Peter A. Linnell
This paper will briefly survey some recent methods of localization in group rings, which work in more general contexts than the classical Ore localization. In particular the Cohn localization using matrices will be described, but other methods will also be considered.
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A proper ideal $P$ of a commutative ring with identity is an almost prime ideal if $ab \in P{\setminus}P^2$ implies $a \in P$ or $b \in P$. In this paper we define almost prime ideals of a noncommutative ring, and provide some equivalent definitions. We also examine some cases such that all right ideals of a noncommutative ring are almost prime right ideals.
In this paper we introduce prime fuzzy ideals over a noncommutative ring. This notion of primeness is equivalent to level cuts being crisp prime ideals. It also generalizes the one provided by Kumbhojkar and Bapat in [Not-so-fuzzy fuzzy ideals, Fuzzy Sets and Systems 37 (1990), 237--243], which lacks this equivalence in a noncommutative setting. Semiprime fuzzy ideals over a noncommutative ring are also defined and characterized as intersection of primes. This allows us to introduce the fuzzy prime radical and contribute to establish the basis of a Fuzzy Noncommutative Ring Theory.
We find particular relations which we call "Bernoulli-type" in some noncommutative polynomial ring with a single nontrivial relation. More precisely, our ring is isomorphic to the universal enveloping algebra of a two-dimensional non-abelian Lie algebra. From these Bernoulli-type relations in our ring, we can obtain a representation on a certain left ideal with the Bernoulli numbers as structure constants.
We present two noncommutative algebras over a field of characteristic zero that each posses a family of actions by cyclic groups of order $2n$, represented in $n \times n$ matrices, requiring generators of degree $3n$.
We study some properties of graded idealizer rings with an emphasis on applications to the theory of noncommutative projective geometry. In particular we give examples of rings for which the $χ$-conditions of Artin and Zhang and the strong noetherian property have very different behavior on the left and right sides.
In this work, it is proposed a method for computing Noncommutative Gröbner bases over a valuation nœtherian ring. We have generalized the fundamental theorem on normal forms over an arbitrary ring. The classical method of dynamical commutative Gröbner bases is generalized for Buchberger's algorithm over $R=\mathcal{V}<x_1,...,x_m>$ a free associative algebra with non-commuting variables, where $\mathcal{V}=\mathbb{Z}/n\mathbb{Z}$ or $\mathcal{V}=\mathbb{Z}$. The process proposed, generalizes previous known technics for the computation of Commutative Gröbner bases over a valuation nœtherian rin…
Recently is has been proved that if $σ\in GL_n(R)$ where $R$ is an commutative ring and $n\geq 3$, then each of the elementary transvections $t_{kl}(σ_{ij})~(i\neq j,k\neq l)$ is a product of eight $E_n(R)$-conjugates of $σ$ and $σ^{-1}$. In this article we show that similar results hold true if $R$ is a (noncommutative) von Neumann regular ring, or a Banach algebra, or a ring satisfying a stable range condition, or a ring with Euclidean algorithm, or an almost commutative ring.
On minimal noncommutative rings
本文研究极小非交换环，将有限情形的这类环分为三类并完成前两类刻画，给出第三类的有限生成过程，还将问题转化为交换代数问题，指出无限极小非交换环若存在则为反例。
S-J-Ideals: A Study in Commutative and Noncommutative Rings
本文在交换环与非交换环中引入S-J-ideal概念，证明其继承了J-ideal的诸多性质，探讨了其在多种环构造中的特性，并在非交换环中定义右S-J-ideal，证明二者在含幺交换环中等价。
On noncommutative bounded factorization domains and prime rings
本文研究了非交换有界因子化领域，给出了非交换诺特素环的充分条件，并构造了一个不满足ACCP的原子域例子。
We survey results on factorizations of non zero-divisors into atoms (irreducible elements) in noncommutative rings. The point of view in this survey is motivated by the commutative theory of non-unique factorizations. Topics covered include unique factorization up to order and similarity, 2-firs, and modular LCM domains, as well as UFRs and UFDs in the sense of Chatters and Jordan and generalizations thereof. We recall arithmetical invariants for the study of non-unique factorizations, and give transfer results for arithmetical invariants in matrix rings, rings of triangular matrices, and clas…
Given a noncommutative (Cohn) localization $A \to σ^{-1}A$ which is injective and stably flat we obtain a lifting theorem for induced f.g. projective $σ^{-1}A$-module chain complexes and localization exact sequences in algebraic $L$-theory, matching the algebraic $K$-theory localization exact sequence of Neeman and Ranicki.
