David Bachman
This paper contains the motivation for the study of critical surfaces. In previous work the only justification given for the definition of this new class of surfaces is the strength of the results. However, when viewed as the topological analogue to index 2 minimal surfaces, critical surfaces become quite natural.
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We prove that for generic metrics on a 3-sphere, the minimal surface obtained from the min-max procedure of Simon-Smith has index 1. We prove an analogous result for minimal surfaces arising from strongly irreducible Heegaard sweepouts in 3-manifolds. We also confirm a conjecture of Pitts-Rubinstein that a strongly irreducible Heegaard splitting in a hyperbolic three-manifold can either be isotoped to a minimal surface of index at most 1 or else after a neck-pinch is isotopic to a one-sided minimal Heegaard surface.
We show that the number of genus $g$ embedded minimal surfaces in $\mathbb{S}^3$ tends to infinity as $g\rightarrow\infty$. The surfaces we construct resemble doublings of the Clifford torus with curvature blowing up along torus knots as $g\rightarrow\infty$, and arise from a two-parameter min-max scheme in lens spaces. More generally, by stabilizing and flipping Heegaard foliations we produce index at most $2$ minimal surfaces with controlled topological type in arbitrary Riemannian three-manifolds.
On the existence of minimal Heegaard surfaces
本文证明了闭定向黎曼3流形中强不可约Heegaard面要么同胚于索引至多为一的极小面，要么同胚于非定向极小面的管状邻域周围附加垂直柄的边界，从而验证了J. Pitts和J.H. Rubinstein的猜想。
We construct infinitely many manifolds admitting both strongly irreducible and weakly reducible minimal genus Heegaard splittings. Both closed manifolds and manifolds with boundary tori are constructed.
Combinatorial proof of Maslov index formula in Heegaard Floer Theory
本文通过 Heegaard 图的组合学方法，证明了 Heegaard Floer 同调中 Lipshitz 的 Maslov 指数公式。
Let (V,W;F) be a weakly reducible, unstabilized, genus three Heegaard splitting in an orientable, irreducible 3-manifold M. In this article, we prove that either the disk complex D(F) is contractible or F is critical. Hence, the topological index of F is two if F is topologically minimal.
We show that the standard minimal genus Heegaard splitting of (closed orientable surface)\times S^1 is a critical Heegaard splitting.
We show that if the monodromy of an open book decomposition has sufficiently high displacement distance, acting on the loop and arc complex for a page, then it is the unique minimal Euler characteristic open book for the manifold. In particular, we show that such an open book induces the unique (up to isotopy) minimal genus Heegaard surface for the manifold, and that this Heegaard surface has cyclic mapping class group.
We show that any finitely generated non-elementary Kleinian group has a co-final family of finite index normal subgroups with respect to which it has Property $τ$. As a consequence, any closed hyperbolic 3-manifold has a co-final family of finite index normal subgroups for which the infimal Heegaard gradient is positive.
This paper studies the question of whether minimal genus Heegaard splittings of exterior spaces of knots which are connected sums are weakly reducible or not. Furthermore it is shown that the Heegaard splittings of the knots used by Morimoto to show that tunnel number can be sub-additive are all strongly irreducible. These are the first examples of strongly irreducible minimal genus Heegaard splittings of composite knots. We also give a characterization of when is a set of primitive annuli on a handlebody simultaneously primitive. This characterization is different from that given in [Go].
Critical surfaces are defined by Bachman as topological index 2 surfaces, generalizing incompressible surfaces and strongly irreducible surfaces. In this paper we give a condition to obtain critical Heegaard surfaces by amalgamation. As a special case, we obtain critical Heegaard surfaces by boundary stabilization. It gives critical Heegaard surfaces of non-minimal genus, for 3-manifolds which do not admit distinct Heegaard splittings (up to isotopy).
On Heegaard Floer minimal knots in sutured manifolds
本文在 Heegaard Floer 同调框架下分类了平衡 sutured 流形中的极小纽结，与 instanton Floer 分类一致，支持两种同调同构的猜想，并研究了 $S^1\ imes S^2$ 中的链接 Floer 同调植物学问题。
A Distance for Circular Heegaard Splittings
本文基于圆周值Morse函数定义了$E(K)$的循环Heegaard分裂及其循环距离，并证明当循环距离过大时，$E(K)$无法包含低亏格不可压缩曲面且极小亏格Seifert曲面合痕唯一。
Let two Heegaard splittings $V_1 \cup W_1$ and $V_2 \cup W_2$ of a 3-manifold $M$ be given. We consider the union stabilization $M=V \cup W$ which is a common stabilization of $V_1 \cup W_1$ and $V_2 \cup W_2$ having the property that $V=V_1 \cup V_2$. We show that any two Heegaard splittings of a 3-manifold have a union stabilization. We also give some examples with numerical bounds on the minimal genus of union stabilization. On the other hand, we give an example of a candidate for which the minimal genus of union stabilization is strictly larger than the usual stable genus -- the minimal ge…
Critical surfaces can be regarded as topological index 2 minimal surfaces which was introduced by David Bachman. In this paper we give a sufficient condition and a necessary condition for self-amalgamated Heegaard surfaces to be critical.
