After certain subsets of Natural numbers called Range and Row are defined, we assume (1) there is a function that can produce prime numbers and (2) each even number greater than 2, like A, can be represented as the sum of n prime numbers. We show this by DC(A)less than or equal to n. Each Row is similar to each other in properties,(so is each Range). It is proven that in an arbitrary Row for any even number greater than 2, DC(A)=2, that is to say, each prime number greater than two is the sum of two prime numbers. So Goldbach's conjecture is proved.
According to the similarity theorem on the distributions of the effective prime factors and by using two-part method, Goldbach theorem and, consequently, Goldbach conjecture was proved.
By creating a new method, the author proved the well-known world's baffling problems Goldbach conjecture, twin primes conjecture, the Proposition (C) and the Proposition $n^2+1$.
In this paper we propose an alternative formulation of the binary and ternary Goldbach conjectures as the systems of equations involving the Euler $ϕ$-function.
It is shown that if every odd integer $n > 5$ is the sum of three primes, then every even integer $n > 2$ is the sum of two primes. A conditional proof of Goldbach's conjecture, based on Cramér's conjecture, is presented. Theoretical and experimental results available on Goldbach's conjecture allow that a less restrictive conjecture than Cramér's conjecture be used in the conditional proof. A basic result of the Maier's paper on Cramér's model is criticized.
Let $p_{1}$, ..., $p_{k}$ be the first $k$ odd primes in succession. Let $n$ be an even integer such that $n > p_{k}$. We conjecture that if none of $n - p_{1}$, ..., $n - p_{k}$ are prime, then at least one of them has a prime factor which is greater than or equal to $p_{k}$. In this brief note, we observe that Goldbach's conjecture follows from this conjecture.
In this paper we introduce a simple method of searching for the prime pairs in the famous Goldbach Conjecture. The method, which is based on certain integer identities as well as an observation related to the remainder property, enables us to cut the search length by half and therefore can be considered as a short cut in searching for the prime pairs in the Goldbach Conjecture.
The problem of the least prime number in an arithmetic progression is one of the most important topics in Number Theory. In [11], we are the first to study the relations between this problem and Goldbach's conjecture. In this paper, we further consider its applications to Goldbach's conjecture and refine the result in [11]. Moreover, we also try to generalize the problem of the least prime number in an arithmetic progression and give an analogy of Goldbach's conjecture.
Using the concepts of Hyperbolic Classification of Natural Numbers, Essential Regions and Goldbach Conjecture Function we prove that the existence of a proof of the Goldbach Conjecture in First-Order Arithmetic would imply the existence of another proof in a certain extension that would not be valid in all states of time associated to natural numbers created by means of adequate dynamic processes.
The Goldbach conjecture that, every even integer is the sum of two primes, has been open since 1742. This paper details a road map to a proof of Goldbachs conjecture based on a function that estimates the number of Goldbach pairs. It is shown that the estimate of the number of Goldbach pairs increases as the even integer increases and that the error term is small. Further detailing the functions, assumptions and error term may finally lead to a proof of Goldbachs conjecture.
In this Note, we try to study the relations between the Goldbach Conjecture and the least prime number in an arithmetic progression. We give a new weakened form of the Goldbach Conjecture. We prove that this weakened form and a weakened form of the Chowla Hypothesis imply that every sufficiently large even integer may be written as the sum of two distinct primes. Résumé La conjecture de Goldbach et le plus petit nombre premier dans une progression arithmétique Dans ce document, nous essayons d'étudier les relations entre la conjecture de Goldbach et le plus petit nombre premier dans une progre…
We answer the question positively. In fact, we believe to have proved that every even integer $2N\geq3\times10^{6}$ is the sum of two odd distinct primes. Numerical calculations extend this result for $2N$ in the range $8-3\times10^{6}$. So, a fortiori, it is shown that every even integer $2N>2$ is the sum of two primes (Goldbach conjecture). Of course, we would be grateful for comments and objections.
In the present work we demonstrate that the so called Goldbach conjecture from 1742, All positive even numbers greater than two can be expressed as a sum of two primes, due to Leonhard Euler, is a true statement. This result is partially based on the Wilson theorem, and complementary on our reasoning to cast the problem into a diophantine equation. The latter is the master equation for the conjectures proof.