The following dichotomy is established: A finitely generated, complex Dedekind domain that is not commutative is simple. Weaker versions of this dichotomy are proved for Dedekind prime rings and hereditary noetherian prime rings.
Completely prime right ideals are introduced as a one-sided generalization of the concept of a prime ideal in a commutative ring. Some of their basic properties are investigated, pointing out both similarities and differences between these right ideals and their commutative counterparts. We prove the Completely Prime Ideal Principle, a theorem stating that right ideals that are maximal in a specific sense must be completely prime. We offer a number of applications of the Completely Prime Ideal Principle arising from many diverse concepts in rings and modules. These applications show how comple…
Let R be an associative ring.In the paper we study n-generalized commutators of rings and prove that if R is a noncommutative prime ring and n > 2, then every nonzero n-generalized Lie ideal of R contains a nonzero ideal. Therefore, if R is a noncommutative simple ring, then R = [R, . . . ,R]n. This extends a classical result due to Herstein (Portugal. Math., 1954). Some generalizations and related questions on n-generalized commutators and their relationship with noncommutative polynomials are also discussed.
A survey of the applications of the noncommutative Cohn localization of rings to the topology of manifolds with infinite fundamental group, with particular emphasis on the algebraic K- and L-theory of generalized free products.
Noncommutative coding theory and algebraic sets for skew PBW extensions
本文综述了单个Ore扩张在非交换编码理论中的代数工具与性质，并创新性地将代数集研究拓展到斜PBW扩张这一更广泛的非交换多项式环类。
In the past 15 years a study of ``noncommutative projective geometry'' has flourished. By using and generalizing techniques of commutative projective geometry, one can study certain noncommutative graded rings and obtain results for which no purely algebraic proof is known. For instance, noncommutative graded domains of quadratic growth, or ``noncommutative curves,'' have now been classified by geometric data and these rings must be noetherian. Rings of cubic growth, or ``noncommutative surfaces,'' are not yet classified, but a rich theory is currently forming. In this survey, we describe some…
Several generalizations of a commutative ring that is a graded complete intersection are proposed for a noncommutative graded $k$-algebra; these notions are justified by examples from noncommutative invariant theory.
Compressed zero-divisor graphs of noncommutative rings
本研究将压缩零因子图概念推广至非交换环，构造保积函子，刻画有限域上矩阵环对应图的性质与自同构，证明满足条件的环同构可由其压缩零因子图同构推导。
Classic work of Pierce and Dauns-Hofmann shows that biregular rings are dual to simple ring bundles over Stone spaces. We extend this duality to Steinberg rings, a purely algebraic generalisation of Steinberg algebras, and ringoid bundles over ample groupoids. We base this largely on an even more general extension of Lawson's noncommutative Stone duality, specifically between Steinberg semigroups, a generalisation of Boolean inverse semigroups, and category bundles over ample groupoids.
Let K,S,D be a division ring, an endomorphism and a S-derivation of K, respectively. In this setting we introduce generalized noncommutative symmetric functions and obtain Vieta formula and decompositions of differential operators. W-polynomials show up naturally, their connections with P-independency, Vandermonde and Wronskian matrices are briefly studied. The different linear factorizations of W-polynomials are analysed. Connections between the existence of LLCM of monic linear polynomials with coefficients in a ring and the left duo property are established at the end of the paper.
