Let $X$ be a simply connected space and ${\Bbb F}_p$ be a prime field. The algebra of normalized singular cochains $N^*(X; {\Bbb F}_p)$ admits a natural homotopy structure which induces natural Steenrod operations on the Hochschild homology $HH_* N^*(X;{\Bbb F}_p)$ of the space $X$. The primary purpose of this paper is to prove that the J. Jones isomorphism $HH_*N^*(X;{\Bbb F}_p) \cong H ^*(X^{S^1};{\Bbb F}_p)$ identifies theses Stenrood operations with those defined on the cohomology of the free loop space with coefficients in ${\Bbb F}_p$. The other goal of this paper is to describe a theoritic model which allows to do some computations.
Let NG0 denote the category of all pointed numerically generated spaces and continuous maps preserving base-points. In [SYH], we described a passage from bivariant functors to generalized homology and cohomology theories. In this paper, we construct a bivariant functor such that the associated cohomology is the Cech cohomology and the homology is the Steenrod homology (at least for compact metric spaces).
Lipshitz and Sarkar recently introduced a space-level refinement of Khovanov homology. This refinement induces a Steenrod square operation $\Sq^2$ on Khovanov homology which they describe explicitly. This paper presents some computations of $\Sq^2$. In particular, we give examples of links with identical integral Khovanov homology but with distinct Khovanov homotopy types.
On the category of compact metric spaces an exact homology theory was defined and its relation to the Vietoris homology theory was studied by N. Steenrod [S]. In particular, the homomorphism from the Steenrod homology groups to the Vietoris homology groups was defined and it was shown that the kernel of the given homomorphism are homological groups, which was called weak homology groups [S], [E]. The Steenrod homology theory on the category of compact metric pairs was axiomatically described by J.Milnor. In [Mil] the uniqueness theorem is proved using the Eilenberg-Steenrod axioms and as well …
The aim of this paper is to show the importance of the Steenrod construction of homology theories for the disassembly process in surgery on a generalized $n$-manifold $X^n$, in order to produce an element of generalized homology theory, which is basic for calculations. In particular, we show how to construct an element of the $n$-th Steenrod homology group $H^{st}_{n} (X^{n}, \mathbb{L}^+),$ where $\mathbb{L}^+$ is the connected covering spectrum of the periodic surgery spectrum $\mathbb{L}$, avoiding the use of the geometric splitting procedure, which is standardly used in surgery on topologi…
We describe stable cup-i products on the cochain complex with $F^2$ coefficients of any augmented semi-simplicial object in the Burnside category. An example of such an object is the Khovanov functor of Lawson, Lipshitz and Sarkar. Thus we obtain explicit formulas for cohomology operations on the Khovanov homology of any link.
In a previous paper, we defined a space-level version X(L) of Khovanov homology. This induces an action of the Steenrod algebra on Khovanov homology. In this paper, we describe the first interesting operation, Sq^2:Kh^{i,j}(L) -> Kh^{i+2,j}(L). We compute this operation for all links up to 11 crossings; this, in turn, determines the stable homotopy type of X(L) for all such links.
We give a definition of symplectic homology for pairs of filled Liouville cobordisms, and show that it satisfies analogues of the Eilenberg-Steenrod axioms except for the dimension axiom. The resulting long exact sequence of a pair generalizes various earlier long exact sequences such as the handle attaching sequence, the Legendrian duality sequence, and the exact sequence relating symplectic homology and Rabinowitz Floer homology. New consequences of this framework include a Mayer-Vietoris exact sequence for symplectic homology, invariance of Rabinowitz Floer homology under subcritical handle…
We examine the dual of the so-called "hit problem", the latter being the problem of determining a minimal generating set for the cohomology of products of infinite projective spaces as module over the Steenrod Algebra $\mathcal{A}$ at the prime 2. The dual problem is to determine the set of $\mathcal {A}$-annihilated elements in homology. The set of $\mathcal{A}$-annihilateds has been shown by David Anick to be a free associative algebra. In this note we prove that, for each $k \geq 0$, the set of {\it $k$ partially $\mathcal{A}$-annihilateds}, the set of elements that are annihilated by $Sq^i…
Soergel bimodules and their Hochschild homology are known to be important in the context of link homology. In this article we observe that Soergel bimodules may be naturally identified as the cohomology of well-defined objects in the category of spectra. This allows us to define forms of Soergel bimodules over the integers after inverting 2, indexed by elements in Braid groups associated to compact Lie groups of adjoint type. Reducing the Soergel bimodules modulo an odd prime, we endow the bimodules with an action of the reduced Steenrod algebra. This action extends to an action of the reduced…
We show that there are prime knots so that the Steenrod operations of Lipshitz and Sarkar arXiv:1204.5776 are non trivial on their Khovanov homology. This answers a question posed by Lipshitz and Sarkar in their paper arXiv:1709.03602. We then go on to show that there are hyperbolic and satellite knots so that the Steenrod operations are non trivial on their Khovanov homology.
