Masatoshi Noumi
An overview is given on recent developments in the affine Weyl group approach to Painlevé equations and discrete Painlevé equations, based on the joint work with Y. Yamada and K. Kajiwara.
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An explicit form of the Lax pair for the q-difference Painleve equation with affine Weyl group symmetry of type E^{(1)}_8 is obtained. Its degeneration to E^{(1)}_7, E^{(1)}_6 and D^{(1)}_5 cases are also given.
Recently a certain $q$-Painlevé type system has been obtained from a reduction of the $q$-Garnier system. In this paper it is shown that the $q$-Painlevé type system is associated with another realization of the affine Weyl group symmetry of type $E_7^{(1)}$ and is different from the well-known $q$-Painlevé system of type $E_7^{(1)}$ from the point of view of evolution directions. We also study a connection between the $q$-Painlevé type system and the $q$-Painlevé system of type $E_7^{(1)}$. Furthermore determinant formulas of particular solutions for the $q$-Painlevé type system are construct…
We apply singularity analysis to investigate the integrability properties of the gravitational field equations in Weyl Integrable Spacetime for a spatially flat Friedmann--Lemaître--Robertson--Walker background spacetime induced with an ideal gas. We find that the field equations possess the Painlevé property in the presence of the cosmological constant and the analytic solution is given by a left Laurent expansion.
Three $q$-Painlevé equations with affine Weyl group symmetry of type $E_7^{(1)}$
本文通过退化 $q$-$E_8^{(1)}$ 型 $q$-Painlevé 方程得到三个 $q$-$E_7^{(1)}$ 型方程，并给出其仿射 Weyl 群作用的三种表示及相互关系。
Derivation of Painlevé type system with $D_4^{(1)}$ affine Weyl group symmetry in a self-similarity limit
本文通过自相似极限，将基于 $D_4$ 圈代数的零曲率方程化简为具有四个正则变量和 $D_4^{(1)}$ 仿射 Weyl 群对称性的耦合 Painlevé III 模型的多项式 Hamiltonian 系统。
We find a two-parameter family of coupled Painlevé systems in dimension four with affine Weyl group symmetry of type $A_4^{(2)}$. For a degenerate system of $A_4^{(2)}$ system, we also find a one-parameter family of coupled Painlevé systems in dimension four with affine Weyl group symmetry of type $A_1^{(1)}$. We show that for each system, we give its symmetry and holomorphy conditions. These symmetries, holomorphy conditions and invariant divisors are new. Moreover, we find a one-parameter family of partial differential systems in three variables with $W(A_1^{(1)})$-symmetry. We show the rela…
We derive integrable equations starting from autonomous mappings with a general form inspired by the additive systems associated to the affine Weyl group E$_8^{(1)}$. By deautonomisation we obtain two hitherto unknown systems, one of which turns out to be a linearisable one, and we show that both these systems arise from the deautonomisation of a non-QRT mapping. In order to unambiguously prove the integrability of these nonautonomous systems, we introduce a series of Miura transformations which allows us to prove that one of these systems is indeed a discrete Painlevé equation, related to the…
We construct a tau cover of the generalized Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchy associated to an arbitrary affine Kac-Moody algebra with gradations $\mathrm{s}\le\mathds{1}$ and derive its Virasoro symmetries. By imposing the Virasoro constraints we obtain solutions of the Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchy of Witten-Kontsevich and of Brezin-Gross-Witten types, and of those characterized by certain ordinary differential equations of Painlevé type. We also show the existence of affine Weyl group actions on solutions of such Painlevé type equations, which generalizes the theory of Noumi and Yamada on affine Weyl…
The Painlevé equations can be written as Hamiltonian systems with affine Weyl group symmetries. A canonical quantization of the Painlevé equations preserving the affine Weyl group symmetries has been studied. While, the Painlevé equations are isomonodromic equations for certain second-order linear differential equations. In this paper, we introduce a canonical quantization of Lax equations for the Painlevé equations and construct symmetries of the quantum Lax equations. We also show that our quantum Lax equations are derived from Virasoro conformal field theory.
Representations of quadratic Heisenberg-Weyl algebras and polynomials in the fourth Painlevé transcendent
本文研究了涉及第四Painlevé超越函数的哈密顿量在不可约情况下的可解性，通过交换子恒等式构造诱导表示，并给出激发态作为双变量多项式的显式公式。
We investigate the symmetry of the linear q-difference equations which are associated with some q-Painlevé equations. We apply it for adjustment of the expression of the time evolution on the q-Painlevé equations in terms of the Weyl group symmetry.