Elementary divisor rings with Dubrovin-Komarnytsky property
本文引入具有DK性质的非交换环，重点研究稳定秩为1的初等因子环，构建约化矩阵理论，并构造出新的非交换初等因子环族。
The aim of these notes is to collect and motivate the basic localization toolbox for the geometric study of ``spaces'', locally described by noncommutative rings and their categories of one-sided modules. We present the basics of Ore localization of rings and modules in much detail. Common practical techniques are studied as well. We also describe a counterexample for a folklore test principle. Localization in negatively filtered rings arising in deformation theory is presented. A new notion of the differential Ore condition is introduced in the study of localization of differential calculi. T…
Jordan homomorphisms of triangular algebras over noncommutative algebras
本文将Benkovič关于交换环上三角矩阵代数Jordan同态的刻画推广到非交换环，并去除加法挠假设，证明了T_n(R)的Jordan同态限制在子代数T_n^0(R)上必为标准形式。
For a finite ring $R$, not necessarily commutative, we prove that the category of $\text{VIC}(R)$-modules over a left Noetherian ring $\mathbf{k}$ is locally Noetherian, generalizing a theorem of the authors that dealt with commutative $R$. As an application, we prove a very general twisted homology stability for $\text{GL}_n(R)$ with $R$ a finite noncommutative ring.
For any Lie algebra L over a field, its universal enveloping algebra U(L) can be embedded in a division ring D(L) constructed by Lichtman. If U(L) is an Ore domain, D(L) coincides with its ring of fractions. It is well known that the principal involution of L, $x\mapsto -x$, can be extended to an involution of U(L), and Cimpric has proved that this involution can be extended to one on D(L). For a large class of noncommutative Lie algebras L over a field of characteristic zero, we show that D(L) contains noncommutative free algebras generated by symmetric elements with respect to (the extension…
The notion of a glider representation of a chain of normal subgroups of a group is defined by a new structure, i.e. a fragment for a suitable filtration on the group ring. This is a special case of general glider representations defined for a positively filtered ring $R$ with filtration $FR$ and subring $S = F_0R$. Nice examples appear for chains of groups, chains of Lie algebras, rings of differential operators on some variety or $V$-gliders for $W$ for algebraic varieties $V$ and $W$. This paper aims to develop a scheme theory for glider representations via the localizations of filtered modu…
We call a graded connected algebra $R$ effectively coherent, if for every linear equation over $R$ with homogeneous coefficients of degrees at most $d$, the degrees of generators of its module of solutions are bounded by some function $D(d)$. For commutative polynomial rings, this property has been established by Hermann in 1926. We establish the same property for several classes of noncommutative algebras, including the most common class of rings in noncommutative projective geometry, that is, strongly Noetherian rings, which includes Noetherian PI algebras and Sklyanin algebras. We extensive…
The noncommutative (Cohn) localization S^{-1}R of a ring R is defined for any collection S of morphisms of f.g. projective left R-modules. We exhibit S^{-1}R as the endomorphism ring of R in an appropriate triangulated category. We use this expression to prove that if S^{-1}R is "stably flat over R" (meaning that Tor^R_i(S^{-1}R,S^{-1}R)=0 for i>0) then every bounded f.g. projective S^{-1}R-module chain complex D with [D] \in im(K_0(R)-->K_0(S^{-1}R)) is chain equivalent to S^{-1}C for a bounded f.g. projective R-module chain complex C, and that there is a localization exact sequence in higher…
In this paper, our objects of interest are Hopf Galois extensions (e.g., Hopf algebras, Galois field extensions, strongly graded algebras, crossed products, principal bundles, etc.) and families of noncommutative rings (e.g., skew polynomial rings, PBW extensions and skew PBW extensions, etc.). We collect and systematize questions, problems, properties and recent advances in both theories by explicitly developing examples and doing calculations that are usually omitted in the literature. In particular, for Hopf Galois extensions we consider approaches from the point of view of quantum torsors …
Given a block triangular matrix $M$ over a noncommutative ring with invertible diagonal blocks, this work gives two new representations of its inverse $M^{-1}$. Each block element of $M^{-1}$ is explicitly expressed via a quasideterminant of a submatrix of $M$ with the block Hessenberg type. Accordingly another representation for each inverse block is attained, which is in terms of recurrence relationship with multiple terms among blocks of $M^{-1}$. The latter result allows us to perform an off-diagonal rectangular perturbation analysis for the inverse calculation of $M$. An example is given …