We generalize some of the fundamental results of algebraic topology from topological spaces to Čech's closure spaces, also known as pretopological spaces. Using simplicial sets and cubical sets with connections, we define three distinct singular (relative) simplicial and six distinct singular (relative) cubical (co)homology groups of closure spaces. Using acyclic models we show that the three simplicial groups have isomorphic cubical analogues among the six cubical groups. Thus, we obtain a total of six distinct singular (co)homology groups of closure spaces. Each of these is shown to have a c…
In 1947, N.E. Steenrod defined the Steenrod Squares, which are mod 2 cohomology operations, using explicit cochain formulae for cup-i products of cocycles. He later recast the construction in more general homological terms, using group homology and acyclic model methods, rather than explicit cochain formulae, to define mod p operations for all primes p. Steenrod's student J. Adem applied the homological point of view to prove fundamental relations, known as the Adem relations, in the algebra of cohomology operations generated by the Steenrod operations. In this paper we give a proof of the mod…
Steenrod defined in 1947 the Steenrod squares on the mod 2 cohomology of spaces using explicit cochain formulae for the cup-$i$ products; a family of coherent homotopies derived from the broken symmetry of Alexander--Whitney's chain approximation to the diagonal. He later defined his homonymous operations for all primes using the homology of symmetric groups. This approach enhanced the conceptual understanding of the operations and allowed for many advances, but lacked the concreteness of their definition at the even prime. In recent years, thanks to the development of new applications of coho…
Power operations in the homology of infinite loop spaces, and $H_\infty$ or $E_\infty$ ring spectra have a long history in Algebraic Topology. In the case of ordinary mod p homology for a prime p, the power operations of Kudo, Araki, Dyer and Lashof interact with Steenrod operations via the Nishida relations, but for many purposes this leads to complicated calculations once iterated applications of these functions are required.On the other hand, the homology coaction turns out to provide tractable formulae better suited to exploiting multiplicative structure. We show how to derive suitable for…
Relying on the computation of the Andre-Quillen homology groups for unstable Hopf algebras, we prove that the mod p cohomology of the n-connected cover of a finite H-space is always finitely generated as algebra over the Steenrod algebra.
While the Vietoris-Rips complex is now widely used in both topological data analysis and the theory of hyperbolic groups, many of the fundamental properties of its homology have remained elusive. In this article, we define the Vietoris-Rips homology for semi-uniform spaces, which generalizes the classical theory for graphs and metric spaces, and provides a natural, general setting for the construction. We then prove a version of the Eilenberg-Steenrod axioms in this setting, giving a natural definition of homotopy for semi-uniform spaces in the process.
In this paper we study the relationship between the homology and homotopy of a space at infinity and at its boundary. Firstly, we prove that if a locally connected, connected, $δ$-hyperbolic space that is acted upon geometrically by a group has trivial homotopy at infinity then the first Čech homotopy group is trivial. Secondly, we prove that if a hyperbolic group on a finite field has trivial $i^{th}$ homology at infinity then the boundary of the group has trivial $i^{th}$ Steenrod homology. This result turns out to be important in addressing an open problem related to Cannon's conjecture.
We introduce a new homology theory of uniform spaces, provisionally called $μ$-homology theory. Our homology theory is based on hyperfinite chains of microsimplices. This idea is due to McCord. We prove that $μ$-homology theory satisfies the Eilenberg-Steenrod axioms. The characterization of chain-connectedness in terms of $μ$-homology is provided. We also introduce the notion of S-homotopy, which is weaker than uniform homotopy. We prove that $μ$-homology theory satisfies the S-homotopy axiom, and that every uniform space can be S-deformation retracted to a dense subset. It follows that for e…
We say that a space X admits a homology exponent if there exists an exponent for the torsion subgroup of the integral homology. Our main result states if an H-space of finite type admits a homology exponent, then either it is, up to 2-completion, a product of spaces of the form BZ/2^r, S^1, K(Z, 2), and K(Z,3), or it has infinitely many non-trivial homotopy groups and k-invariants. We then show with the same methods that simply connected $H$-spaces whose mod 2 cohomology is finitely generated as an algebra over the Steenrod algebra do not have homology exponents, except products of mod 2 finit…
Milnor proved two uniqueness theorems for axiomatic (co)homology: one for pairs of compacta (1960) and another, in particular, for pairs of countable simplicial complexes (1961). We obtain their common generalization: the Eilenberg-Steenrod axioms along with Milnor's map excision axiom and a (non-obvious) common generalization of Milnor's two additivity axioms suffice to uniquely characterize (co)homology of closed pairs of Polish spaces (=separable complete metrizable spaces). The proof provides a combinatorial description of the (co)homology of a Polish space in terms of a cellular (co)chain…
We introduce and develop fine shape, which has a very simple definition and aims to supersede all previously known shape theories for metrizable spaces. The problem with known shape theories of metrizable spaces is illustrated by the following bizarre situation. Čech cohomology is an invariant of shape, and a fortiori of strong shape. But Steenrod-Sitnikov homology is not shape invariant (already for compacta) and has not been proved to be strong shape invariant (in more than 40 years). Worse yet, there is an ordinary homology theory that is strong shape invariant by design, but it cannot be c…
The spaces BG_2 and BDI(4) have the property that their mod 2 cohomology is given by the rank 3 and 4 Dickson invariants respectively. Associated with these spaces one has for q odd the classifying spaces of the finite groups BG_2(q)and the exotic family of classifying spaces of 2-local finite groups BSol(q). In this article compute the mod 2 loop space homology of the 2-completed classifying space of G_2(q) and of BSol(q) for all odd primes q, as algebras over the Steenrod algebra, and the associated Bockstein spectral sequences.
