We study the endomorphism ring $End(J(C))$ of the complex jacobian $J(C)$ of a curve $y^p=f(x)$ where $p$ is an odd prime and $f(x)$ is a polynomial with complex coefficiens of degree $n>4$ and without multiple roots. Assume that all the coefficients of $f$ lie in a (sub)field $K$ and the Galois group of $f$ over $K$ is either the full symmetric group $S_n$ or the alternating group $A_n$. Then we prove that $End(J(C))$ is the ring of integers in the in the $p$th cyclotomic field, if $p$ is a Fermat prime (e.g., $p=3,5,17,257$).
Similar results for $p=2$ (the case of hyperelliptic curves) were obtained by the author in Math. Res. Lett. 7(2000), 123--132.
We describe several improvements to algorithms for the rigorous computation of the endomorphism ring of the Jacobian of a curve defined over a number field.
Let $p$ be a prime, and $q$ a power of $p$. Using Galois theory, we show that over a field $K$ of characteristic zero, the endomorphism algebras of the jacobians of certain superelliptic curves $y^q=f(x)$ are products of cyclotomic fields.
We prove that the jacobian of a hyperelliptic curve y^2=f(x) is absolutely simple if deg(f)=q+1 where q is a power prime congruent to 5 modulo 8, the polynomial f(x) is irreducible over the ground field of characteristic zero and its Galois group is L_2(q).
We describe an algorithm, based on the properties of the characteristic polynomials of Frobenius, to compute $\operatorname{End}_{\overline{K}}(A)$ when $A$ is the Jacobian of a nice genus-2 curve over a number field $K$. We use this algorithm to confirm that the description of the structure of the geometric endomorphism ring of $\operatorname{Jac}(C)$ given in the LMFDB ($L$-functions and modular forms database) is correct for all the genus 2 curves $C$ currently listed in it. We also discuss the determination of the field of definition of the endomorphisms in some special cases.
Suppose that $K$ is a field of characteristic 0, $K_a$ is its algebraic closure, $p$ is a prime, $q=p^r$ is a power prime. Suppose that $f(x) \in K[x]$ is a polynomial of degree $n > 4$ without multiple roots. Let us consider the superelliptic curve $C: y^q=f(x)$ and its jacobian $J(C)$. We study the endomorphism algebra $End^0(J(C))$ of all $K_a$-endomorphisms of $J(C)$. We prove that $End^0(J(C))$ is "as small as possible" if the Galois group of $f$ over $K$ is either the full symmetric group $S_n$ or the alternating group $A_n$.
Let K be a field of characteristic zero, n>4 an integer, f(x) an irreducible polynomial over K of degree n, whose Galois group is doubly transitive simple non-abelian group. Let p be an odd prime, Z[ζ_p] the ring of integers in the p-th cyclotomic field, C_{f,p}:y^p=f(x) the corresponding superelliptic curve and J(C_{f,p}) its jacobian. Assuming that either n=p+1 or p does not divide n(n-1), we prove that the ring of all endomorphisms of J(C_{f,p}) coincides with Z[ζ_p].
Consider the jacobian of a hyperelliptic genus two curve defined over a finite field. Under certain restrictions on the endomorphism ring of the jacobian we give an explicit description all non-degenerate, bilinear, anti-symmetric and Galois-invariant pairings on the jacobian. From this description it follows that no such pairing can be computed more efficiently than the Weil pairing. To establish this result, we need an explicit description of the representation of the Frobenius endomorphism on the l-torsion subgroup of the jacobian. This description is given. In particular, we show that if t…
This is (mostly) a survey article. We use an information about Galois properties of points of small order on an abelian variety in order to describe its endomorphism algebra over an algebraic closure of the ground field. We discuss in detail applications to jacobians of cyclic covers of the projective line.
Suppose K is a field of characteristic 0, $K_a$ is its algebraic closure, p is an odd prime. Suppose, $f(x) \in K[x]$ is a polynomial of degree $n \ge 5$ without multiple roots. Let us consider a curve $C: y^p=f(x)$ and its jacobian J(C). It is known that the ring End(J(C)) of all $K_a$-endomorphisms of J(C) contains the ring $Z[ζ_p]$ of integers in the pth cyclotomic field (generated by obvious automorphisms of C). We prove that $End(J(C))=Z[ζ_p]$ if the Galois group of f over K is either the symmetric group $S_n$ or the alternating group $A_n$.