In this survey article we describe some geometric results in the theory of noncommutative rings and, more generally, in the theory of abelian categories. Roughly speaking and by analogy with the commutative situation, the category of graded modules modulo torsion over a noncommutative graded ring of quadratic, respectively cubic growth should be thought of as the noncommutative analogue of a projective curve, respectively surface. This intuition has lead to a remarkable number of nontrivial insights and results in noncommutative algebra. Indeed, the problem of classifying noncommutative curves…
This article sets out to understand the categories $\QGr A$ where $A$ is either a monomial algebra or a path algebra of finite Gelfand-Kirillov dimension. The principle questions are: 1) What is the structure of the point modules up to isomorphism in $\QGr A$? 2) When is $\QGr A \equiv \QGr A'$? These two questions turn out to be intimately related. It is shown that up to isomorphism in $\QGr A$, there are only finitely many point modules and these give all the simple objects in the category. Then, a finite quiver $E_A$, which can be constructed from the algebra $A$ rather simply, is associate…
Generalizations of almost prime and right $S$-prime ideals in noncommutative rings
本文在非交换环中推广了几乎素理想概念，引入了几乎右 $S$-素理想，并利用 Nagata 理想化方法研究其在相关环中的性质与构造。
We set up a left ring of fractions over a certain ring of boundary problems for linear ordinary differential equations. The fraction ring acts naturally on a new module of generalized functions. The latter includes an isomorphic copy of the differential algebra underlying the given ring of boundary problems. Our methodology employs noncommutative localization in the theory of integro-differential algebras and operators. The resulting structure allows to build a symbolic calculus in the style of Heaviside and Mikusinski, but with the added benefit of incorporating boundary conditions where the …
Let R be a noetherian ring which is a finite module over its centre Z(R). This paper studies the consequences for R of the hypothesis that it is a maximal Cohen Macaulay Z(R)-module. Old results are reviewed and a number of new results are proved. The additional hypothesis of homological grade symmetry is proposed as the appropriate extra lever needed to extend the classical commutative homological hierarchy to this setting, and results are given offering evidence in support of this proposal.
Let A be a commutative ring, and let \a = \frak{a} be a finitely generated ideal in it. It is known that a necessary and sufficient condition for the derived \a-torsion and \a-adic completion functors to be nicely behaved is the weak proregularity of \a. In particular, the MGM Equivalence holds. Because weak proregularity is defined in terms of elements of the ring (specifically, it involves limits of Koszul complexes), it is not suitable for noncommutative ring theory. In this paper we introduce a new condition on a torsion class T in a module category: weak stability. Our first main theorem …
We present a new approach to noncommutative real algebraic geometry based on the representation theory of $C^\ast$-algebras. An important result in commutative real algebraic geometry is Jacobi's representation theorem for archimedean quadratic modules on commutative rings, \cite[Theorem 5]{jacobi}. We show that this theorem is a consequence of the Gelfand-Naimark representation theorem for commutative $C^\ast$-algebras. A noncommutative version of Gelfand-Naimark theory was studied by I. Fujimoto. We use his results to generalize Jacobi's theorem to associative rings with involution.
The first Weyl algebra over $k$, $A_1 = k \langle x, y\rangle/(xy-yx - 1)$ admits a natural $\mathbb{Z}$-grading by letting $\operatorname{deg} x = 1$ and $\operatorname{deg} y = -1$. Paul Smith showed that $\operatorname{gr}- A_1$ is equivalent to the category of quasicoherent sheaves on a certain quotient stack. Using autoequivalences of $\operatorname{gr}- A_1$, Smith constructed a commutative ring $C$, graded by finite subsets of the integers. He then showed $\operatorname{gr}- A_1 \equiv \operatorname{gr}- (C, \mathbb{Z}_{\mathrm{fin}})$. In this paper, we generalize results of Smith by u…
$\mathrm{SL}_2$-like Properties of Matrices Over Noncommutative Rings and Generalizations of Markov Numbers
本文研究带反对合非交换环上的 $2\times2$ 矩阵，定义迹与行列式并推广 $\mathrm{SL}_2$ 关系，进而构造量子化矩阵群与 Hopf 代数，并给出非交换 Markov 数。
When $A = \mathbb{k}[x_1, \ldots, x_n]$ and $G$ is a small subgroup of $\operatorname{GL}_n(\mathbb{k})$, Auslander's Theorem says that the skew group algebra $A \# G$ is isomorphic to $\operatorname{End}_{A^G}(A)$ as graded algebras. We prove a generalization of Auslander's Theorem for permutation actions on $(-1)$-skew polynomial rings, $(-1)$-quantum Weyl algebras, three-dimensional Sklyanin algebras, and a certain graded down-up algebra. We also show that certain fixed rings $A^G$ are graded isolated singularities in the sense of Ueyama.