In a previous paper we constructed a spectrum-level refinement of Khovanov homology. This refinement induces stable cohomology operations on Khovanov homology. In this paper we show that these cohomology operations commute with cobordism maps on Khovanov homology. As a consequence we obtain a refinement of Rasmussen's slice genus bound s for each stable cohomology operation. We show that in the case of the Steenrod square Sq^2 our refinement is strictly stronger than s.
The Alexandroff-Čech normal cohomology theory [Mor$_1$], [Bar], [Ba$_1$],[Ba$_2$] is the unique continuous extension \cite{Wat} of the additive cohomology theory [Mil], [Ber-Mdz$_1$] from the category of polyhedral pairs $\mathcal{K}^2_{Pol}$ to the category of closed normally embedded, the so called, $P$-pairs of general topological spaces $\mathcal{K}^2_{Top}$. In this paper we define the Alexander-Spanier normal cohomology theory based on all normal coverings and show that it is isomorphic to the Alexandroff-Čech normal cohomology. Using this fact and methods developed in [Ber-Mdz$_3$] we c…
The dual Steenrod algebra has a canonical subalgebra isomorphic to the homology of the Brown-Peterson spectrum. We will construct a secondary operation in mod-2 homology and show that this canonical subalgebra is not closed under it. This allows us to conclude that the 2-primary Brown-Peterson spectrum does not admit the structure of an E_n-algebra for any n greater than or equal to 12, answering a question of May in the negative.
In this paper we show that certain universal homology classes which are fundamental in topology are algebraic. To be specific, the products of Eilenberg-MacLane spaces ${\cal K}_{2q} \equiv K({\Bbb Z},2) \times K({\Bbb Z}, 4) \times ... \times K({\Bbb Z}, 2q)$ have models which are limits of complex projective varieties. Precisely, we have ${\cal K}_{2q} = \lim_{d\to\infty}{\cal C}_d^q({\Bbb P}^n)$ where ${\cal C}_d^q({\Bbb P}^n)$ denotes the Chow variety of effective cycles of codimension $q$ and degree $d$ on ${\Bbb P}^n$. It is natural to ask which elements in the homology of ${\cal K}_{2q}…
This work forms a foundational study of factorization homology, or topological chiral homology, at the generality of stratified spaces with tangential structures. Examples of such factorization homology theories include intersection homology, compactly supported stratified mapping spaces, and Hochschild homology with coefficients. Our main theorem characterizes factorization homology theories by a generalization of the Eilenberg--Steenrod axioms; it can also be viewed as an analogue of the Baez--Dolan cobordism hypothesis formulated for the observables, rather than state spaces, of a topologic…
Let $P_{k}=H^{*}((\mathbb{R}P^{\infty})^{k})$ be the modulo-$2$ cohomology algebra of the direct product of $k$ copies of infinite dimensional real projective spaces $\mathbb{R}P^{\infty}$. Then, $P_{k}$ is isomorphic to the graded polynomial algebra $\mathbb{F}_{2}[x_{1},\ldots,x_{k}]$ of $k$ variables, in which each $x_{j}$ is of degree 1, and let $GL_k$ be the general linear group over the prime field $\mathbb{F}_2$ which acts naturally on $P_k$. Here the cohomology is taken with coefficients in the prime field $\mathbb F_2$ of two elements. We study the {\it hit problem}, set up by Frank P…
In this paper we define and study a notion of discrete homology theory for metric spaces. Instead of working with simplicial homology, our chain complexes are given by Lipschitz maps from an $n$-dimensional cube to a fixed metric space. We prove that the resulting homology theory verifies a discrete analogue of the Eilenberg-Steenrod axioms, and prove a discrete analogue of the Mayer-Vietoris exact sequence. Moreover, this discrete homology theory is related to the discrete homotopy theory of a metric space through a discrete analogue of the Hurewicz theorem. We study the class of groups that …
Unstable coalgebras over the Steenrod algebra form a natural target category for singular homology with prime field coefficients. The realization problem asks whether an unstable coalgebra is isomorphic to the homology of a topological space. We study the moduli space of such realizations and give a description of this in terms of cohomological invariants of the unstable coalgebra. This is accomplished by a thorough comparative study of the homotopy theories of cosimplicial unstable coalgebras and of cosimplicial spaces.
