Joel Hass, Paul Norbury, J. Hyam Rubinstein
We construct a smooth Riemannian metric on any 3-manifold with the property that there are genus zero embedded minimal surfaces of arbitrarily high Morse index.
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Morse foliations of codimension one on the sphere S^3 are studied and the existence of special components for these foliations is derived. As a corollary the instability of Morse foliations can be proven in almost all cases.
Examples of homology 3-spheres whose Chern-Simons function is not Morse-Bott
本文构造了两个同调三维球面，证明其未扰动的 SU(2) Chern-Simons 函数不满足 Morse-Bott 条件，并展示了退化孤立临界点和临界集路径分支非流形两种情形。
On the Existence of Minimal Hypersurfaces with Arbitrarily Large Area and Morse Index
该研究证明了3到7维凹凸闭黎曼流形中存在面积和Morse指数均趋于无穷的连通闭嵌入双侧极小超曲面，改进了此前仅涉及任意大面积连通极小超曲面的相关结果。
Murasugi sums can be defined as readily for Morse maps to the circle of (arbitrary) link complements in the 3-sphere as for fibrations over the circle of (fibered) link complements in the 3-sphere. As one application, I show that if a knot K has free genus m, then there is a Morse map from its complement to the circle (representing the relative homology class of a Seifert surface for K) with no more than 4m critical points.
Morse functions with four critical points on immersed 2-spheres
本文研究了浸入2-球面上具有4个临界点的简单Morse函数的拓扑性质，利用浸入的对偶图和Reeb图进行分类，并发现了所有可能的结构。
The Morse-Novikov number MN(L) of an oriented link L in the 3-sphere is the minimum number of critical points of a Morse map from the complement of L in the 3-sphere to the circle representing the class of a Seifert surface for L (e.g., the Morse-Novikov number of L is zero if and only if L is fibered). We develop various constructions of Morse maps (Milnor maps, Stallings twists, splicing along a link which is a closed braid with respect to a Morse map, Murasugi sums, cutting a Morse map along an arc on a page) and use them to bound Morse-Novikov numbers from above in terms of other knot and …
We describe all possible topological structures of Morse-Smale flows without closed trajectories on a three-dimensional sphere, which have two sources, two sinks, one saddle of Morse index 1, one saddle of Morse index 2, and no more than 10 saddle connections. To classify such flows, a generalized Heegaard diagram or Pr-diagram is used, which in this case consists of a sphere and two closed curves, the intersection points of which correspond to saddle connections. We have found all possible, up to homeomorphism, ways to embed two circles in a 2-sphere with no more than 10 points of transversal…
We give a generalization of Fukaya's Morse homotopy theoretic approach for 2-loop Chern--Simons perturbation theory to 3-valent graphs with arbitrary number of loops at least 2. We construct a sequence of invariants of integral homology 3-spheres with values in a space of 3-valent graphs (Jacobi diagrams or Feynman diagrams) by counting graphs in an integral homology 3-sphere satisfying certain condition described by a set of ordinary differential equations.
This paper was motivated by work of Arnold where he explains how to count "snakes", i.e. Morse functions on the real axis with prescribed behavior at infinity. This leads immediately to a count of excellent Morse functions on the circle, where following Thom's terminology, excellent means that no two critical points lie on the same level set. We explain how to count equivalence classes of excellent Morse functions on the 2-sphere. We consider two equivalence relations. The geometric relation (two functions are equivalent if one can be obtained from the other via compositions with an orientatio…
A point q in a contact manifold is called a translated point for a contactomorphism ϕ, with respect to some fixed contact form, if ϕ(q) and q belong to the same Reeb orbit and the contact form is preserved at q. In this article we discuss a version of the Arnold conjecture for translated points of contactomorphisms and, using generating functions techniques, we prove it in the case of spheres (under a genericity assumption) and projective spaces.
Let $M$ be a compact two-dimensional manifold and, $f \in C^{\infty}(M,\mathbb{R})$ be a Morse function, and $Γ_f$ be its Kronrod-Reeb graph. Denote by $\mathcal{O}_{f}=\{f \circ h \mid h \in \mathcal{D}\}$ the orbit of $f$ with respect to the natural right action of the group of diffeomorphisms $\mathcal{D}$ on $C^{\infty}(M,\mathbb{R})$, and by $\mathcal{S}(f)=\{h\in\mathcal{D} \mid f \circ h = f\}$ the corresponding stabilizer of this function. It is easy to show that each $h\in\mathcal{S}(f)$ induces a homeomorphism of $Γ_f$. Let also $\mathcal{D}_{\mathrm{id}}(M)$ be the identity path com…
Morse functions with regular level sets consisting of $2$-dimensional spheres, $2$-dimensional tori, or Klein Bottles
研究3维闭 manifold 上由球面、环面或克莱因瓶构成的正则水平集的莫尔斯函数，扩展了Saeki 2006年的可定向情况，并分类了具有给定正则水平集的莫尔斯函数。
In this paper we construct families of homology spheres which bound 4-manifolds with intersection forms isomorphic to $-E_8$. We show that these families have arbitrary large correction terms. This result says that among homology spheres, the difference of the maximal rank of minimal sub-lattice of definite filling and the maximal rank of even definite filling is arbitrarily large.