One of the major open problems in noncommutative algebraic geometry is the classification of noncommutative projective surfaces (or, slightly more generally, of noetherian connected graded domains of Gelfand-Kirillov dimension 3). Earlier work of the authors classified the connected graded noetherian subalgebras of Sklyanin algebras using a noncommutative analogue of blowing up. In order to understand other algebras birational to a Sklyanin algebra, one also needs a notion of blowing down. This is achieved in this paper, where we give a noncommutative analogue of Castelnuovo's classic theorem …
We analyze the perturbation series for noncommutative eigenvalue problem $AX=Xλ$ where $λ$ is an element of a noncommutative ring, $ A$ is a matrix and $X$ is a column vector with entries from this ring. As a corollary we obtain a theorem about the structure of perturbation series for Tr $x^r$ where $x$ is a solution of noncommutative algebraic equation (for $r=1$ this theorem was proved by Aschieri, Brace, Morariu, and Zumino, hep-th/0003228, and used to study Born-Infeld lagrangian for the gauge group $U(1)^k$).
We prove that if a positively-graded ring $R$ is Gorenstein and the associated torsion functor has finite cohomological dimension, then the corresponding noncommutative projective scheme ${\rm Tails}(R)$ is a Gorenstein category in the sense of \cite{EEG}. Moreover, under this condition, a (right) recollement relating Gorenstein-injective sheaves in ${\rm Tails}(R)$ and (graded) Gorenstein-injective $R$-modules is given.
Residue complexes were introduced by Grothendieck in algebraic geometry. These are canonical complexes of injective modules that enjoy remarkable functorial properties (traces). In this paper we study residue complexes over noncommutative rings. These objects are even more complicated than in the commutative case, since they are complexes of bimodules. We develop methods to prove uniqueness, existence and functoriality of residue complexes. For a noetherian affine PI algebra over a field (admitting a noetherian connected filtration) we prove existence of the residue complex and describe its st…
We apply the filtered and graded methods developed in earlier works to find (noncommutative) free group algebras in division rings. If $L$ is a Lie algebra, we denote by $U(L)$ its universal enveloping algebra. P. M. Cohn constructed a division ring $\mathfrak{D}_L$ that contains $U(L)$. We denote by $\mathfrak{D}(L)$ the division subring of $\mathfrak{D}_L$ generated by $U(L)$. Let $k$ be a field of characteristic zero and $L$ be a nonabelian Lie $k$-algebra. If either $L$ is residually nilpotent or $U(L)$ is an Ore domain, we show that $\mathfrak{D}(L)$ contains (noncommutative) free group a…
General theory of localizations of rings and modules
本文旨在建立环与模的局部化/反演的最一般理论，引入并研究了若干新概念。
The twisted homogeneous coordinate ring is one of the basic constructions of the noncommutative projective geometry of Artin, Van den Bergh, and others. Chan generalized this construction to the multi-homogeneous case, using a concept of right ampleness for a finite collection of invertible sheaves and automorphisms of a projective scheme. From this he derives that certain multi-homogeneous rings, such as tensor products of twisted homogeneous coordinate rings, are right noetherian. We show that right and left ampleness are equivalent and that there is a simple criterion for such ampleness. Th…
One of the major open problems in noncommutative algebraic geometry is the classification of noncommutative projective surfaces (or, slightly more generally, of noetherian connected graded domains of Gelfand-Kirillov dimension 3). In a companion paper the authors described a noncommutative version of blowing down and, for example, gave a noncommutative analogue of Castelnuovo's classic theorem that lines of self-intersection (-1) on a smooth surface can be contracted. In this paper we will use these techniques to construct explicit birational transformations between various noncommutative surf…
It is proved that the localization of an injective module E, over a valuation ring R, at a prime ideal J, is injective if J is not the subset of zero-divisors of R or if J or E is flat. It follows that localizations of injective modules over h-local Prüfer domains are injective too.
