spaces for the $ρ$ method in relation to the compactness is analyzed. Similar results of Lions-Peetre, Hayakawa and Person's compactness theorems are obtained for the bilinear case and the $ρ$ method.
In this paper, we show that the interpolation spaces between Grand, small or classical Lebesgue are so called Lorentz-Zygmund spaces or more generally $GΓ$-spaces. As a direct consequence of our results any Lorentz-Zygmund space $L^{a,r}({\rm Log}\, L)^β$, is an interpolation space in the sense of Peetre between either two Grand Lebesgue spaces or between two small spaces provided that $ 1<a<\infty, β\not= 0$. The method consists in computing the so called K-functional of the interpolation space and in identifying the associated norm.
In this article, the authors study the interpolation of Morrey-Campanato spaces and some smoothness spaces based on Morrey spaces, e.\,g., Besov-type and Triebel-Lizorkin-type spaces. Various interpolation methods, including the complex method, the $\pm$-method and the Peetre-Gagliardo method, are studied in such a framework. Special emphasize is given to the quasi-Banach case and to the interpolation property.
We prove a complex interpolation formula for the injective tensor product of vector-valued Banach function spaces satisfying certain geometric assumptions. This result unifies results of Kouba, and moreover, our approach offers an alternate proof of Kouba's interpolation formula for scalar-valued Banach function spaces.
We prove that an interpolation pair of Banach lattices is uniquely determined by the collection of intermediate spaces with the property that these are interpolation spaces for positive operators. A correspondent result for exact interpolation is also presented.
We investigate stability of Fredholm properties on interpolation scales of quasi-Banach spaces. This analysis is motivated by problems arising in PDE's and several applications are presented.
Motivated by recent applications of weighted norm inequalities to maximal regularity of first and second order Cauchy problems, we study real interpolation spaces on the basis of general Banach function spaces and, in particular, weighted rearrangement invariant Banach function spaces. We show equivalence of the trace method and the $K$-method, identify real interpolation spaces between a Banach space and the domain of a sectorial operator, and reprove an extension of Dore's theorem on the boundedness of $H^\infty$-functional calculus to this general setting.
The main aim of this paper is to develop a general approach, which allows to extend the basics of Brudnyi-Kruglyak interpolation theory to the realm of quasi-Banach lattices. We prove that all $K$-monotone quasi-Banach lattices with respect to a $L$-convex quasi-Banach lattice couple have in fact a stronger property of the so-called $K(p,q)$-monotonicity for some $0<q\leq p\leq 1$, which allows us to get their description by the real $K$-method. Moreover, we obtain a refined version of the $K$-divisibility property for Banach lattice couples and then prove an appropriate version of this proper…
We discuss a question which relates to Calderon's complex interpolation method. More precisely, we will consider the so-called "periodic" complex interpolation method, studied by Peetre. (Which also corresponds to the spaces obtained by Calderon's construction using Banach space valued analytic functions, but defined on an annulus instead of the strip used by Calderon.) Cwikel showed that, using functions with a given period iλin the complex method mechanism, one obtains the same interpolation spaces as in the original version of the complex method, up to equivalence of norms. He also showed t…
We give a new proof to show that the complex interpolation for families of Banach spaces is not stable under rearrangement of the given family on the boundary, although, by a result due to Coifman, Cwikel, Rochberg, Sagher and Weiss, it is stable when the latter family takes only 2 values. The non-stability for families taking 3 values was first obtained by Cwikel and Janson. Our method links this problem to the theory of matrix-valued Toeplitz operator and we are able to characterize all the transformations on $\T$ that are invariant for complex interpolation at 0, they are precisely the orig…
We consider linear operators $T$ mapping a couple of weighted $L_p$ spaces $\{L_{p_0}(U_0), L_{p_1}(U_1)\}$ into $\{L_{q_0}(V_0), L_{q_1}(V_1)\}$ for any $1\le p_0$, $ p_1$, $q_0$, $q_1\le\infty$, and describe the interpolation orbit of any $a\in L_{p_0}(U_0)+ L_{p_1}(U_1)$ that is we describe a space of all $\{Ta\}$, where $T$ runs over all linear bounded mappings from $\{L_{p_0}(U_0), L_{p_1}(U_1)\}$ into $\{L_{q_0}(V_0),L_{q_1}(V_1)\}$. We present in this paper the proofs of results which were announced in V.I.Ovchinnikov, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Ser. I 334 (2002) 881--884. We show that inte…
Let (A_0,A_1) and (B_0,B_1) be Banach couples with A_0 contained in A_1 and B_0 contained in B_1. Let T:A_1 --> B_1 be a possibly nonlinear operator which is a compact Lipschitz map of A_j into B_j for j=0,1. It is known that T maps the Lions-Peetre space (A_0,A_1)_θ,q boundedly into (B_0,B_1)_θ,q for each θin (0,1) and each q in [1,\infty), and that this map is also compact if if T is linear. We present examples which show that in general the map T:(A_0,A_1)_θ,q --> (B_0,B_1)_θ,q is not compact.
