We give conditions on a pair of Banach spaces $X$ and $Y,$ under which each operator from $X$ to $Y,$ whose second adjoint factors compactly through the space $l^p,$ $1\le p\le+\infty$, itself compactly factors through $l^p.$ The conditions are as follows: either the space $X^*,$ or the space $Y^{***}$ possesses the Grothendieck approximation property. Leaving the corresponding question for parameters $p>1, p\neq 2,$ still open, we show that for $p=1$ the conditions are essential.
We prove a general factorization theorem for Lipschitz summing operators in the context of metric spaces which recovers several linear and nonlinear factorization theorems that have been proved recently in different environments. New applications are also given.
A factorization theory is proposed for Wiener-Hopf plus Hankel operators with almost periodic Fourier symbols. We introduce a factorization concept for the almost periodic Fourier symbols such that the properties of the factors will allow corresponding operator factorizations. Conditions for left, right, or both-sided invertibility of the Wiener-Hopf plus Hankel operators are therefore obtained upon certain indices of the factorizations. Under such conditions, the one-sided and two-sided inverses of the operators in study are also obtained.
Given two range space relations A and B in Hilbert spaces, we characterize the existence of a range space operator T such that A = BT, respectively A = TB.
It is well known that not every summability property for non linear operators leads to a factorization theorem. In this paper we undertake a detailed study of factorization schemes for summing linear and nonlinear operators. Our aim is to integrate under the same theory a wide family of classes of mappings for which a Pietsch type factorization theorem holds. We analyze the class of linear operators that are defined by a summability inequality involving a homogeneous map. Our construction includes the cases of absolutely $p$-summing linear operators, $(p,σ)$-absolutely continuous linear operat…
The main purpose of this paper is the study of a~new class of summing multilinear operators acting from the product of Banach lattices with some nontrivial lattice convexity. A~mixed Pietsch-Maurey-Rosenthal type factorization theorem for these operators is proved under weaker convexity requirements than the ones that are needed in the Maurey-Rosenthal factorization through products of $L^q$-spaces. A~by-product of our factorization is an extension of multilinear operators defined by a~$q$-concavity type property to a~product of special Banach function lattices which inherit some lattice-geome…
EP Banach space operators and EP Banach algebra elements are characterized using different kinds of factorizations. The results obtained generalize well-known characterizations of EP matrices, EP Hilbert space operators and EP $C^*$-algebra elements. Furthermore, new results that hold in these contexts are presented.
In this paper we study operators of the form $M(ϕ)=T(ϕ)+H(ϕ)$ where $T(ϕ)$ and $H(ϕ)$ are the Toeplitz and Hankel operators acting on $H^p(\T)$ with generating function $ϕ\in L^\iy(\T)$. It turns out that $M(ϕ)$ is invertible if and only if the function $ϕ$ admits a certain kind of generalized factorization.
Weighted EP Banach space operators and Banach algebra elements are characterized using different kinds of factorizations. The results presented extend well-known characterizations of (weighted) EP matrices, (weighted) EP Hilbert space operators and (weighted) EP $C^*$-algebra elements.
We prove that in the setting of operator spaces the result of Davis, Figiel, Johnson and Pelczynski on factoring weakly compact operators holds accordingly. Though not related directly to the main theorem we add a remark on the description of weakly compact subsets in the dual of noncommutative vector valued ${\rm L}_1$.
A finite-dimensional analogue of the known Gordon-Lewis constant of a Banach space X is introduced; in its definition are used only finite rank operators. It is shown that there exist Banach spaces such that the standard Gordon-Lewis constant of X is finite and its finite-dimensional analogue GLfin(X) is infinite. Moreover, for any Banach space X of cotype 2 its finite-dimensional constant GLfin(X) is finite too.
On the Fréchet space of entire functions $H(\mathbb{C})$, we show that every nonscalar continuous linear operator $L:H(\mathbb{C})\to H(\mathbb{C})$ which commutes with differentiation has a hypercyclic vector $f(z)$ in the form of the infinite product of linear polynomials: \[ f(z) = \prod_{j=1}^\infty \, \left( 1-\frac{z}{a_j}\right), \] where each $a_j$ is a nonzero complex number.