We give a quasihomogeneity criterion for Gorenstein curves. For complete intersections, it is related to the first step of Vasconcelos' normalization algorithm. In the process, we give a simplified proof of the Kunz-Ruppert criterion.
In this paper we obtain conditions on the divisors of the group order of the Jacobian of a hyperelliptic genus 2 curve, generated by the complex multiplication method described by Weng (2003) and Gaudry (2005). Examples, where these conditions imply that the Jacobian has a large cyclic subgroup, are given.
Given a polynomial $W$ with an isolated singularity, we can consider the Jacobian ring as an invariant of the singularity. If in addition we have a group action on the polynomial ring with $W$ fixed, we are led to consider the twisted Jacobian ring which reflects the equivariant structure as well. Our main result is to show that the twisted Jacobian ring is isomorphic to an endomorphism ring of the "twisted diagonal" matrix factorization. As an application, we suggest a way to investigate Floer theory of Lagrangian submanifolds which represent homological mirror functors.
Let $K$ be a field of prime characteristic $p$, $n>4 $ an integer, $f(x)$ an irreducible polynomial over $K$ of degree $n$, whose Galois group is either the full symmetric group $S_n$ or the alternating group $A_n$. Let $l$ be an odd prime different from $p$, $Z[ζ_l]$ the ring of integers in the $l$th cyclotomic field, $C_{f,l}:y^l=f(x)$ the corresponding superelliptic curve and $J(C_{f,l})$ its jacobian. We prove that the ring of all endomorphisms of $J(C_{f,l})$ coincides with $Z[ζ_l]$ if $J(C_{f,l})$ is an ordinary abelian variety and $(l,n)\ne (5,5)$.
We present an efficient endomorphism for the Jacobian of a curve $C$ of genus 2 (hyperelliptic) for divisors having a Non disjoint support. This extends the work of Costello and Lauter in [12] who calculated explicit formulae for divisor doubling and addition of divisors with disjoint support in $\mathbb{J}(C)$ using only base field operations. Explicit formulae is presented for this third case and a slightly different approach for divisor doubling.
We prove that the jacobian of a hyperelliptic curve y^2=f(x) has no nontrivial endomorphisms over an algebraic closure of the ground field of characteristic zero if the Galois group of the polynomial f is ``very big''.
In this work we consider constructions of genus three curves $X$ such that $\mathrm{End}(\mathrm{Jac} (X))\otimes Q$ contains the totally real cubic number field $Q(ζ_7 +\barζ_7 )$. We construct explicit three-dimensional families whose generic member is a nonhyperelliptic genus 3 curve with this property. The case when $X$ is hyperelliptic was studied in a previous work by Hoffman and Wang and some nonhyperelliptic curves were constructed in a previous paper by Hoffman, Z. Liang. Sakai and Wang.
In this work we consider constructions of genus three curves $X$ such that $\mathrm{End}(\mathrm{Jac}(X)) \otimes Q$ contains the totally real cubic number field $Q(ζ_ 7 + \overlineζ_7)$. We construct explicit two-dimensional families defined over $Q(s; t)$ whose generic member is a nonhyperelliptic genus 3 curve with this property. The case when X is hyperelliptic was studied by the authors Hoffman and Wang in a previous work. We calculate the zeta function of one of these curves. Conjecturally this zeta function is described by a modular form.
Let $G$ be a finite group acting effectively on the complex affine plane. If the $G$-action commutes with an étale endomorphism $f$ of the affine plane and the order of $G$ is even then the endomorphism $f$ is an automorphism.