We consider the symmetric q-Painlevé equations derived from the birational representation of affine Weyl groups by applying the projective reduction and construct the hypergeometric solutions. Moreover, we discuss continuous limits of the symmetric q-Painlevé equations to Painlevé equations together with their hypergeometric solutions.
We present an new system of ordinary differential equations with affine Weyl group symmetry of type E_6^{(1)}. This system is expressed as a Hamiltonian system of sixth order with a coupled Painleve VI Hamiltonian.
A series of systems of nonlinear equations with affine Weyl group symmetry of type $A^{(1)}_l$ is studied. This series gives a generalization of Painlevé equations $P_{IV}$ and $P_{V}$ to higher orders.
Geometry of autonomous discrete Painlevé equations related to the Weyl group $W(E_8^{(1)})$
本文通过几何构造，揭示了与Weyl群$W(E_8^{(1)})$相关的自主离散Painlevé方程的结构与性质。
Blowup relations and $q$-Painlevé VI
本文研究5d N=1（箭图）SYM理论配分函数的爆破关系，关联其整数参数与李代数权，导出q-潘勒韦VI陶函数的双线性关系，揭示Weyl群对称性的作用。
Higher order Painleve equations invariant under extended affine Weyl groups $A^{(1)}_n$ are obtained through self-similarity limit of a class of pseudo-differential Lax hierarchies with symmetry inherited from the underlying generalized Volterra lattice structure.
Folding transformation of the Painlevé equations is an algebraic (of degree greater than 1) transformation between solutions of different equations. In 2005 Tsuda, Okamoto and Sakai classified folding transformations of differential Painlevé equations. These transformations are in correspondence with automorphisms of affine Dynkin diagrams. We give a complete classification of folding transformations of the $q$-difference Painlevé equations, these transformations are in correspondence with certain subdiagrams of the affine Dynkin diagrams (possibly with automorphism). The method is based on Sa…
We consider $q$-Painlevé equations arising from birational representations of the extended affine Weyl groups of $A_4^{(1)}$- and $(A_1+A_1)^{(1)}$-types. We study their hypergeometric solutions on the level of $τ$ functions.
In this paper, we provide a comprehensive method for constructing Lax pairs of discrete Painlevé equations by using a reduced hypercube structure. In particular, we consider the $A_5^{(1)}$-surface $q$-Painlevé system which has the affine Weyl group symmetry of type $(A_2+A_1)^{(1)}$. Two new Lax pairs are found.
A new Lax pair for the sixth Painlevé equation $P_{VI}$ is constructed in the framework of the loop algebra $\mathfrak{so}(8)[z,z^{-1}]$. The whole affine Weyl group symmetry of $P_{VI}$ is interpreted as gauge transformations of the corresponding linear problem.
Non-Stationary Difference Equation and Affine Laumon Space: Quantization of Discrete Painlevé Equation
本研究建立了非平稳差分方程与量子化离散Painlevé VI方程的关联，证明原方程可分解为耦合系统，并推测仿射Laumon空间的瞬子配分函数是其解。
A $q$-deformation of the middle convolution was introduced by Sakai and Yamaguchi. We apply it to a linear $q$-difference equation associated with the $q$-Painlevé VI equation. Then we obtain integral transformations. We investigate the $q$-middle convolution in terms of the affine Weyl group symmetry of the $q$-Painlevé VI equation. We deduce an integral transformation on the $q$-Heun equation.
Segre surfaces and geometry of the Painlevé equations
本文研究了六参数的仿射Segre曲面与Painlevé方程的单调性 manifold 之间的关系，揭示了不同极限形式的几何结构。
Initial value space of the four dimensional Painlevé system with $(A_5+A_1)^{(1)}$ symmetry
本文构造了具有$(A_5+A_1)^{(1)}$对称性的四维Painlevé系统的初始值空间，将其作为辛流形上的多项式辛系统进行描述。
A system of q-Painlevé type equations with multi-time variables t_1,...,t_M is obtained as a similarity reduction of the N-reduced q-KP hierarchy. This system has affine Weyl group symmetry of type A^{(1)}_{M-1} \times A^{(1)}_{N-1}. Its rational solutions are constructed in terms of q-Schur functions.