In this article, we introduce the notion of $p$-$(DPL)$ sets.\ Also, a factorization result for differentiable mappings through Dunford-Pettis $p$-convergent operators is investigated.\ Namely, if $ X ,Y $ are real Banach spaces and $U$ is an open convex subset of $X,$ then we obtain that, given a differentiable mapping $f: U\rightarrow Y$ its derivative $f^{\prime}$ takes $U$-bounded sets into $p$-$(DPL)$ sets if and only if it happens $f=g\circ S,$ where $S$ is a Dunford-Pettis $p$-convergent operator from $X$ into a suitable Banach space $Z$ and $g:S(U)\rightarrow Y$ is a Gâteaux differenti…
We show that the factorization problem $θ(z)=θ_2(z)θ_1(z)$ is solvable in the class of Hilbert space operator-valued functions holomorphic on some neighbourhood of $z=0$ in $\nspace{C}{N}$ and having a zero at $z=0$ (here $θ(z)$ has a multiple zero at $z=0$). Such a factorization problem becomes more complicated if we demand for $θ(z), θ_1(z)$ and $θ_2(z)$ to be Agler--Schur-class functions on the polydisk $\nspace{D}{N}$ and for the factorization identity to hold in $\nspace{D}{N}$. In this case we reduce it to the problem on the existence of a cascade decomposition for certain multiparametri…
In the prequel to this paper, we proved that for a $SU(2,\mathbb C)$ valued loop having the critical degree of smoothness (one half of a derivative in the $L^2$ Sobolev sense), the following statements are equivalent: (1) the Toeplitz and shifted Toeplitz operators associated to the loop are invertible, (2) the loop has a unique triangular factorization, and (3) the loop has a unique root subgroup factorization. This hinges on some Plancherel-esque formulas for determinants of Toeplitz operators. The main point of this report is is to outline a generalization of this result to loops of vanishi…
We give a short direct proof of Agler's factorization theorem that uses the abstract characterization of operator algebras. the key ingredient of this proof is an operator algebra factorization theorem. Our proof provides some additional information about these factorizations in the case of polynomials.
Hermitian indices and factorization of selfadjoint operators on a Kreĭn space
Newcastle University（纽卡斯尔大学）；Instituto Argentino de Matemática “Alberto P. Calderón” CONICET（阿尔贝托·P·卡尔德隆阿根廷数学研究所（CONICET））；University of Virginia（弗吉尼亚大学）
We provide an operator space version of Maurey's factorization theorem. The main tool is an embedding result of independent interest. Applications for operator spaces and noncommutative Lp spaces are included.
We prove that if PT is a factorization of the identity operator on \ell_p^n through \ell_{\infty}^k, then ||P|| ||T|| \geq Cn^{1/p-1/2}(log n)^{-1/2}. This is a corollary of a more general result on factoring the identity operator on a quasi-normed space through \ell_{\infty}^k.
Given a Banach space~$X$ with an unconditional basis, we consider the following question: does the identity on~$X$ factor through every operator on~$X$ with large diagonal relative to the unconditional basis? We show that on Gowers' unconditional Banach space, there exists an operator for which the answer to the question is negative. By contrast, for any operator on the mixed-norm Hardy spaces $H^p(H^q)$, where $1 \leq p,q < \infty$, with the bi-parameter Haar system, this problem always has a positive solution. The spaces $L^p, 1 < p < \infty$, were treated first by Andrew~[{\em Studia Math.}…
In this paper we characterize EP operators through the existence of different types of factorizations. Our results extend to EP operators existing characterizations for EP matrices and give new characterizations both for EP matrices and EP operators.
We prove that any linear operator with kernel in a Pilipović or Gelfand-Shilov space can be factorized by two operators in the same class. We also give links on numerical approximations for such compositions. We apply these composition rules to deduce estimates of singular values and establish Schatten-von Neumann properties for such operators.
Let $T$ be a bounded quaternionic normal operator on a right quaternionic Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}$. We show that $T$ can be factorized in a strongly irreducible sense, that is, for any $δ>0$ there exist a compact operator $K$ with $\|K\|< δ$, a partial isometry $W$ and a strongly irreducible operator $S$ on $\mathcal{H}$ such that \begin{equation*} T = (W+K) S. \end{equation*} We illustrate our result with an example. We also prove a quaternionic version of the Riesz decomposition theorem and as a consequence, show that if the spherical spectrum of a bounded quaternionic operator (need not …
We give necessary and sufficient conditions for an operator $A:X\to Y$ on a Banach space having a shrinking FDD to factor through a Banach space $Z$ such that the Szlenk index of $Z$ is equal to the Szlenk index of $A$. We also prove that for every ordinal $ξ\in (0, ω_1)\setminus\{ω^η: η<ω_1\text{\ a limit ordinal}\}$, there exists a Banach space $\mathfrak{G}_ξ$ having a shrinking basis and Szlenk index $ω^ξ$ such that for any separable Banach space $X$ and any operator $A:X\to Y$ having Szlenk index less than $ω^ξ$, $A$ factors through a subspace and through a quotient of $\mathfrak{G}_ξ$, a…
Let $A$ be a $C^*$-algebra. It is shown that every absolutely summing operator from $A$ into $\ell_2$ factors through a Hilbert space operator that belongs to the 4-Schatten- von Neumann class. We also provide finite dimensinal examples that show that one can not improve the 4-Schatten-von Neumann class to $p$-Schatten von Neumann class for any $p<4$. As application, we prove that there exists a modulus of capacity $ε\to N(ε)$ so that if $A$ is a $C^*$-algebra and $T \in Π_1(A,\ell_2)$ with $π_1(T)\leq 1$, then for every $ε>0$, the $ε$-capacity of the image of the unit ball of $A$ under $T$ do…
We prove that every positive bounded invertible Wiener-Hopf operator admits triangular factorization. This answers the question posed by L.Sakhnovich in 1994.