We show that for every integer $b\geq 3$, there exists a link in a $b$-bridge position with respect to a critical bridge sphere. In fact, for each $b$, we construct an infinite family of links which we call square whose bridge spheres are critical.
According to Pixton, there are Morse-Smale diffeomorphisms of the 3-sphere which have no energy function, that is a Lyapunov function whose critical points are all periodic points of the diffeomorphism. We introduce the concept of quasi-energy function for a Morse-Smale diffeomorphism as a Lyapunov function with the least number of critical points and construct a quasi-energy function for any diffeomorphism from some class of Morse-Smale diffeomorphisms on the 3-sphere.
The second variation of 2-spheres in the 2n-sphere
本文证明了标准2n-球面中线性满的 branched 极小2-球面的 Morse 指标和零化度的尖锐界，并推广到全迷向曲面。
We show that there exists an infinite family of knots, each of which has, for each integer k>=0, a destabilized (2k+5)-bridge sphere. We also show that, for each integer n>=4, there exists a knot with a destabilized 3-bridge sphere and a destabilized n-bridge sphere.
We consider different notions of equivalence for Morse functions on the sphere in the context of persistent homology, and introduce new invariants to study these equivalence classes. These new invariants are as simple, but more discerning than existing topological invariants, such as persistence barcodes and Reeb graphs. We give a method to relate any two Morse--Smale vector fields on the sphere by a sequence of fundamental moves by considering graph-equivalent Morse functions. We also explore the combinatorially rich world of height-equivalent Morse functions, considered as height functions o…
We call a Morse function $f$ on a closed manifold $k$-constrained if neither $f$ nor $-f$ has critical points of indefinite Morse index $< k$. In this paper we study bordism groups of $k$-constrained Morse functions, and thus interpolate between the case $k = 1$ of bordism groups of Morse functions (computed by Ikegami) and the case $k \gg 1$ of bordism groups of special generic functions (computed by Saeki). We employ Levine's elimination of cusps, Stein factorization, the two-index theorem of Hatcher-Wagoner, and a handle extension theorem for fold maps due to Gay-Kirby to show that the noti…
Handle number is not always realized by a minimal genus Seifert surface
构造亏格一纽结，其柄数仅由非最小亏格Seifert曲面实现，反驳Seifert亏格等于Morse-Novikov亏格的猜想，并证明差异可任意大。
We prove that the Morse-Novikov number of a link L in a 3-sphere is less than or equal to twice the tunnel number of L.
Let N be a closed oriented k-dimensional submanifold of the (k+2)-dimensional sphere; denote its complement by C(N). Denote by x the 1-dimensional cohomology class in C(N), dual to N. The Morse-Novikov number of C(N) is by definition the minimal possible number of critical points of a regular Morse map f from C(N) to a circle, such that f belongs to x. In the first part of this paper we study the case when N is the twist frame spun knot associated to an m-knot K. We obtain a formula which relates the Morse-Novikov numbers of N and K and generalizes the classical results of D. Roseman and E.C. …
In studies of smooth maps with good differential topological conditions such as immersions, embeddings, Morse functions and their higher dimensional versions including fold maps and application to geometry, especially algebraic and differential topology of manifolds, liftings or desingulizations of maps of appropriate classes to other maps of other appropriate classes are fundamental and important. In this paper, we consider Morse functions such that inverse images of regular values are disjoint unions of spheres, which are extensions of Morse functions with just two singular points on homotop…
Let $G$ be a usc decomposition of $S^n$, $H_G$ denote the set of nondegenerate elements and $π$ be the natural projection of $S^n$ onto $S^n/G$. Suppose that each point in the decomposition space has arbitrarily small neighborhoods with ($n-1$)-sphere frontiers or boundaries which miss $π(H_G)$. If all the arcs are tame in the particular area on the boundary of an $n$-cell $C$ in $S^n$, then this paper shows that this condition implies $S^n/G$ is homeomorphic to $S^n$ ($n\geq 4$). This answers a weak form of a conjecture asked by Daverman [2, p. 61]. In the case of $n=3$, the strong form of th…
Morse Boundaries of Proper Geodesic Metric Spaces
本文为真测地空间引入了拟等距不变的 Morse 边界，并证明了关于 Teichmüller 空间 Morse 边界的同胚、高维球面包含性及到 Thurston 紧致化的单射连续映射等三个结果。
A smooth function f in a neighbourhood of the unit sphere $S^{n - 1}$ is said to admit index $λ$ if it can be extended to a function F in the unit ball $B^n$ such that F has a unique critical point p and the Morse index of p is equal to $λ$. It is easy to see that a function f cannot admit two indices of different parity. We prove that for any two indices that differ by two there exists a function f that admits both of them.