In this paper, we first show that homogeneous Keller maps are injective on lines through the origin. We subsequently formulate a generalization, which is that under some conditions, a polynomial endomorphism with $r$ homogeneous parts of positive degree does not have $r$ times the same image point on a line through the origin, in case its Jacobian determinant does not vanish anywhere on that line. As a consequence, a Keller map of degree $r$ does not take the same values on $r > 1$ collinear points, provided $r$ is a unit in the base field. Next, we show that for invertible maps $x + H$ of deg…
We discuss the structure of the endomorphism algebras of the jacobians of superelliptic curves y^q=f(x) where q is a prime power and f(x) is an irreducible cubic or quartic polynomial over the field of rational functions k(t) in characteristic zero, whose Galois group is the full symmetric group.
We prove that in odd characteristic the jacobian of a hyperelliptic curve $y^2=f(x)$ has no nontrivial endomorphisms over an algebraic closure of the ground field if the Galois group of the polynomial $f$ of even degree is ``very big". The case of characteristic zero was previously treated by the author (Math. Res. Letters 7(2000), 123--132).
We prove that the jacobian of a hyperelliptic curve $y^2=(x-t)h(x)$ has no nontrivial endomorphisms over an algebraic closure of the ground field $K$ of characteristic zero if $t \in K$ and the Galois group of the polynomial $h(x)$ over $K$ is "very big" and $deg(h)$ is an even number >8. (The case of odd $deg(h)>3$ follows easily from previous results of the author.)
In his previous papers (J. reine angew. Math. 544 (2002), 91--110; math.AG/0103203) the author introduced a certain explicit construction of superelliptic jacobians, whose endomorphism ring is the ring of integers in the $p$th cyclotomic field. (Here $p$ is an odd prime.) In the present paper we discuss when these jacobians are mutually non-isogenous. (The case of hyperelliptic jacobians was treated in author's e-print math.NT/0301173 .)
We give practical numerical methods to compute the period matrix of a plane algebraic curve (not necessarily smooth). We show how automorphisms and isomorphisms of such curves, as well as the decomposition of their Jacobians up to isogeny, can be calculated heuristically. Particular applications include the determination of (generically) non-Galois morphisms between curves and the identification of Prym varieties.
Let $k$ be a field of characteristic zero and let $K=k(t)$ be the rational function field over $k$. In this paper we combine a formula of Ulmer for ranks of certain Jacobians over $K$ with strong upper bounds on endomorphisms of Jacobians due to Zarhin to give many examples of higher dimensional, absolutely simple Jacobians over $k(t)$ with bounded rank in towers $k(t^{1/p^r})$. In many cases we are able to compute the rank at every layer of the tower.
We give uniformizations of the Klein quartic curve and the Fermat septic curve as Shimura curves parametrizing Abelian $6$-folds with endomorphisms $\ZZ[\z_7]$.
A polynomial endomorphism $σ\in {\rm End}_K(P_n)$ is called a Jacobian map if its Jacobian is a nonzero scalar (the field has zero characteristic). Each Jacobian map $σ$ is extended to an endomorphism $σ$ of the Weyl algebra $A_n$. The Jacobian Conjecture (JC) says that every Jacobian map is an automorphism. Clearly, the Jacobian Conjecture is true iff the twisted (by $σ$) $P_n$-module ${}^σ P_n$ is 1-generated for all Jacobian maps $σ$. It is shown that the $A_n$-module ${}^σ P_n$ is 1-generated for all Jacobian maps $σ$. Furthermore, the $A_n$-module ${}^σ P_n$ is holonomic and as a result h…
Elliptic curves have a well-known and explicit theory for the construction and application of endomorphisms, which can be applied to improve performance in scalar multiplication. Recent work has extended these techniques to hyperelliptic Jacobians, but one obstruction is the lack of explicit models of curves together with an efficiently computable endomorphism. In the case of hyperelliptic curves there are limited examples, most methods focusing on special CM curves or curves defined over a small field. In this article we describe three infinite families of curves which admit an efficiently co…
It is proved that the Jacobian of a k-endomorphism of k[x_1,...,x_n] over a field k of characteristic zero taking every tame coordinate to a coordinate, must be a nonzero constant in k. It is also proved that the Jacobian of an R-endomorphism of A:=R[x_1,...,x_n] (where R is a polynomial ring in finite number of variables over an infinite field k), taking every R-linear coordinate of A to an R-coordinate of A, is a nonzero constant in k.