Suppose $K$ is a knot in $S^3$ with bridge number $n$ and bridge distance greater than $2n$. We show that there are at most ${2n\choose n}$ distinct minimal genus Heegaard splittings of $S^3\setminusη(K)$. These splittings can be divided into two families. Two splittings from the same family become equivalent after at most one stabilization. If $K$ has bridge distance at least $4n$, then two splittings from different families become equivalent only after $n-1$ stabilizations. Further, we construct representatives of the isotopy classes of the minimal tunnel systems for $K$ corresponding to the…
We show that the disk complex of a genus $g>1$ Heegaard surface for the 3-sphere is homotopy equivalent to a wedge of $(2g-2)$-dimensional spheres. This implies that genus $g>1$ Heegaard surfaces for the 3-sphere are topologically minimal with index $2g-1$.
This paper explores connections between Heegaard genus, minimal surfaces, and pseudo-Anosov monodromies. Fixing a pseudo-Anosov map phi and an integer n, let M_n be the 3-manifold fibered over S^1 with monodromy phi^n. JH Rubinstein showed that for a large enough n every minimal surface of genus at most h in M_n is homotopic into a fiber; as a consequence Rubinstein concludes that every Heegaard surface of genus at most h for M_n is standard, that is, obtained by tubing together two fibers. We prove this result and also discuss related results of Lackenby and Souto.
We study the growth of the rank of subgroups of finite index in residually finite groups, by relating it to the notion of cost. As a by-product, we show that the `Rank vs. Heegaard genus' conjecture on hyperbolic 3-manifolds is incompatible with the `Fixed Price problem' in topological dynamics.
We study principal curvatures of fibers and Heegaard surfaces smoothly embedded in hyperbolic 3-manifolds. It is well known that a fiber or a Heegaard surface in a hyperbolic 3-manifold cannot have principal curvatures everywhere less than one in absolute value. We show that given an upper bound on the genus of a minimally embedded fiber or Heegaard surface and a lower bound on the injectivity radius of the hyperbolic 3-manifold, there exists a $δ> 0$ such that the fiber or Heegaard surface must contain a point at which one of the principal curvatures is greater than $1 + δ$ in absolute value.
3-manifold polynomials
该研究提出通过Heega图关联的极小Heega图定义三维流形多项式，证明其有限性，对透镜空间完成分类，发现庞加莱同调球面的极小Heega图对应重合的ribbon图多项式，为相关不变量研究提供方向。
In this paper we introduce "critical surfaces", which are described via a 1-complex whose definition is reminiscent of the curve complex. Our main result is that if the minimal genus common stabilization of a pair of strongly irreducible Heegaard splittings of a 3-manifold is not critical, then the manifold contains an incompressible surface. Conversely, we also show that if a non-Haken 3-manifold admits at most one Heegaard splitting of each genus, then it does not contain a critical Heegaard surface. In the final section we discuss how this work leads to a natural metric on the space of stro…
We consider a Heegaard splitting M=H_1 \cup_S H_2 of a 3-manifold M having an essential disk D in H_1 and an essential surface F in H_2 with |D \cap F|=1. (We require that boundary of F is in S when H_2 is a compressionbody with non-empty "minus" boundary.) Let F be a genus g surface with n boundary components. From S, we obtain a genus g(S)+2g+n-2 Heegaard splitting M=H'_1 \cup_S' H'_2 by cutting H_2 along F and attaching F \times [0,1] to H_1. As an application, by using a theorem due to Casson and Gordon, we give examples of 3-manifolds having two Heegaard splittings of distinct genera wher…
In this paper it is shown that manifolds admitting minimal genus weakly reducible but irreducible Heegaard splittings contain an essential surface. This is an extension of a well known theorem of Casson-Gordon to manifolds with non-empty boundary. The situation for non-minimal genus Heegaard splittings is also investigated and it is shown that boundary stabilizations are stabilizations for manifolds which are boundary primitive.
Let $M$ be a surface sum of 3-manifolds $M_1$ and $M_2$ along a bounded connected surface $F$ and $\partial_i$ be the component of $\partial M_i$ containing $F$. If $M_i$ has a high distance Heegaard splitting, then any minimal Heegaard splitting of $M$ is the amalgamation of those of $M^1, M^2$ and $M^*$, where $M^i=M_i\setminus\partial_i\times I$, and $M^{*}=\partial_1\times I\cup_{F} \partial_2\times I$. Furthermore, once both $\partial_i\setminus F$ are connected, then $g(M) = Min\bigl\{g(M_1)+g(M_2), α\bigr\}$, where $α= g(M_1) + g(M_2) + 1/2(2χ(F) + 2 - χ(\partial_1) - χ(\partial_2)) - M…
J. Hempel's definition of the distance of a Heegaard surface generalizes to a complexity for a knot which is in bridge position with respect to a Heegaard surface. Our main result is that the distance of a knot in bridge position is bounded above by twice the genus, plus the number of boundary components, of an essential surface in the knot complement. As a consequence knots constructed via sufficiently high powers of pseudo-Anosov maps have minimal bridge presentations which are thin.