This paper introduces the novel concept of fractal interpolation over curves in Banach spaces. The contents are based on the usual methodologies involving the fractal interpolation problem over intervals but the current approach considerably extends and generalizes them and paves the way to fractal interpolation over Banach submanifolds.
We study certain interpolation and extension properties of the space of regular operators between two Banach lattices. Let $R_p$ be the space of all the regular (or equivalently order bounded) operators on $L_p$ equipped with the regular norm. We prove the isometric identity $R_p = (R_\infty,R_1)^θ$ if $θ= 1/p$, which shows that the spaces $(R_p)$ form an interpolation scale relative to Calderón's interpolation method. We also prove that if $S\subset L_p$ is a subspace, every regular operator $u : S \to L_p$ admits a regular extension $\tilde u : L_p \to L_p$ with the same regular norm. This e…
If Z is a quotient of a subspace of a separable Banach space X, and V is any separable Banach space, then there is a Banach couple (A_0,A_1) such that A_0 and A_1 are isometric to $X\oplus V$, and any intermediate space obtained using the real or complex interpolation method contains a complemented subspace isomorphic to Z. Thus many properties of Banach spaces, including having non-trivial cotype, having the Radon-Nikodym property, and having the analytic unconditional martingale difference sequence property, do not pass to intermediate spaces.
We characterize the relatively compact subsets of $L^1\left(\| m \| \right),$ the quasi-Banach function space associated to the semivariation of a given vector measure $m$ showing that the strong connection between compactness, uniform absolute continuity, uniform integrability, almost order boundedness and L-weak compactness that appears in the classic setting of Lebesgue spaces remains almost invariant in this new context of the Choquet integration. Also we present a de la Vallée-Poussin type theorem in the context of these spaces $L^1\left(\|m\|\right)$ that allows us to locate each compact…
We show that the Rochberg spaces induced by complex interpolation form themselves complex interpolation scales, obtain the interpolated spaces and associated derivations. We present our results in the context of analytic families of Banach spaces and study the problem of determining the Rochberg spaces induced by these new families.
Let $E$ be a Sidon subset of the integers and suppose $X$ is a Banach space. Then Pisier has shown that $E$-spectral polynomials with values in $X$ behave like Rademacher sums with respect to $L_p-$norms. We consider the situation when $X$ is a quasi-Banach space. For general quasi-Banach spaces we show that a similar result holds if and only if $E$ is a set of interpolation ($I_0$-set). However for certain special classes of quasi-Banach spaces we are able to prove such a result for larger sets. Thus if $X$ is restricted to be ``natural'' then the result holds for all Sidon sets. We also cons…
Constructing or learning a function from a finite number of sampled data points (measurements) is a fundamental problem in science and engineering. This is often formulated as a minimum norm interpolation problem, regularized learning problem or, in general, a semi-discrete inverse problem, in certain functional spaces. The choice of an appropriate space is crucial for solutions of these problems. Motivated by sparse representations of the reconstructed functions such as compressed sensing and sparse learning, much of the recent research interest has been directed to considering these problems…
We prove a general result on the factorization of matrix-valued analytic functions. We deduce that if $(E_0,E_1)$ and $(F_0,F_1)$ are interpolation pairs with dense intersections, then under some conditions on the spaces $E_0$, $E_1$, $F_0$ and $F_1$, we have $$ [E_0\hat\otimes F_0,E_1\hat\otimes F_1]_t= [E_0, E_1]_t\hat\otimes[F_0, F_1]_t, 0 < t< 1.$$ We find also conditions on the spaces $E_0$, $E_1$, $F_0$ and $F_1$, so that the following holds $$ [E_0\wcheck\otimes F_0,E_1\wcheck\otimes F_1]_t= [E_0,E_1]_t\wcheck\otimes [F_0,F_1]_t, 0 <t< 1.$$ Some applications of these results are also co…
We study real interpolation, but instead of interpolating between Banach spaces, we interpolate between general functions taking values in $[0,\infty].$ We show the equivalence of the mean method and the $K$-method and apply the general theory to interpolation between the norm on a Banach space and the set norm associated with an m-accretive operator on such a space.