In this paper I introduce a model which allows one to prove Goldbachs hypothesis. The model is produced by studying Goldbach partitions as displayed by an inverted mirror image of all the primes up to some even number equal to the last prime plus three. The bottom half of the model is then moved to the right in steps of two which exhibit the Goldbach partitions for the next even number. As long as the model contains all the primes up to the resulting even number minus three, then Goldbachs hypothesis can be proven if it can be shown that each move must produce a Goldbach partition until one re…
In this work we use the number classification in families of the form 6n+1, and 6n+5 with n integer (Such families contain all odd prime numbers greater than 3 and other compound numbers related with primes). We will use this kind of classification in order to attempt an approach to Goldbach strong conjecture. By means of a geometric method of binary bands of numbers we conceive a new form of study of the stated problem.
I define Goldbach counting function with N > 0 and square-free P > 0. Decomposition of this function is discovered and deduction formula is found. I propose a hypothesis on upper bound of Goldbach counting function and prove that Goldbach conjecture is true under this hypothesis. Also, I propose a second hypothesis on upper bound of Goldbach counting function and prove that the twin prime conjecture is true under this hypothesis
This paper presents some considerations about the Goldbach's conjecture (GC). The work is based on elementary results of the number theory and it provides a constructive method that permits, given an even integer, to find at least a pair of prime numbers according to the GC. Eventually a correlation will be provided between this constructive method and a class of problems of operations research.
In this paper we use the connected sum operation on knots to show that there is a one-to-one relation between knots and numbers. In this relation prime knots are bijectively assigned with prime numbers such that the prime number 2 corresponds to the trefoil knot. From this relation we have a classification table of knots where knots are one-to-one assigned with numbers. Further this assignment for the $n$th induction step of the number $2^n$ is determined by this assignment for the previous $n-1$ steps. From this induction of assigning knots with numbers we can solve some problems in number th…
The Strong Goldbach conjecture dates back to 1742. It states that every even integer greater than four can be written as the sum of two prime numbers. Since then, no one has been able to prove the conjecture. The only best known result so far is that every sufficiently large even integer N can be written as the sum of a prime number and the product of at most two prime numbers. Additionally, the conjecture has been verified to be true for all even integers up to 4.10^18. In this paper, we prove that the conjecture is true for all even integers greater than 362.
In the basic general frame of the Langlands global program, a local p-adic elliptic semimodule corresponding to a local (left) cuspidal form is constructed from its global equivalent covered by p-th roots. In the same context, global and local bilinear deformations of Galois representations inducing the invariance of their respective residue fields are introduced as well as global and local bilinear quantum deformations leaving invariant the orders of the inertia subgroups. More particularly, the inverse quantum deformation of a closed curve responsible for its splitting directly leads to the …
This article is a survey based on our earlier paper ("The 'Vertical' Generalization of the Binary Goldbach's Conjecture as Applied on 'Iterative' Primes with (Recursive) Prime Indexes (i-primeths)" [11]), a paper in which we have proposed a new generalization of the binary/"strong" Goldbach's Conjecture (GC) briefly called "the Vertical Goldbach's Conjecture" (VGC), which is essentially a meta-conjecture, as VGC states an in finite number of Goldbach-like conjectures stronger than GC, which all apply on "iterative" primes with recursive prime indexes (named "i-primes"). VGC was discovered by t…
We approach a new proof of the strong Goldbach's conjecture for sufficiently large even integers by applying the Dirichlet's series. Using the Perron formula and the Residue Theorem in complex variable integration, one could show that any large even integer is demonstrated as a sum of two primes. In this paper,the Riemann Hypothesis is assumed to be true in throughout the paper. A novel function is defined on the natural numbers set.This function is a typical sieve function.Then based on this function,several new functions are represented and using the Prime Number Theorem,Sabihi's theorem, an…
In this article we study in depth the Dirichlet theorem, which states that if a, b are relative prime integers, the sequence p = an + b contains infinite prime numbers, we simplify and generalize this theorem, we enunciate some special theorems (from Elias), we see equivalence with Bertrand's postulate and we deduce the validity of the Goldbach conjecture. Finally we enunciate some additional results that are deduced from the conjecture-theorem of Goldbach-
Associate a unique numerical sequence called the modular signature with each positive integer, using modular residues of each integer under the prime numbers, and distinguishing between the core seed primes and non-core seed primes used to create the modular signatures. Group the modular signatures within primorials. Use elementary sieve properties and combinatorial principles to prove the twin primes and Goldbach conjectures.