Let $\mathbb{K}$ be an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero and $R=\mathbb{K}[x_1,x_2,...x_n]$ the polynomial ring in $n$ variables over $\mathbb K.$ We study bases of the free $R$-module $W_n(\mathbb{K})$ of all $\mathbb{K}$-derivations of the ring $R$, such that their linear span over $\mathbb K$ is a subalgebra of the Lie algebra $W_n(\mathbb{K})$. We proved that for any Lie algebra $L$ of dimension $n$ over $\mathbb{K}$ there exists a subalgebra $\bar{L}$ of $W_n(\mathbb{K})$ which is isomorphic to $L$ and such that every $\mathbb{K}$-basis of $\bar L$ is an $R$-basis of the $…
It is proved that localizations of injective $R$-modules of finite Goldie dimension are injective if $R$ is an arithmetical ring satisfying the following condition: for every maximal ideal $P$, $R_P$ is either coherent or not semicoherent. If, in addition, each finitely generated $R$-module has finite Goldie dimension, then localizations of finitely injective $R$-modules are finitely injective too. Moreover, if $R$ is a Prüfer domain of finite character, localizations of injective $R$-modules are injective.
We show that there exist noncommutative Ore extensions in which every right ideal is two-sided. This answers a problem posed by Marks in Duo Rings and Ore extensions, J.Algebra 280(2), (2004). We also provide an easy construction of one sided duo rings.
Any functor from the category of C*-algebras to the category of locales that assigns to each commutative C*-algebra its Gelfand spectrum must be trivial on algebras of nxn-matrices for n at least 3. The same obstruction applies to the Zariski, Stone, and Pierce spectra. The possibility of spectra in categories other than that of locales is briefly discussed.
If R is a triangular 2x2 matrix ring, the columns, P and Q, are projective left R-modules. We describe the universal localization of R which makes invertible an R-module morphism P --> Q, generalizing a theorem of A.Schofield. We also describe the universal localization of R-modules.
In this paper we study contravariant functors from the category of rings to the category of sets whose restriction to the full subcategory of commutative rings is isomorphic to the prime spectrum functor Spec. The main result reveals a common characteristic of these functors: every such functor assigns the empty set to M_n(C) for n >= 3. The proof relies, in part, on the Kochen-Specker Theorem of quantum mechanics. The analogous result for noncommutative extensions of the Gelfand spectrum functor for C*-algebras is also proved.
It is proved that localizations of injective $R$-modules of finite Goldie dimension are injective if $R$ is an arithmetical ring satisfying the following condition: for every maximal ideal $P$, $R_P$ is either coherent or not semicoherent. If, in addition, each finitely generated $R$-module has finite Goldie dimension, then localizations of finitely injective $R$-modules are finitely injective too. Moreover, if $R$ is a Prüfer domain of finite character, localizations of injective $R$-modules are injective.
The concepts of localizable set, localization of a ring and a module at a localizable set are introduced and studied. Localizable sets are generalization of Ore sets and denominator sets, and the localization of a ring/module at a localizable set is a generalization of localization of a ring/module at a denominator set. For a semiprime left Goldie ring, it is proven that the set of maximal left localizable sets that contain all regular elements is equal to the set of maximal left denominator sets (and they are explicitly described). For a semiprime Goldie ring, it is proven that the following …
We extend our previous study of Markov chains on finite commutative rings (arXiv:1605.05089) to arbitrary finite rings with identity. At each step, we either add or multiply by a randomly chosen element of the ring, where the addition (resp. multiplication) distribution is uniform (resp. conjugacy invariant). We prove explicit formulas for some of the eigenvalues of the transition matrix and give lower bounds on their multiplicities. We also give recursive formulas for the stationary distribution and prove that the mixing time is bounded by an absolute constant. For the matrix rings $M_2(\math…
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