A family of one-vertex triangulations of 3-manifolds, layered-triangulations, is defined. Layered-triangulations are first described for handlebodies and then extended to all 3-manifolds via Heegaard splittings. A complete and detailed analysis of layered-triangulations is given in the cases of the solid torus and lens spaces, including the classification of all normal and almost normal surfaces in these triangulations. Minimal layered-triangulations of lens spaces provide a common setting for new proofs of the classification of lens spaces admitting an embedded non orientable surface and the …
For any closed Riemannian three-manifold, we prove that for any sequence of closed embedded minimal surfaces with uniformly bounded index, the genus can only grow at most linearly with respect to the area.
We prove a structural theorem that provides a precise local picture of how a sequence of closed embedded minimal hypersurfaces with uniformly bounded index (and volume if the ambient dimension is greater than three) in a Riemannian manifold of dimension at most seven, can degenerate. Loosely speaking, our results show that embedded minimal hypersurfaces with bounded index behave qualitatively like embedded stable minimal hypersurfaces, up to controlled errors. Several compactness/finiteness theorems follows our local picture.
This is a personal view of some problems on minimal surfaces, Ricci flow, polyhedral geometric structures, Haken 4-manifolds, contact structures and Heegaard splittings, singular incompressible surfaces after the Hamilton-Perelman revolution.
We show that in any triangulated 3-manifold, every index n topologically minimal surface can be transformed to a surface which has local indices (as computed in each tetrahedron) that sum to at most n. This generalizes classical theorems of Kneser and Haken, and more recent theorems of Rubinstein and Stocking, and is the first step in a program to show that every topologically minimal surface has a normal form with respect to any triangulation.
On the Existence of Minimal Hypersurfaces with Arbitrarily Large Area and Morse Index
该研究证明了3到7维凹凸闭黎曼流形中存在面积和Morse指数均趋于无穷的连通闭嵌入双侧极小超曲面，改进了此前仅涉及任意大面积连通极小超曲面的相关结果。
We prove qualitative estimates on the total curvature of closed minimal hypersurfaces in closed Riemannian manifolds in terms of their index and area, restricting to the case where the hypersurface has dimension less than seven. In particular, we prove that if we are given a sequence of closed minimal hypersurfaces of bounded area and index, the total curvature along the sequence is quantised in terms of the total curvature of some limit surface, plus a sum of total curvatures of complete properly embedded minimal hypersurfaces in Euclidean space - all of which are finite. Thus, we obtain qual…
The topological index of a surface was previously introduced by the first author as the topological analogue of the index of an unstable minimal surface. Here we show that surfaces of arbitrarily high topological index exist.
We construct a smooth Riemannian metric on any 3-manifold with the property that there are genus zero embedded minimal surfaces of arbitrarily high Morse index.
For any smooth Riemannian metric on an $(n+1)$-dimensional compact manifold with boundary $(M,\partial M)$ where $3\leq (n+1)\leq 7$, we establish general upper bounds for the Morse index of free boundary minimal hypersurfaces produced by min-max theory in the Almgren-Pitts setting. We apply our Morse index estimates to prove that for almost every (in the $C^\infty$ Baire sense) Riemannan metric, the union of all compact, properly embedded free boundary minimal hypersurfaces is dense in $M$. If $\partial M$ is further assumed to have a strictly mean convex point, we show the existence of infin…
It is known that the arc index of alternating knots is the minimal crossing number plus two and the arc index of prime nonalternating knots is less than or equal to the minimal crossing number. We study some cases when the arc index is strictly less than the minimal crossing number. We also give minimal grid diagrams of some prime nonalternating knots with 13 crossings and 14 crossings whose arc index is the minimal crossing number minus one.
Closed minimal surfaces of index one in Riemannian manifolds
本文证明在紧致n-可扩张的(n+1)维流形(3≤n+1≤7)中，对于凹凸度量存在连通、浸入、Morse指标一、体积无界的闭极小超曲面，并推广到三维情形及(n+1)-纤维化，同时证明了三维流形上面积非增映射的标量曲率刚性定理。
Minimal grid diagrams of the prime knots with crossing number 13 and arc index 13
本文列出了交叉数13且弧指标13的非交错素结的最小网格图，利用Knotscape的DT码生成生成树，获得最小弧表示。
Minimal grid diagrams of the prime knots with crossing number 14 and arc index 13, 14
本文针对交叉数为14、弧指数为13或14的素纽结，确定了两类纽结数量，并以最小网格图展示。
We show that except for $n = 2$ if a bridge surface for a knot is an index $n$ topologically minimal surface, then after a perturbation it is still topologically minimal with index at most $n+1$.
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