We prove that an arbitrary Banach couple is uniquely determined by the collection of intermediate spaces that are interpolation spaces for the operators of rank one. From this we deduce a confirmation to the conjecture by Yu. A. Brudnyi and N.Ya. Kruglyak that a Banach couple is uniquely determined by the collection of all its interpolation spaces. Some relevant problems are also analized.
We prove an abstract theorem on keeping the compactness property of a linear operator after interpolation in Banach spaces. No analytical presentation of operators, spaces and interpolation functor is required. We use only some little-known properties of compact sets and various facts about bases and basic sequences (with detailed references to the monograph "Bases in Banach spaces", Vol. I-II by I.M. Singer). Therefore the results are applicable to arbitrary spaces and any interpolation functor, including the complex method. The "two-sided" compactness is also mentioned at the end of this pap…
We consider the Calderón-Lozanovskii construction $φ(X_0,X_1)$ in the context of quasi-Banach lattices and provide an extension of a result by V. I. Ovchinnikov concerning the associated interpolation methods $φ^c$ and $φ^0$. Our approach is based on the interpolation properties of $(\infty,1)$-regular operators between quasi-Banach lattices.
This is the third of a series of papers surveying some small part of the remarkable work of our friend and colleague Nigel Kalton. We have written it as part of a tribute to his memory. It does not contain new results. This time, rather than concentrating on one particular paper, we attempt to give a general overview of Nigel's many contributions to the theory of interpolation of Banach spaces, and also, significantly, quasi-Banach spaces.
We prove an abstract interpolation theorem which interpolates the (r,2)-summing and (s,2)-mixing norm of a fixed operator in the image and the range space. Combined with interpolation formulas for spaces of operators we obtain as an application the original Bennett-Carl inequalities for identities acting between Minkowski spaces l_u as well as their analogues for Schatten classes S_u. Furthermore, our techniques motivate a study of Bennett-Carl inequalities within a more general setting of symmetric Banach sequence spaces and unitary ideals.
The main result of this paper establishes that the known Arazy-Cwikel property holds for classes of uniformly K-monotone spaces in the quasi-Banach setting provided that the initial couple is mutually closed. As a consequence, we get that the class of all quasi-Banach K-spaces (i.e., interpolation spaces which are described by the real K-method) with respect to an arbitrary mutually closed Banach couple enjoys the Arazy-Cwikel property. Another consequence complements some previous results by Bykov and Ovchinnikov, showing that this property holds also for the class of all interpolation quasi-…
We present a unified approach to the processes of inversion and duality for quasilinear and $1$-quasilinear maps; in particular, for centralizers and differentials generated by interpolation methods.
A number of Calderón-Mityagin couples and relative Calderón-Mityagin pairs are identified among Banach function spaces defined in terms of the least decreasing majorant construction on the half line. The interpolation structure of such spaces is shown to closely parallel that of the rearrangement invariant spaces, and it is proved that a couple of these spaces is a Calderón-Mityagin couple if and only if the corresponding couple of rearrangement invariant spaces is a Calderón-Mityagin couple. Consequently, the class of all interpolation spaces for any couple of spaces of this type admits a com…
This paper deals with extensions or twisted sums of Banach spaces that come induced by complex interpolation and the relation between the type and cotype of the spaces in the interpolation scale and the nontriviality and singularity of the induced extension. The results are presented in the context of interpolation of families of Banach spaces, and are applied to the study of submodules of Schatten classes. We also obtain nontrivial extensions of spaces without the CAP which also fail the CAP.