Let $\ell$ be a rational prime and $k$ a number field. Given a superelliptic curve $C/k$ of $\ell$-power degree, we describe the field generated by the $\ell$-power torsion of the Jacobian variety in terms of the branch set and reduction type of $C$ (and hence, in terms of data determined by a suitable affine model of $C$). If the Jacobian is good away from $\ell$ and the branch set is defined over a pro-$\ell$ extension of $k(μ_{\ell^\infty})$ unramified away from $\ell$, then the $\ell$-power torsion of the Jacobian is rational over the maximal such extension. By decomposing the covering int…
Jedrzejewicz showed that a polynomial map over a field of characteristic zero is invertible, if and only if the corresponding endomorphism maps irreducible polynomials to irreducible polynomials. Furthermore, he showed that a polynomial map over a field of characteristic zero is a Keller map, if and only if the corresponding endomorphism maps irreducible polynomials to square-free polynomials. We show that the latter endomorphism maps other square-free polynomials to square-free polynomials as well. In connection with the above classification of invertible polynomial maps and the Jacobian Conj…
In his previous papers the author proved that in characteristic different from 2 the jacobian J(C) of a hyperelliptic curve C: y^2=f(x) has only trivial endomorphisms over an algebraic closure K_a of the ground field K if the Galois group of the irreducible polynomial f(x) in K[x] is either the full symmetric group S_n or the alternating group A_n. Here n > 8 is the degree of f. The goal of this paper is to extend this result to the case when either n=7,8 or n=5,6 and char(K)>3.
In his previous paper (Math. Res. Letters 7(2000), 123--132) the author proved that in characteristic zero the jacobian $J(C)$ of a hyperelliptic curve $C: y^2=f(x)$ has only trivial endomorphisms over an algebraic closure $K_a$ of the ground field $K$ if the Galois group $Gal(f)$ of the irreducible polynomial $f(x) \in K[x]$ is either the symmetric group $S_n$ or the alternating group $A_n$. Here $n>4$ is the degree of $f$. In math.AG/0003002 we extended this result to the case of certain ``smaller'' Galois groups. In particular, we treated the infinite series $n=2^r+1, Gal(f)=L_2(2^r)$ and $…
A smooth complex variety satisfies the Generalized Jacobian Conjecture if all its étale endomorphisms are proper. We study the conjecture for $\mathbb{Q}$-acyclic surfaces of negative Kodaira dimension. We show that $G$-equivariant counterexamples for infinite group $G$ exist if and only if $G=\mathbb{C}^*$ and we classify them relating them to Belyi-Shabat polynomials. Taking universal covers we get rational simply connected $\mathbb{C}^*$-surfaces of negative Kodaira dimension which admit non-proper $\mathbb{C}^*$-equivariant étale endomorphisms. We prove also that for every integers $r\geq …
Let E be an elliptic curve defined over a finite field. Balasubramanian and Koblitz have proved that if the l-th roots of unity m_l is not contained in the ground field, then a field extension of the ground field contains m_l if and only if the l-torsion points of E are rational over the same field extension. We generalize this result to Jacobians of genus two curves with complex multiplication. In particular, we show that the Weil- and the Tate-pairing on such a Jacobian are non-degenerate over the same field extension of the ground field.
The Jacobian conjecture in dimension $n$ asserts that any polynomial endomorphism of $n$-dimensional affine space over a field of zero characteristic, with the Jacobian equal 1, is invertible. The Dixmier conjecture in rank $n$ asserts that any endomorphism of the $n$-th Weyl algebra (the algebra of polynomial differential operators in $n$ variables) is invertible. We prove that the Jacobian conjecture in dimension $2n$ implies the Dixmier conjecture in rank $n$. Together with a well-known implication in the opposite direction, it shows that the stable Jacobian and Dixmier conjectures are equi…
An abelian surface A over a field K has potential quaternionic multiplication if the ring End_\bar K (A) of geometric endomorphisms of A is an order in an indefinite rational division quaternion algebra. In this brief note, we study the possible structures of the ring of endomorphisms of these surfaces and we provide explicit examples of Jacobians of curves of genus two which show that our result is sharp.