An approximate formula for the partitions of Goldbach's Conjecture is derived using Prime Number Theorem and a heuristic probabilistic approach. A strong form of Goldbach's conjecture follows in the form of a lower bounding function for the partitions of Goldbach's conjecture. Numerical computations suggest that the lower and upper bounding functions for the partitions satisfy a simple functional equation. Assuming that this invariant scaling property holds for all even integer $n$, the lower and upper bounds can be expressed as simple exponentials.
ABSTRACT. In this article we present a point of view that highlights the importance of finding the upper bounds for prime gaps, in order to solve the twin primes conjecture and the Goldbach conjecture. For this purpose, we present a procedure for the determination of the upper bounds for prime gaps different from the most famous and known approaches. The proposed method analyzes the distribution of prime numbers using the set of relative numbers. Using negative numbers too, it becomes intuitive to understand that that the arrangement of 2P+1 consecutive numbers that goes -P to P, is the only a…
Goldbach's comet is the plot of the Goldbach function g(n), in the interval [3, N], with a large positive integer N. The function g(n) counts the number of different ways in which 2n can be expressed as the sum of two odd primes. An account, hopefully satisfying and accessible, is given for the layers that make up the comet. By means of several (sometimes historical) results of Theory of Number, other conjectures, similar to the Goldbach's one, emerge. These are related with sequences of odd positive integers, like but not quite to the prime sequence.
Goldbach`s Conjecture, "every even number greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes" is renamed Goldbach`s Rule for it can not be otherwise. The conjecture is proven by showing that the existence of prime pairs adding to any even number greater than 2 is a natural by-product of the existence of the prime sequence less than that even number. First it is shown that the remainder of cancellations process which identifies primes less than an even number also remainders prime pairs adding to that even number as a natural part of the process. Then a minimum limit for the remaindered n…
This article consists of three chapters.In Chapter 1, it is determined by the consecutive odd numbers, and study to the intrinsic properties of a class of matrix sequence. Through the establishment of matrix online number concept, characteristics and the online number column use mathematical induction to prove the some properties of this kind of matrix on the number of online features (Theorem 1). Finally, it is given a trial to prove the Goldbach conjecture (Theorem 6). This is the author in the years to explore prime properties in the process of research and discovery, and believe that this …
All sieve methods for the Goldbach problem sift out all the composite numbers; even though, strictly speaking, it is not necessary to do so and which is, in general, very difficult. Some new methods introduced in this paper show that the Goldbach problem can be solved under sifting out only some composite numbers. In fact, in order to prove the Goldbach conjecture, it is only necessary to show that there are prime numbers left in the residual integers after the initial sifting! This idea can be implemented by using one of the three methods called sifting function partition by integer sort, sif…
The product m_k of the first k primes (2..p_k) has neighbours m_k +/- 1 with all prime divisors beyond p_k, implying there are infinitely many primes [Euclid]. All primes between p_k and m_k are in the group G_1 of units in semigroup Z_{m_k}(.) of mutiplication mod m_k. Due to the squarefree modulus Z_{m_k} is a disjoint union of 2^k groups, with as many idempotents - one per divisor of m_k, which form a Boolean lattice BL. The generators of Z_{m_k} and the additive properties of its lattice are studied. It is shown that each complementary pair in BL adds to 1 mod m_k and each even idempotent …
n 1937 Ivan Vinogradov proved the three prime sum version of the Goldbach Conjecture, often called the weak form of Goldbach Conjecture. And that it holds for "sufficiently large" odd natural numbers. In this work we use Dirichlet Theorem, Modulo Arithmetics, etc. to extended Vinogradov's Theorem such that every sufficiently large natural number (both even and odd) can be expressed as a sum of three primes. We highlight the configuration of primes for any special case of the three prime sum. Hence we obtain Vinogradov's Theorem as a special case of this extended version. We show how Vinogradov…
This paper proposes, and demonstrates the efficacy of, an elementary method for establishing a lower bound for cardinalities of selected sets of twin primes, and shows that the proof employed may be modified for selected sets of Goldbach pairs. Our sieve method is centred on the restrictive properties of intervals, specifically regarding divisibility distributions. We implicitly use the Chinese Remainder Theorem by way of the use of the midpoint in our intervals, and consider the sieve of Eratosthenes in such a way as to find a set of primes whose distribution is mirror-symmetrical about that …
Number of results in number theory have been developed using a new method. The Goldbach binary conjecture in strengthened formulation have been among them.