After surveying classical notions of PL topology of the Seventies, we clarify the relation between Morse theory and its discretization by Forman. We show that PL handles theory and discrete Morse theory are equivalent, in the sense that every discrete Morse vector on some PL triangulation is also a PL handle vector, and conversely, every PL handle vector is also a discrete Morse vector on some PL triangulation. It follows that in dimension up to 7, every discrete Morse vector on some PL triangulation is also a smooth Morse vector; the vice versa is true in all dimensions. This revises and impr…
PL Morse theory in low dimensions
本文研究PL流形上的Morse理论类比，证明在低维（d≤4）同调正则点必为强正则，高维不成立，并构造了dunce hat的8顶点嵌入。
On manifolds homeomorphic to spheres
本文在Morse-Bott函数背景下证明了类似Reeb定理的结论，指出具有两个不同维数临界子流形的闭光滑流形必同胚于标准球面，并将此结果推广至实数、复数和四元数上的射影空间。
In the first part of this paper, we consider smooth maps from a compact orientable 3-manifold without boundary to the 2-sphere. We give a geometric criterion to decide whether two given maps are homotopic, based on the sets of points where the maps are equal or antipodal. We extend this criterion to non-singular vector fields (and co-oriented plane fields) on 3-manifolds. In the second part, we make use of this criterion to study non-singular Morse-Smale vector fields on Seifert manifolds, giving a simple proof of a result of Yano.
On the Čech cohomology of Morse boundaries
研究超曲面n维流形的Morse边界上的Čech上同调，证明实系数减去上同调在维度至多n-3时消失，在n-2维不消失，且适用于相对超曲面群。
Characterizing $3$-dimensional manifolds represented as connected sums of Lens spaces, $S^2 \times S^1$, and torus bundles over the circle by certain Morse-Bott functions
本文用特定 Morse-Bott 函数刻画表示为 Lens 空间、$S^2 \ imes S^1$ 和环面在圆上的丛的连通和的 $3$ 维流形，强化并明确了 Saeki 2006 年的相关结果。
Given a closed manifold N and a self-indexing Morse function f: N --> R with up to four distinct Morse indices, we construct a symplectic Lefschetz fibration pi: E --> C which models the complexification of f on the disk cotangent bundle, f_C : D(T*N) --> C, when f is real analytic. By construction, pi: E --> C comes with an explicit regular fiber M and vanishing spheres V_1,...,V_m in M, one for each critical point of f. Our main result is that (E,pi) is a good model for the complexification (D(T*N),f_C) in the sense that N embeds in E as an exact Lagrangian submanifold, and in addition, pi|N…
For any 3-manifold M and any nonnegative integer g, we give here examples of metrics on M each of which has a sequence of embedded minimal surfaces of genus g and without Morse index bounds. On any spherical space form S^3/Gamma we construct such a metric with positive scalar curvature. More generally we construct such a metric with Scal>0 (and such surfaces) on any 3-manifold which carries a metric with Scal>0. In all but one of these examples the Hausdorff limit will be a singular minimal lamination. The singularities being in each case exactly two points lying on a closed leaf (the leaf is …
On sections of maps from 4-manifolds to the 2-sphere
本文构造了2球面上具有任意高亏格正则纤维但无截面的奇异纤维化，包括非手性Lefschetz纤维化及半球不可提升的通用映射。
On a classification of Morse functions on $3$-dimensional manifolds represented as connected sums of manifolds of Heegaard genus one
本文针对表示为Heegaard亏格1流形连通和的3维流形，给出其上特定Morse函数（单点原像为球面与环面不交并）的分类，拓展了Morse函数分类在高维的研究。
Let $M$ be either $n$-sphere $\mathbb{S}^{n}$ or a connected sum of finitely many copies of $\mathbb{S}^{n-1}\times \mathbb{S}^{1}$, $n\geq4$. A flow $f^t$ on $M$ is called gradient-like whenever its non-wandering set consists of finitely many hyperbolic equilibria and their invariant manifolds intersects transversally. We prove that if invariant manifolds of distinct saddles of a gradient-like flow $f^t$ on $M$ do not intersect each other (in other words, $f^t$ has no heteroclinic intersections), then for each saddle of $f^t$ its Morse index (i.e. dimension of the unstable manifold) is either…
We construct homotopically non-trivial maps from the unit m-sphere to the unit (m-1)-sphere with arbitrarily small k-dilation for each k greater than (m + 1)/2. We prove that homotopically non-trivial maps from the unit m-sphere to the unit (m-1)-sphere cannot have arbitrarily small k-dilation for k less than or equal to (m + 1)/2.
Tight contact structures on hyperbolic homology 3-spheres
本文构造了允许任意多个不同紧切触结构的双曲同调3-球面及其子类，并给出构造双曲L-空间的配方，同时引入几何极限下切触结构的行为研究。
On the topology of 3-manifolds admitting Morse-Smale diffeomorphisms with four fixed points of pairwise different Morse indices
本文研究含四个异 Morse 指标不动点的定向 Morse-Smale 3-流形，证明任意此类微分同胚的支撑流形均为透镜空间，并在所有透镜空间上构造野性分界线例子。
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