Let E be an elliptic curve defined over a finite field. Balasubramanian and Koblitz have proved that if the l-th roots of unity m_l is not contained in the ground field, then a field extension of the ground field contains m_l if and only if the l-torsion points of E are rational over the same field extension. We generalize this result to Jacobians of genus two curves. In particular, we show that the Weil- and the Tate-pairing are non-degenerate over the same field extension of the ground field. From this generalization we get a complete description of the l-torsion subgroups of Jacobians of su…
In his previous paper (Math. Res. Letters 7(2000), 123--132) the author proved that in characteristic zero the jacobian $J(C)$ of a hyperelliptic curve $C: y^2=f(x)$ has only trivial endomorphisms over an algebraic closure $K_a$ of the ground field $K$ if the Galois group $Gal(f)$ of the irreducible polynomial $f(x) \in K[x]$ is either the symmetric group $S_n$ or the alternating group $A_n$. Here $n>4$ is the degree of $f$. In math.AG/0003002 we extended this result to the case of certain ``smaller'' Galois groups. In particular, we treated the infinite series $n=2^r+1, Gal(f)=L_2(2^r)$ and $…
We prove that in most cases relevant to cryptography, the Frobenius endomorphism on the Jacobian of a genus two curve is represented by a diagonal matrix with respect to an appropriate basis of the subgroup of l-torsion points. From this fact we get an explicit description of the Weil-pairing on the subgroup of l-torsion points. Finally, the explicit description of the Weil-pairing provides us with an efficient, probabilistic algorithm to find generators of the subgroup of l-torsion points on the Jacobian of a genus two curve.
Consider the Jacobian of a genus two curve defined over a finite field and with complex multiplication. In this paper we show that if the l-Sylow subgroup of the Jacobian is not cyclic, then the embedding degree of the Jacobian with respect to l is one.
In this paper we compute the first vertex of a generic Newton polygon in some special cases, and the corresponding Hasse polynomial. This allows us to show the nonexistence of $p$-cyclic coverings of the projective line in characteristic $p$ with supersingular jacobian for some (infinite families of) genera.
Let $K$ be a global field of characteristic different from 2 and $u(x)\in K[x]$ be an irreducible polynomial of even degree $2g\ge 6$, whose Galois group over $K$ is either the full symmetric group $S_{2g}$ or the alternating group $A_{2g}$. We describe explicitly how to choose (infinitely many) pairs of distinct elements $t_1, t_2$ of $K$ such that the $g$-dimensional jacobian of a hyperelliptic curve $y^2=(x-t_1)(x-t_2))u(x)$ has no nontrivial endomorphisms over an algebraic closure of $K$ and has big $\ell$-adic monodromy.
Let $K$ be a field of characteristic different from $2$, $\bar{K}$ its algebraic closure. Let $n \ge 3$ be an odd integer. Let $f(x)$ and $h(x)$ be degree $n$ polynomials with coefficients in $K$ and without repeated roots. Let us consider genus $(n-1)/2$ hyperelliptic curves $C_f: y^2=f(x)$ and $C_h: y^2=h(x)$, and their jacobians $J(C_f)$ and $J(C_h)$, which are $(n-1)/2$-dimensional abelian varieties defined over $K$. Suppose that one of the polynomials is irreducible and the other splits completely over $K$. We prove that if $J(C_f)$ and $J(C_h)$ are isogenous over $\bar{K}$ then there is …
Let $Y_K\to X_K$ be a ramified cyclic covering of curves, where $K$ is a cyclotomic field. In this work we study the $p$-rank of the reduction $\rm{mod}\, p$ of a model of the jacobian of $Y_K$. In this way, we obtain counterparts of the Deuring polynomial, defined for elliptic curves, for genus greater than one. Moreover, we show that curves $Y_K$ give Hecke characters for cyclotomic fields. To carry out this study we use Jacobi sums and certain $L$-functions.