In this paper a comprehensive review is given on the current status of achievements in the geometric aspects of the Painlevé equations, with a particular emphasis on the discrete Painlevé equations. The theory is controlled by the geometry of certain rational surfaces called the spaces of initial values, which are characterized by eight point configuration on $\mathbb{P}^1\times\mathbb{P}^1$ and classified according to the degeration of points. We give a systematic description of the equations and their various properties, such as affine Weyl group symmetries, hypergeomtric solutions and Lax p…
A higher-order generalization of an $A_4^{(1)}$-surface type $q$-Painlevé equation with $\widetilde{W}\left((A_{2N}\rtimes A_1)^{(1)}\times A_1^{(1)}\right)$ symmetry
本文研究A4型q-Painlevé方程的高阶推广，通过构造更大扩张仿射Weyl群的双有理表示扩展已有结果，并提出由CAC型偏差分方程周期约化到Painlevé型q-常差分方程的猜想。
Affine Symmetries for ABJM Partition Function and its Generalization
本文澄清了ABJM理论巨配分函数的仿射对称性，发现其可自然扩展至对偶级联基本域之外，并证明q-Painleve方程在域外同样成立。
A discretization of Painlevé VI equation was obtained by Jimbo and Sakai in 1996. There are two ways to quantize it: 1) use the affine Weyl group symmetry (of $D_5^{(1)}$) (Hasegawa, 2011), 2) Lax formalism i.e. monodromy preserving point of view. It turns out that the second approach is also successful and gives the same quantization as in the first approach.
We study deformations of the harmonic oscillator algebra known as polynomial Heisenberg algebras (PHAs), and establish a connection between them and extended affine Weyl groups of type $A^{(1)}_m$, where $m$ is the degree of the PHA. To establish this connection, we employ supersymmetric quantum mechanics to first connect a polynomial Heisenberg algebra to symmetric systems of differential equations. This connection has been previously used to relate quantum systems to non-linear differential equations; most notably, the fourth and fifth Painlevé equations. Once this is done, we use previous s…
Generalized Frobenius Manifold Structures on the Orbit Spaces of Affine Weyl Groups I
本文研究了仿射Weyl群轨道空间上的广义Frobenius流形结构构造及其单值群的性质。
Higher-order generalizations of the $A_6^{(1)}$- and $A_4^{(1)}$-surface type $q$-Painlevé equations
本文通过具有立方体周围一致性性质的偏差分方程组进行周期约化，构造了$A_6^{(1)}$型和$A_4^{(1)}$面型$q$-Painlevé方程的高阶推广，并展示了其扩展仿射Weyl群对称性和Lax对。
Brane configurations in a circle allow subsequent applications of the Hanany-Witten transitions, which are known as duality cascades. By studying the process of duality cascades corresponding to quantum curves with symmetries of Weyl groups, we find a hidden structure of affine Weyl groups. Namely, the fundamental domain of duality cascades consisting of all the final destinations is characterized by the affine Weyl chamber and the duality cascades are realized as translations of the affine Weyl group, where the overall rank in the brane configuration associates to the grading operator of the …
A geometric study of two 4-dimensional mappings is given. By the resolution of indeterminacy they are lifted to pseudo-automorphisms of rational varieties obtained from $({\mathbb P}^1)^4$ by blowing-up along sixteen 2-dimensional subvarieties. The symmetry groups, the invariants and the degree growth rates are computed from the linearisation on the corresponding Néron-Severi bilattices. It turns out that the deautonomised version of one of the mappings is a Bäcklund transformation of a direct product of the fourth Painlevé equation which has $A_2^{(1)}+A_2^{(1)}$ type affine Weyl group symmet…
Since the classification of discrete Painlevé equations in terms of rational surfaces, there has been much interest in the range of integrable equations arising from each of the 22 surface types in Sakai's list. For all but the most degenerate type in the list, the surfaces come in families which admit affine Weyl groups of symmetries. Translation elements of this symmetry group define discrete Painlevé equations with the same number of parameters as their family of surfaces. While non-translation elements of the symmetry group have been observed to correspond to discrete systems of Painlevé-t…
We prove the Weyl denominator identity for the affine Lie superalgebra gl(2|2)^ conjectured by V. Kac and M. Wakimoto. As it was pointed out in their paper, this gives another proof of Jacobi identity for the number of presentations of a given integer as a sum of eight squares.
In this article we formulate a group of birational transformations which is isomorphic to an extended affine Weyl group of type $(A_{2n+1}+A_1+A_1)^{(1)}$ with the aid of mutations and permutations of vertices to a mutation-periodic quiver on a torus. This group provides a class of higher order generalizations of Jimbo-Sakai's $q$-Painlevé VI equation as translations on a root lattice. Then the known three systems are obtained again; the $q$-Garnier system, a similarity reduction of the lattice $q$-UC hierarchy and a similarity reduction of the $q$-Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchy.