In this paper we investigate operator Hilbert systems and their separable morphisms. We prove that the operator Hilbert space of Pisier is an operator system, which possesses the self-duality property. It is established a link between unital positive maps and Pietch factorizations, which allows us to describe all separable morphisms from an abelian C*-algebra to an operator Hilbert system. Finally, we prove a key property of entanglement breaking maps that involves operator Hilbert systems.
We give a constructive proof of the factorization theorem for the classical Hardy space in terms of fractional integral operator. Moreover, the result is extended to the multilinear case and weighted case. As an application, we obtain the characterization of $BMO$ via the weighted boundedness of commutators of the multilinear fractional integral operator, without individual conditions on the weights class.
We extend the recently much-studied Hardy factorization theorems to the weight case. The key point of this paper is to establish the factorization theorems without individual condition on the weight functions. As a direct application, we obtain the characterizations of $BMO(\mathbb{R}^n)$ space and Lipschitz spaces via the weighted boundedness of commutators of multilinear Calderón-Zygmund operators with the genuinely multilinear weights.
We establish the factorization of the Dirac operator on an almost-regular fibration of spin$^c$ manifolds in unbounded KK-theory. As a first intermediate result we establish that any vertically elliptic and symmetric first-order differential operator on a proper submersion defines an unbounded Kasparov module, and thus represents a class in KK-theory. Then, we generalize our previous results on factorizations of Dirac operators to proper Riemannian submersions of spin$^c$ manifolds. This allows us to show that the Dirac operator on the total space of an almost-regular fibration can be written …
Given $1 \leq p < \infty$, let $W_n$ denote the finite-dimensional dyadic Hardy space $H_n^p$, its dual or $SL_n^\infty$. We prove the following quantitative result: The identity operator on $W_n$ factors through any operator $T : W_N\to W_N$ which has large diagonal with respect to the Haar system, where $N$ depends \emph{linearly} on $n$.
The famous results of M.G. Kre\uın concerning the description of selfadjoint contractive extensions of a Hermitian contraction $T_1$ and the characterization of all nonnegative selfadjoint extensions $\widetilde A$ of a nonnegative operator $A$ via the inequalities $A_K\leq \widetilde A \leq A_F$, where $A_K$ and $A_F$ are the Kre\uın-von Neumann extension and the Friedrichs extension of $A$, are generalized to the situation, where $\widetilde A$ is allowed to have a fixed number of negative eigenvalues. These generalizations are shown to be possible under a certain minimality condition on the…
In the present paper we introduce the generalized inverse operators which have an interesting role in operator theory. We establish Douglas' factorization theorem type for Hilbert pro-$C^{\ast}$-module. We introduce the notion of atomic system and of $K$-frame in Hilbert pro-$C^{\ast}$-module and we study the relationship between them. We also demonstrat some properties of $K$-frame by using Douglas' factorization theorem.Finally we demonstrate that the sum of two $K$-frames in a Hilbert pro-$C^{\ast}$-module with certain conditions is once again a $K$-frame.
A class of non-factorable positive operators is constructed. As a result, pure existence theorems in the well-known problems by Ringrose, Kadison and Singer are substituted by concrete examples.
We consider kernels of unbounded Toeplitz operators in $H^p(\mathbb C^+)$ in terms of a factorization of their symbols. We study the existence of a minimal Toeplitz kernel containing a given function in $H^p(\mathbb C^+)$, we describe the kernels of Toeplitz operators whose symbol possesses a certain factorization involving two different Hardy spaces and we establish relations between the kernels of two operators whose symbols differ by a factor which corresponds, in the unit circle, to a non-integer power of $z$. We apply the results to describe the kernels of Toeplitz operators with non-vani…
A canonical factorization is given for a quadratic pencil of accretive operators in a Hilbert space. Also, we establish some relationships between an m-accretive operator and its Moore-Penorse inverse. As an application, we study a result of existence, uniqueness, and maximal regularity of the strict solution for complete abstract second order differential equation in the non-homogeneous case. The paper is concluded with some questions left open from the preceding discussions.
We construct operators which factorize the transfer function associated with a non-self-adjoint 2x2 operator matrix whose diagonal entries can have overlapping spectra and whose off-diagonal entries are unbounded operators.