Let $K$ be a field of characteristic $p \neq 2$, and let $f(x)$ be a sextic polynomial irreducible over $K$ with no repeated roots, whose Galois group is isomorphic to $\A_5$. If the jacobian $J(C)$ of the hyperelliptic curve $C:y^2=f(x)$ admits real multiplication over the ground field from an order of a real quadratic field $D$, then either its endomorphism algebra is isomorphic to $D$, or $p > 0$ and $J(C)$ is a supersingular abelian variety. The supersingular outcome cannot occur when $p$ splits in $D$.
We show that the degrees of rational endomorphisms of very general complex Fano and Calabi-Yau hypersurfaces satisfy certain congruence conditions by specializing to characteristic p. As a corollary we show that very general n-dimensional hypersurfaces of degree $d\ge 5\lceil (n+3)/6\rceil$ are not birational to elliptic fibrations. A key part of the argument is to resolve singularities of general p-cyclic covers in mixed characteristic p.
In his previous papers (Math. Res. Letters 7 (2000), 123--13; Math. Res. Letters 8 (2001), 429--435; Moscow Math. J. 2 (2002), issue 2, 403-431) the author proved that in characteristic $\ne 2$ the jacobian $J(C)$ of a hyperelliptic curve $C: y^2=f(x)$ has only trivial endomorphisms over an algebraic closure $K_a$ of the ground field $K$ if the Galois group $\Gal(f)$ of the irreducible polynomial $f(x) \in K[x]$ is either the symmetric group $\Sn$ or the alternating group $\A_n$. Here $n\ge 9$ is the degree of $f$. The goal of this paper is to extend this result to the case of certain ``smalle…
For an abelian surface A over a number field k, we study the limiting distribution of the normalized Euler factors of the L-function of A. This distribution is expected to correspond to taking characteristic polynomials of a uniform random matrix in some closed subgroup of USp(4); this Sato-Tate group may be obtained from the Galois action on any Tate module of A. We show that the Sato-Tate group is limited to a particular list of 55 groups up to conjugacy. We then classify A according to the Galois module structure on the R-algebra generated by endomorphisms of A_Qbar (the Galois type), and e…
Thanks to recent results on ring homomorphisms of Azumaya algebras and to the following ones about endomorphisms of canonical Poisson algebras and Dirac quantum algebras, and about the reformulation in positive characteristic of these conjectures in characteristic zero, we prove the equivalence of these three conjectures in any characteristic, giving also by this way a new proof of the equivalence of the complex version of the two first conjectures recently proved by Y. Tsuchimoto.
We propose a simple criterion to know if an abelian variety $A$ defined over a finite field $\mathbb{F}_q$ is cyclic, i.e., it has a cyclic group of rational points; this criterion is based on the endomorphism ring End$_{\mathbb{F}_q}(A)$. We also provide a criterion to know if an isogeny class is cyclic, i.e., all its varieties are cyclic; this criterion is based on the characteristic polynomial of the isogeny class. We find some asymptotic lower bounds on the fraction of cyclic $\mathbb{F}_q$-isogeny classes among certain families of them, when $q$ tends to infinity. Some of these bounds req…
Let k be a field of characteristic zero. Let phi be a k-endomorphism of the polynomial algebra k[x_1,...,x_n]. It is known that phi is an automorphism if and only if it maps irreducible polynomials to irreducible polynomials. In this paper we show that phi satisfies the jacobian condition if and only if it maps irreducible polynomials to square-free polynomials. Therefore, the Jacobian Conjecture is equivalent to the following statement: every k-endomorphism of k[x_1,...,x_n], mapping irreducible polynomials to square-free polynomials, maps irreducible polynomials to irreducible polynomials.
Let $η: C_{f,N}\to \mathbb{P}^1$ be a cyclic cover of $\mathbb{P}^1$ of degree $N$ which is totally and tamely ramified for all the ramification points. We determine the group of fixed points of the cyclic group $\mathbf{mu}_N\cong \mathbb{Z}/N\mathbb{Z}$ acting on the Jacobian $J_N:=\Jac(C_{f,N})$. For each $\ell$ distinct from the characteristic of the base field, the Tate module $T_\ell J_N$ is shown to be a free module over the ring $\mathbb{Z}_\ell[T]/(\sum_{i=0}^{N-1}T^i)$. We also calculate the degree of the induced polarization on the new part $J_N^{new}$ of the Jacobian.