Let $(X, Y)$ be a suitable couple of quasi-Banach lattices of measurable functions on $\mathbb T \times Ω$, and let $(X_A, Y_A)$ be the couple of the corresponding Hardy-type spaces. It has long been suspected that the BMO-regularity property of $(X, Y)$ is not only sufficient for the $\mathrm K$-closedness of $(X_A, Y_A)$ in $(X, Y)$ but also necessary. We establish the equivalence of these two properties for a general couple of Banach lattices having the Fatou property when $Ω$ is a discrete measurable space, and also for couples $(X, Y)$ where $X$ is allowed to be quasi-Banach but $Y$ is as…
We investigate rich subspaces of $L_1$ and deduce an interpolation property of Sidon sets. We also present examples of rich separable subspaces of nonseparable Banach spaces and we study the Daugavet property of tensor products.
We obtain new oscillation inequalities in metric spaces in terms of the Peetre $K-$functional and the isoperimetric profile. Applications provided include a detailed study of Fractional Sobolev inequalities and the Morrey-Sobolev embedding theorems in different contexts. In particular we include a detailed study of Gaussian measures as well as probablity measures between Gaussian and exponential. We show a kind of reverse Polya-Szego principle that allows us to obtain continuity as a self improvement from boundedness, using symetrization inequalities. Our methods also allow for precise estimat…
Let G be a discrete group. Suppose that the reduced group C*-algebra of G is simple. We use results of Kalantar-Kennedy and Haagerup, and Banach space interpolation, to prove that, for p in (1,infinity), the reduced group L^p operator algebra F^p_r(G) and its *-analog B^{p,*}_r(G) are simple. If G is countable, we prove that the Banach algebras generated by the left regular representations on reflexive Orlicz sequence spaces and certain Lorentz sequence spaces are also simple. We prove analogous results with simplicity replaced by the unique trace property. For use in the Orlicz sequence space…
We study the stability of the differential process of Rochberg and Weiss associated to an analytic family of Banach spaces obtained using the complex interpolation method for families. In the context of Köthe function spaces we complete earlier results of Kalton (who showed that there is global bounded stability for pairs of Köthe spaces) by showing that there is global (bounded) stability for families of up to three Köthe spaces distributed in arcs on the unit sphere while there is no (bounded) stability for families of four or more Köthe spaces. In the context or arbitrary pairs of Banach sp…
A Banach lattice E is called p-disjointly homogeneous, 1< p< infty, when every sequence of pairwise disjoint normalized elements in E has a subsequence equivalent to the unit vector basis of l_p. Employing methods from interpolation theory, we clarify which rearrangement invariant (r.i.) spaces on [0,1] are p-disjointly homogeneous. In particular, for every 1<p< infty and any increasing concave function f on [0,1], which is not equivalent neither 1 nor t, there exists a p-disjointly homogeneous r.i. space with the fundamental function f. Moreover, in the class of all interpolation r.i. spaces …
Interpolation Theory gives techniques for constructing spaces from two initial Banach spaces. We provide several conditions under which the restriction of a holomorphic map $f:X_0+X_1 \rightarrow Y_0+Y_1$ to the interpolated spaces (using some specific interpolation methods), where $f_{|X_0}:X_0 \rightarrow Y_0$ is compact, is also compact and holomorphic.
Let (A_0,A_1) be a compatible couple of Banach spaces in the interpolation theory sense. We give a formula for the K_t-functional of the interpolation couples (l_1(A_0),c_0(A_1)) or (l_1(A_0),l_infinity(A_1)) and (L_1(A_0),L_infinity(A_1)).
In this paper, equivalence between interpolation properties of linear operators and monotonicity conditions are studied, for a pair $(X_0,X_1)$ of rearrangement invariant quasi Banach spaces, when the extreme spaces of the interpolation are $L^\infty$ and a pair $(A_0,A_1)$ under some assumptions. Weak and restricted weak intermediate spaces fall in our context. Applications to classical Lorentz and Lorentz-Orlicz spaces are given.