Given two linear relations $A$ and $B$ we characterize the existence of a linear relation (operator) $C$ such that $A\subseteq BC$, respectively $A\subseteq CB.$ These factorizations extend and improve well-known results by R.G. Douglas and Z. Sebestyén.
We have constructed a concrete example of a non-factorable positive operator. As a result, for the well-known problems (Ringrose, Kadison and Singer problems) we replace existence theorems by concrete examples.
Let $X$ be a Banach space, $Σ$ be a $σ$-algebra, and $m:Σ\to X$ be a (countably additive) vector measure. It is a well known consequence of the Davis-Figiel-Johnson-Pelczýnski factorization procedure that there exist a reflexive Banach space $Y$, a vector measure $\tilde{m}:Σ\to Y$ and an injective operator $J:Y \to X$ such that $m$ factors as $m=J\circ \tilde{m}$. We elaborate some theory of factoring vector measures and their integration operators with the help of the isometric version of the Davis-Figiel-Johnson-Pelczýnski factorization procedure. Along this way, we sharpen a result of Okad…
Consider two continuous linear operators $T\colon X_1(μ)\to Y_1(ν)$ and $S\colon X_2(μ)\to Y_2(ν)$ between Banach function spaces related to different $σ$-finite measures $μ$ and $ν$. We characterize by means of weighted norm inequalities when $T$ can be strongly factored through $S$, that is, when there exist functions $g$ and $h$ such that $T(f)=gS(hf)$ for all $f\in X_1(μ)$. For the case of spaces with Schauder basis our characterization can be improved, as we show when $S$ is for instance the Fourier operator, or the Cesàro operator. Our aim is to study the case when the map $T$ is besides…
We characterize the holomorphic mappings $f$ between complex Banach spaces that may be written in the form $f=T\circ g$, where $g$ is another holomorphic mapping and $T$ belongs to a closed surjective operator ideal.
This is a continuation of our earlier paper \cite{PT3}. We consider here operator-valued functions (or infinite matrix functions) on the unit circle $\T$ and study the problem of approximation by bounded analytic operator functions. We discuss thematic and canonical factorizations of operator functions and study badly approximable and very badly approximable operator functions. We obtain algebraic and geometric characterizations of badly approximable and very badly approximable operator functions. Note that there is an important difference between the case of finite matrix functions and the ca…
We study factorizations of operator valued functions of weighted Schur classes over multiply-connected domains. There is a correspondence between functions from weighted Schur classes and so-called ``conservative curved'' systems introduced in the paper. We show that the fundamental relationship between invariant subspaces of the main operator of a conservative system and factorizations of the corresponding operator valued function of Schur class, which is well known in the case of the unit disk, can be extended to our case. We develop new notions and constructions and discuss changes that sho…
Let $(M,Γ)$ be a Hopf--von Neumann algebra, so that $M_\ast$ is a completely contractive Banach algebra. We investigate whether the product of two elements of $M$ that are both weakly almost periodic functionals on $M_\ast$ is again weakly almost periodic. For that purpose, we establish the following factorization result: If $M$ and $N$ are injective von Neumann algebras, and if $x, y \in M \bar{\otimes} N$ correspond to weakly compact operators from $M_\ast$ to $N$ factoring through reflexive operator spaces $X$ and $Y$, respectively, then the operator corresponding to $xy$ factors through th…
Let $M(ϕ)=T(ϕ)+H(ϕ)$ be the Toeplitz plus Hankel operator acting on $H^p(\T)$ with generating function $ϕ\in L^\iy(\T)$. In a previous paper we proved that $M(ϕ)$ is invertible if and only if $ϕ$ admits a factorization $ϕ(t)=ϕ_{-}(t)ϕ_{0}(t)$ such that $ϕ_{-}$ and $ϕ_{0}$ and their inverses belong to certain function spaces and such that a further condition formulated in terms of $ϕ_{-}$ and $ϕ_{0}$ is satisfied. In this paper we prove that this additional condition is equivalent to the Hunt-Muckenhoupt-Wheeden condition (or, $A_{p}$-condition) for a certain function $σ$ defined on $[-1,1]$, w…
We study several natural multiplicity questions that arise in the context of the Birman-Schwinger principle applied to non-self-adjoint operators. In particular, we re-prove (and extend) a recent result by Latushkin and Sukhtyaev by employing a different technique based on factorizations of analytic operator-valued functions due to Howland. Factorizations of analytic operator-valued functions are of particular interest in themselves and again we re-derive Howland's results and subsequently extend them. Considering algebraic multiplicities of finitely meromorphic operator-valued functions, we r…
We consider the analytic continuation of the transfer function associated with a 2x2 operator matrix having unbounded couplings into unphysical sheets of its Riemann surface. We construct a family of non-selfadjoint operators which factorize the transfer function and reproduce certain parts of its spectrum including the nonreal (resonance) spectrum situated in the unphysical sheets neighboring the physical sheet.