Mathematicians has been trying to prove the weak Goldbach's conjecture by adding prime numbers, as stated in the conjecture. However, we believe that the solution does not need to be analytically solved. Instead of trying to add prime numbers to prove the conjecture, we developed a prime number function P_{odd}(x)p>2, including odd primes p > 2, isomorphic and equivalent to a function N_{odd}(x)n>1, including odd natural numbers greater than one, n_{odd} > 1, in which, the sum of three of its elements result in odd numbers greater than 7, proving the conjecture.
In this article we present method of solving some additive problems with primes. The method may be employed to the Goldbach-Euler conjecture and the twin primes conjecture. The presented method also makes it possible to obtain some interesting results related to the densities of sequences. The method is based on the direct construction of the Eratosthenes-type double sieve and does not use empirical and heuristic reasoning.
In this article we present method of solving some additive problems with primes. The method may be employed to the Goldbach-Euler conjecture and the twin primes conjecture. The presented method also makes it possible to obtain some interesting results related to the densities of sequences. The method is based on the direct construction of the Eratosthenes-type double sieve and does not use empirical and heuristic reasoning.
In the paper, there are new found methods to determine the range of every exceptional element in exceptional set, we can solve Twin primes problem and Goldbach Conjecture problem basically.
In this paper, the estimation formula of the number of primes in a given interval is obtained by using the prime distribution property. For any prime pairs $p>5$ and $ q>5 $, construct a disjoint infinite set sequence $A_1, A_2, \ldots, A_i. \ldots $, such that the number of prime pairs ($p_i$ and $q_i $, $p_i-q_i = p-q $) in $A_i $ increases gradually, where $i>0$. So twin prime conjecture is true. We also prove that for any even integer $m>2700$, there exist more than 10 prime pairs $(p,q)$, such that $p+q=m$. Thus Goldbach conjecture is true.
The idea of generating prime numbers through sequence of sets of co-primes was the starting point of this paper that ends up by proving two conjectures, the existence of infinitely many twin primes and the Goldbach conjecture. The main idea of our approach is summarized on the creation and on the analyzing sequence of sets of distinct co-primes with the first $n$ primes, $\left\{ p_i :\, i\leq n \right\}$, and the important properties of the modulus linear combination of the co-prime sets, $H=\left(1,p_{n+1},..., Π_{i=1}^n p_i-1\right) $, that gives sets of even numbers $\{0,2,4,..., Π_{i=1}^n…
Ova-angular rotations of a prime number are characterized, constructed using the Dirichlet theorem. The geometric properties arising from this theory are analyzed and some applications are presented, including Goldbach's conjecture, the existence of infinite primes of the form $ρ= k^2+1$ and the convergence of the sum of the inverses of the Mersenne's primes. Although the mathematics that was used was elementary, you can notice the usefulness of this theory based on geometric properties. In this paper, the study ends by introducing the ova-angular square matrix.
1. There is no existing any quadratic interval $η_{n}:=(n^{2},(n+1)^{2}],$ which contains less than 2 prime numbers. The number of prime numbers within $η_{n}$ goes averagely linear with n to infinity. 2. The exact law of the number $π(n)$ of prime numbers smaller or equal to n is given. As an approximation of that we get the prime number theorem of Gauss for great values of n. 3. We derive partition laws for $π(η_{n})$, for the number of twin primes $π_{2}(η_{n})$ in quadratic intervals $η_{n}$ and for the multiplicity $π_{g}(2n)$ of representations of Goldbach-pairs for a given even number 2…
We present some new ideas on important problems related to primes. The topics of our discussion are: simple formulae for primes, twin primes, Sophie Germain primes, prime tuples less than or equal to a predefined number, and their infinitude; establishment of a kind of similarity between natural numbers and numbers that appear in an arithmetic progression, similar formulae for primes and the so called generalized twin primes in an arithmetic progression and their infinitude; generalization of Bertrand postulate and a Bertrand like postulate for twin primes; some elementary implications of a si…
In this paper proof of the twin prime conjecture is going to be presented. Originally very difficult problem (in observational space) has been transformed into a simpler one (in generative space) that can be solved. It will be shown that twin primes could be obtained through two stage sieve process, and that will be used to show that exist infinite number of twin primes. The same approach is used to prove the Polignac's conjecture for cousin primes.