Let $P_k:= \mathbb{F}_2[x_1,x_2,\ldots ,x_k]$ be the polynomial algebra in $k$ variables with the degree of each $x_i$ being $1,$ regarded as a module over the mod-$2$ Steenrod algebra $\mathcal{A},$ and let $GL_k$ be the general linear group over the prime field $\mathbb{F}_2$ which acts naturally on $P_k$. We study the hit problem, set up by Frank Peterson, of finding a minimal set of generators for the polynomial algebra $P_k$ as a module over the mod-2 Steenrod algebra, $\mathcal{A}$. These results are used to study the Singer algebraic transfer which is a homomorphism from the homology of…
We study some power operations for ordinary $C_2$-equivariant homology with coefficients in the constant Mackey functor $\underline{\mathbb{F}}_2$. In addition to a few foundational results, we calculate the action of these power operations on a $C_2$-equivariant dual Steenrod algebra. As an application, we give a cellular construction of the $C_2$ equivariant Brown-Peterson spectrum $\text{BP}\mathbf{R}$ and deduce its slice tower.
Let $F_2$ be the prime field of two elements and let $GL_s:= GL(s, F_2)$ be the general linear group of rank $s.$ Denote by $\mathscr A$ the Steenrod algebra over $F_2.$ The (mod-2) Lambda algebra, $Λ,$ is one of the tools to describe those mysterious "Ext-groups". In addition, the $s$-th algebraic transfer of William Singer \cite{Singer} is also expected to be a useful tool in the study of them. This transfer is a homomorphism $Tr_s: F_2 \otimes_{GL_s}P_{\mathscr A}(H_{*}(B\mathbb V_s, F_2))\to {\rm Ext}_{\mathscr {A}}^{s,s+*}(F_2, F_2),$ where $\mathbb V_s$ denotes the elementary abelian $2$…
The aim of this article is to provide space level maps between configuration spaces of graphs that are predicted by algebraic manipulations of cellular chains. More explicitly, we consider edge contraction and half-edge deletion, and identify the homotopy cofibers in terms of configuration spaces of simpler graphs. The construction's main benefit lies in making the operations functorial - in particular, graph minors give rise to compatible maps at the level of fundamental groups as well as generalized (co)homology theories. As applications we provide a long exact sequence for half-edge deletio…
Given a link in the thickened annulus, its annular Khovanov homology carries an action of the Lie algebra $\mathfrak{sl}_2$, which is natural with respect to annular link cobordisms. We consider the problem of lifting this action to the stable homotopy refinement of the annular homology. As part of this program, the actions of the standard generators of $\mathfrak{sl}_2$ are lifted to maps of spectra. In particular, it follows that the $\mathfrak{sl}_2$ action on homology commutes with the action of the Steenrod algebra. The main new technical ingredients developed in this paper, which may be …
We propose a method for calculating cohomology operations for finite simplicial complexes. Of course, there exist well--known methods for computing (co)homology groups, for example, the reduction algorithm consisting in reducing the matrices corresponding to the differential in each dimension to the Smith normal form, from which one can read off (co)homology groups of the complex, or the incremental algorithm (due to Edelsbrunner et al.) for computing Betti numbers. However, there is a gap in the literature concerning general methods for computing cohomology operations. For a given finite simp…
Homotopy theories via the magnitude-path spectral sequence
Université Paris Cité（巴黎西岱大学）；Sorbonne Université（索邦大学）；CNRS, IMJ-PRG（法国国家科学研究中心，IMJ-PRG）；University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学）；University of Sheffield（谢菲尔德大学）
In this paper we define and study the moduli space of metric-graph-flows in a manifold M. This is a space of smooth maps from a finite graph to M, which, when restricted to each edge, is a gradient flow line of a smooth (and generically Morse) function on M. Using the model of Gromov-Witten theory, with this moduli space replacing the space of stable holomorphic curves in a symplectic manifold, we obtain invariants, which are (co)homology operations in M. The invariants obtained in this setting are classical cohomology operations such as cup product, Steenrod squares, and Stiefel-Whitney class…