We present a method of determining a Lax representation for similarity reductions of autonomous and non-autonomous partial difference equations. This method may be used to obtain Lax representations that are general enough to provide the Lax integrability for entire hierarchies of reductions. A main result is, as an example of this framework, how we may obtain the q-Painlevé equation whose group of Bäcklund transformations is an affine Weyl group of type E_6^{(1)} as a similarity reduction of the discrete Schwarzian Korteweg-de Vries equation.
Weyl denominator identity for the affinization of a basic Lie superalgebra with a non-zero Killing form was formulated by Kac and Wakimoto and was proven by them in defect one case. In this paper we prove this identity.
We show that the Garnier system in n-variables has affine Weyl group symmetry of type $B^{(1)}_{n+3}$. We also formulate the $τ$ functions for the Garnier system (or the Schlesinger system of rank 2) on the root lattice $Q(C_{n+3})$ and show that they satisfy Toda equations, Hirota-Miwa equations and bilinear differential equations.
On a non-commutative sixth $q$-Painlevé system: from discrete system to surface theory
本文描述了离散可积系统背后非交换形式几何，通过非交换$ q $-P$(A_3) $方程的非交换类比，建立非交换版本的Sakai表面理论，并恢复了乘法离散Painlevé方程的级联结构。
We derive the discrete Painlevé equations associated to the affine Weyl group E$_8^{(1)}$ that can be represented by an (in the QRT sense) "asymmetric" trihomographic system. The method used in this paper is based on singularity confinement. We start by obtaining all possible singularity patterns for a general asymmetric trihomographic system and discard those patterns which cannot lead to confined singularities. Working with the remaining ones we implement the confinement conditions and derive the corresponding discrete Painlevé equations, which involve two variables. By eliminating either of…
Generalized Frobenius Manifold Structures on the Orbit Spaces of Affine Weyl Groups II
本文基于前文方法，构建了仿射韦尔群轨道空间上的广义Frobenius流形结构，并应用于类型$A_\ell, B_\ell, C_\ell$和$D_\ell$。
Why is my rational Painlevé V solution not unique?
本文研究 Painlevé V 方程在相同参数下出现多个有理解的非唯一性问题，基于 $A^{(1)}_{3}$ 仿射 Weyl 群平移算子形式体系推导发生条件，并识别种子解、给出系统构造闭式表达式的方法。
On monodromy of monodromy surfaces
该研究将Painlevé方程关联的单值群曲面实现为仿射del Pezzo曲面，明确其单值群为对应仿射外尔群的有限部分，还给出Painlevé方程参数空间的模空间解释。
We study recently introduced Desargues maps, which provide simple geometric interpretation of the non-commutative Hirota--Miwa system. We characterize them as maps of the A-type root lattice into a projective space such that images of vertices of any basic regular N-simplex are collinear. Such a characterization is manifestly invariant with respect to the corresponding affine Weyl group action, which leads to related symmetries of the Hirota--Miwa system.
We derive integrable equations starting from autonomous mappings with a general form inspired by the multiplicative systems associated to the affine Weyl group E$_8^{(1)}$. Five such systems are obtained, three of which turn out to be linearisable and the remaining two are integrable in terms of elliptic functions. In the case of the linearisable mappings we derive nonautonomous forms which contain a free function of the dependent variable and we present the linearisation in each case. The two remaining systems are deautonomised to new discrete Painlevé equations. We show that these equations …
We present a new class of extended affine Weyl groups $\widetilde{W}^{(k,k+1)}(A_l)$ for $1\leq k <l$ and obtain an analogue of Chevalley-type theorem for their invariants. We further show the existence of Frobenius manifold structures on the orbit spaces of $\widetilde{W}^{(k,k+1)}(A_l)$ and also construct Landau--Ginzburg superpotentials for these Frobenius manifold structures.
The solutions of the (nonlinear) Painleve VI differential equation having icosahedral linear monodromy group will be classified up to equivalence under Okamoto's affine F4 Weyl group action and many properties of the solutions will be given. There are 52 classes, the first ten of which correspond directly to the ten icosahedral entries on Schwarz's list of algebraic solutions of the hypergeometric equation. The next nine solutions are simple deformations of known PVI solutions (and have less than five branches) and five of the larger solutions are already known, due to work of Dubrovin and Maz…
Cluster Reductions, Mutations, and $q$-Painlevé Equations
该研究通过哈密顿约化扩展Goncharov-Kenyon类cluster可积系统，填补了$q$-差分Painlevé方程的cluster构造空白，揭示其自对偶性并拓展了对称性群。
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